Waterous Flot Pump (Notes)

Waterous Flot Pump (Notes) stBLUE BOOK II (Floto, Chain Saw, 1 Resp, Comm Manual, Flow Test, Driver Manual, Hydraulics) (SGT NOTES) Page 1 of 40 Waterous Floto-Pump (Updated through 8/7/04) , The floto-pump will supply a 1 1/2" line flowing approximately 90 gpm. , The floto-pump can be used to supply a line or to fill booster tanks. , A mixture of 1/3 pint, No. 30 outboard oil per 1 gallon of gasoline is required for the floto-pump. , Fuel tank capacity of the floto-pump is 5 quarts. , With strong winds, attach a rope to the pump to secure it in place. , The engine on the floto-pump should be started before placing it in the water. , The vent in the fuel tank cap should be opened by turning counterclockwise. , The throttle is automatically kept in idle position until the floto-pump is in the water. , The pull start rope should be pulled part way through stroke to bleed off some compression prior to starting. , The choke should be opened after starting by moving it toward the engine. , The throttle may be opened manually by lifting the throttle control float for short bursts, however, prolonged use of this lever may result in damage. , The floto-pump should be placed in the water slowly to prevent stalling. , Turn ignition switch to "off" position to stop the floto-pump. , The fuel tank vent should be closed (turned clockwise) before transporting. , If the floto-pump stalls under a load, the "idle mixture" may be too lean. , If the floto-pump stalls when the pump primes, the "high speed" adjustment may be too lean. , All adjustments should be made by shop personnel. , If engine fails to start, check spark plug for intensity, and if spark plug is dry and working, remove the air intake and pour in 1 tablespoon of fuel mixture. , The spark plug gap for floto-pumps should be 0.030. , With an empty hose attached the pump will prime quickly. , With a hose kinked near the discharge or with a hose partially full of water, the pump may take 30 seconds or more to prime. , Floto-pumps should not be operated in less than 6 inches of water. 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(OCFD.com) Duplication Of Hard Copy Prohibited Without Consent stBLUE BOOK II (Floto, Chain Saw, 1 Resp, Comm Manual, Flow Test, Driver Manual, Hydraulics) (SGT NOTES) Page 2 of 40 Stihl 044 Chain Saw (Updated through 8/7/04) , Chain saws with displacements of 3.8 cubic inches or more must have at least 1 device to reduce kickback (ANSI standard). , The 3/8" carbide chain and 20" hard tipped bar of OCFD chain saws does not meet reduced kickback standards, but is recommended for fire service use. , The Stihl 044 Chain Saw has 2 brakes, manual and inertia. , Chain saws have been used for ventilation for 20-30 years. , Fire Service chain saws should have a displacement of at least 4 cubic inches. , Replacement of carbide chains should occur when 3 cutters in a row OR 6 in the whole chain are missing. , A chain saw with carbide chain provides better feel for penetration through a roof, cuts faster, does not bind, and does not require standing directly over it, like a K12. KICKBACK, PUSHBACK, & PULL-IN Type When it Occurs Reaction Situations Upper quadrant of bar NOSE contacts UP & BACK motion of bar When incorrectly beginning Kickback solid object or is pinched toward operator a plunge cut Chain on top of bar is suddenly stopped Drives saw straight When top of bar is used for Pushback when pinched, caught, or encounters a BACKWARD toward operator cutting. foreign object in roof Chain on bottom of bar is suddenly When bottom of bar is used Pull-In stopped when pinched, caught, or Pulls saw FORWARD to cut and not at full speed encounters a foreign object in roof before contacting material , Forces involved in a kickback include: chain speed, speed at which bar contacts object, angle of contact, condition of chain, and other factors. , The inertia brake can either be activated manually by hand or by inertia (if left hand is not behind front hand guard) during a severe kickback. , Activation of the inertia brake results in brake latch being unlatched and brake band clamping around the clutch drum to stop and lock the chain saw. , The hand guard must be moved toward the nose of the bar to activate. , The chain brake can only be engaged while idling. To release the brake, the hand guard is pulled back toward handlebar. , The hexagonal nut for the sprocket cover should be tightened securely after tensioning of the chain. Never start with sprocket cover loose. , If using a leg lock device while using a chain saw, 2 firefighters must be employed. , NEVER plunge the nose of the chain saw bar into a roof to avoid kickback. , NEVER drop start a chain saw. , The Stihl 044 Chain Saw operates at about 13,000 rpm. , Shut off chain saw engine before putting on ground, floor, or roof. , Do not operate the Stihl 044 chain saw with the starting throttle lock engaged. , Always cut at full throttle. Stihl 044 Chain Saw Master Control Lever Positions Engages a spring that cuts the ignition system, selected A position uppermost position STOP only from B position B position next to top position RUN run position Returns to "RUN" position upon squeezing the throttle C position next to bottom position WARM START after starting Choke shutter is closed and throttle trigger is set to the D position bottom position COLD START starting throttle position , The Stihl 044 Chain Saw should be started by engaging chain brake (push towards bar nose), set master control lever to "cold start" if cold or "warm start" if warm, place left hand on front handle, place right foot into rear handle (flat roofs only), pull rope until starter is felt, give a brisk pull. , Warm start should be used if the engine has been running but is still cold. , When using cold start, move the control to warm start when engine begins to fire and continue to crank until started. , When in warm start, blip the throttle trigger so the master throttle lever moves to "RUN" and engine moves to idle speed. , If engine is not returned to idle speed after starting, the clutch can be damaged. , Chain tension, in cold condition, is correct when chain fits snugly against the underside of the chain saw bar. , When warm, the saw chain expands and sags noticeably. , Saw chains must be re-tensioned when drive links come out of groove on underside of bar. Copyright FireNotes, Inc.? (OCFD.com) Duplication Of Hard Copy Prohibited Without Consent stBLUE BOOK II (Floto, Chain Saw, 1 Resp, Comm Manual, Flow Test, Driver Manual, Hydraulics) (SGT NOTES) Page 3 of 40 , To re-tension the saw chain, back off hexagon nuts, pull bar guide by the nose until chain is a close fit, tighten hexagon nuts. Stihl 044 Chain Saw Carburetor Settings High Speed Screw H Back off 1 turn Low Speed Screw L Back off 1 turn Fine tune engine Clockwise=LEAN, Counterclockwise=RICH , A certain amount of oil is left in the oil tank when fuel is empty. , The Stihl 044 Chain Saw oil pump is controlled by chain speed. , Oil tank should be refilled when refueling. Stihl 044 Chain Saw Specs Engine Type 1 cylinder - 2 stroke Displacement 4.31 cubic inches Ignition Breakerless Fuel Tank Capacity 1.69 pints Fuel Mixture Stihl Oil 50:1 (1 gallon gasoline to 2.56 ounces oil) Chain Lubrication Fully automatic Oil Tank Capacity 0.7 pints ooooOil Type 14F-50F use SAE 20 50F-104F use SAE 30 Weight 12.8 lbs. , The choke is activated by the Master Control Lever. , The bar should be turned over, every time the chain is replaced, for even wear. , If wear marks on sprockets are deeper than 0.02 inches deep, they should be replaced. , The brake should be applied manually when starting the chain saw. , The engine speed should not be revved with brake engaged. , The manual brake should not be applied while the chain is moving, except in an emergency. DEFINITIONS , FRONT HANDLE - Handle bar for the left hand at front of saw. , SPARK PLUG TERMINAL - Connects the spark plug with ignition wire. , TWIST LOCK - Lock for carburetor box cover. , CARBURETOR ADJUSTING SCREWS - For tuning carburetor. , HANDLE HEATING SWITCH - For switching the electric handle heating on or off. , REAR HANDLE - The support handle for the right hand, located at or toward the rear of the saw. , REAR HAND GUARD - Give's added protection to the operators right hand. , FRONT HAND GUARD - Provides protection against projecting branches and helps prevent the left hand from touching the chain if it slips off handle bar. , CHAIN BRAKE - A device to stop the rotation of the chain if activated in a kick back situation by the operator's hand or by inertia. , BUMPER SPIKE - Toothed stop for holding saw steady against wood. , GUIDE BAR NOSE - The exposed end of the chain saw. , OILOMATIC SAW CHAIN - A loop of chain having cutters, tie straps, and drive links. , CHAIN TENSIONER - Permits precise adjustment of chain tension. , CHAIN CATCHER - Helps to reduce the risk of operator contact by a chain when it breaks or comes off the bar. , CHAIN SPROCKET - The toothed wheel that drives the saw chain. , CHAIN SPROCKET COVER - Covers the clutch and the sprocket. , OIL QUANTITY CONTROL - Adjusting screw for matching chain oil feed to cutting conditions. , CHAIN GUARD (Scabbard) - Covers the bar and chain when saw is not in use. , MUFFLER - Reduces engine exhaust noise and directs exhaust gases. , OIL FILLER CAP - For closing the oil tank. , STARTER GRIP - The grip of the starter for starting the engine. , SAFETY THROTTLE LOCK - Must be depressed before throttle trigger can be activated. , THROTTLE TRIGGER - Controls the speed of the engine. , MASTER CONTROL LEVER - Lever for choke control, starting throttle, and stop switch. , FUEL FILLER CAP- For closing the fuel tank. , CLUTCH - Couples engine to chain sprocket when engine is accelerated beyond idle speed. Copyright FireNotes, Inc.? (OCFD.com) Duplication Of Hard Copy Prohibited Without Consent stBLUE BOOK II (Floto, Chain Saw, 1 Resp, Comm Manual, Flow Test, Driver Manual, Hydraulics) (SGT NOTES) Page 4 of 40 First Responder Protocols (Updated through 8/7/04) Due to the nature of the way the Protocols are written, these notes may seem excessive and awkward to read, however, all key points should be covered. Abbreviations used in notes: Pt (patient), LOC (level of consciousness), BP (blood pressure), Tx (treatment), Hx (history), Fx (fracture), CC (chief complaint), S/S (signs & symptoms), HR (heart rate), > (greater than), < (less than), GSC (Glasgow Coma Scale), SOB (shortness of breath), yo (years old), Meds or Rx (medications), JVD (jugular vein distention), MOI (mechanism of injury) SECTION I - ADMINISTRATIVE PROTOCOLS PROTOCOL I.1 COMMUNICATION REPORTS History Objective Findings Treatment Pt. #/age/sex, C/C, S/S, Hx, Rx Condition, LOC, vitals, localized findings In progress, Response to Treatment , Objective findings make take precedence over detailed Hx. , Patient care decisions are made by the highest medically-trained first responder on scene until arrival of ALS. PROTOCOL I.2 CODE 1 TRAUMA REPORTS , Early notification required for ALL patients. , Notify hospital of Code 1 Trauma Patients as soon as possible. , Multiple patients should be IMMEDIATELY triaged. Code 1 Trauma Patient Criteria (Blunt/Penetrating Trauma w/ unstable vitals) Hemodynamic BP < 90 OR HR > 110 w/ cool/pale skin Respiratory < 10 b/m OR > 29 b/m Mental Status GCS ? to 12 Code 1 Trauma Patient Criteria (Anatomical Injury) ndrdPenetrating head, neck, 2/3 degree burns > 20% or involving Amputation above wrist Paralysis or torso. face, airway, hands, feet, or genitalia. or ankle. Flail Chest 2 or more long bone Fx Unstable pelvis or Fx Open/depressed skull Fx Significant altercation/assault Tender and/or distended abdomen , Use closest COMPREHENSIVE treatment facility for Code 1 trauma patients. PROTOCOL I.3 MULTI-PATIENT SCENE/MASS CASUALTY INCIDENT/TRIAGE , A Multi-Pt. Scene (MPS) is < 5 critical or < 10 non-critical. , A Mass Casualty Incident (MCI) is 5 or more critical or 10 or more non-critical. , Triage tags identify severity of injury, location victim was found, and where victim was sent (approved by MCB). , RED (Level I) is Critical, requires care within 0-30 min. , YELLOW (Level II) is Urgent, requires care within 30-120 min. , GREEN (Level III) is Delayed, requires care within 12 hours. , BLACK (Level IV) is Dead or near dead. , Overall Incident Command at MCI or MPS scenes is the responsibility of the police/fire. , On MPS, advise dispatch of Pt. #, units needed, hazardous conditions, best access, and staging area. , The Medical Sector Coordinator at MPS shall manage patient care (NO hands on), establish communications, assign ambulances to specific pts, and maintain pt. worksheets. , The Triage Officer at MPS shall perform rapid triage, tag pts, fill out pt. log w/ tag color and age/sex, relay triage info to MSC, update reports as needed, and assist treatment and transport teams after triage is completed. st, The 1 ALS unit at an MCI shall relay to dispatch: location, incident type, environmental conditions, # or ALS rigs needed, immediate danger zone, staging area, best access, and # of pts. , Vests and task cards should be used at MCI incidents. , The Med. Director assumes Medical Command at an MCI on arrival and will coordinate activities of sectors (Triage, Treatment, Transportation, Communications). , Colored tape should be used for triage in the Rescue Area and tags used in the Triage Area. , Triage tags usually come 25 in a bundle. , On first pass triage, only open airway if needed and tag. , Attach triage tags string to body, NOT clothing (head or upper arm). , Ambulatory patients (Green Tag) should be directed to the GREEN treatment area. , Reports # of triages pts to Triage Officer upon completion. , Confer w/ Med. Command for Treatment location. , Personnel in Treatment sector will perform BASIC packaging and FWD pts to GREEN, RED, or YELLOW treatment areas. , Tags should be filled out by treatment personnel (injuries on body diagram, BP, Pulse, Resp.) Copyright FireNotes, Inc.? (OCFD.com) Duplication Of Hard Copy Prohibited Without Consent stBLUE BOOK II (Floto, Chain Saw, 1 Resp, Comm Manual, Flow Test, Driver Manual, Hydraulics) (SGT NOTES) Page 5 of 40 , IV or IM drugs given to triages pts should be noted on the ADMIN side of the triage tag with time, date, pt. name, address, city, state, and past Hx/prescriptions. , On the LAST line of the triage tag, the primary treating paramedic shall enter their name. , The Red Cross symbol (contains tracking #) should be torn from triage tags prior to letting patient leave treatment area w/ # entered on run report. , The tracking number on triage tags is found on the perforated corners, the main portion of the tag, and on each colored tear-off strip. , No more than 1 category RED per ambulance. , The Unit # and #/injury types of pts on board each ambulance that leaves the transportation sector should be relayed to Medical Command. , Ambulatory pts may be loaded on buses. , Prior to leaving the transportation sector, the AMBULANCE portion of the triage tag should be removed and notation of pt. name, age, condition (mandatory), and destination (mandatory). , Ambulances arriving on scene for transport at an MCI should stay w/ their ambulance. , The Communications Sector will maintain an MCI log using info from the Transportation Sector. , Communications sector will request additional ambulances through Medical Command. , When ambulances are ready for transport, relay #/injury types of pts on board to dispatch. Dispatch will determine destination. , The Communications Sector will notify each receiving hospital of the unit #s and types of pts on their way. , The first paramedic on scene is in charge of overall patient care (no hands on). , Transporting units should not contact the receiving hospital except for deteriorating patient condition and Medical Control contact is needed. PROTOCOL I.4 NO CODE ORDERS AND DISCONTINUANCE OF CPR , First Responders may accept a written statement from 2 physicians that patient is qualified for DNR. , First Responders may discontinue or NOT start CPR if no pulse AND no respirations AND pupils fixed/dilated AND rigor OR decapitation decomposition OR lividity OR Directive/DNR. , Blunt traumatic arrest w/out signs of life or shockable rhythm (AED) does not require CPR. , If injuries are incompatible w/ life, rhythm does NOT have to be determined. , Termination of treatment from a physician can be verbal or in writing. , DNR orders are based on pts decision, terminal conditions, imminent death, or cardiovascular unresponsiveness. , First Responders will carry out orders of the pt’s personal physician if on scene. , On infants, children, young adults, and in cases of unexpected death, CPR should not be discontinued unless prolonged death is evident. , Hypothermia pts must be given aggressive resucitative efforts if a significant factor in arrest. PROTOCOL I.5 PATIENT REFUSAL OR NON TRANSPORT , Refusals should be evaluated f/ urgency of condition. , EMSA FOS must be contacted f/ refusals where service is requested, pt contact is made AND pt has acute medical condition AND age <2 or >55 OR chest pain OR S.O.B. OR ?LOC OR Trauma OR Diabetes OR Seizures OR all NON-emancipated minors OR any pt which paramedic thinks refusal would hurt be detrimental to pt. , The FOS will explain the condition, risks, alternatives to Tx, and assumption of risks to the pt on a recorded line. , NON-transport form must include: C/C, vitals, & paramedic assessment. , Leave pt instruction sheet f/ refusals. , Documentation f/ refusal form include: pt statements, options given, paramedic’s observations, & pt signature. PROTOCOL I.6 PHYSICIAN ON SCENE , The MCP should be contacted if a NON-MCP requests procedures against protocols. , If a NON-MCP goes against the MCP, they must sign the medical record & if NOT riding w/ pt to hospital, they must contact the MCP for transfer of care. , Physicians on scene can be verified by their license f/ the OK State Board of Medical Licensure & Supervision. , Orders f/ a pts personal physician on scene should be followed unless they go against protocol, if so, contact MCP. PROTOCOL I.7 STAGING o, Stage 2 city blocks or at a 120 angle f/ violent scenes (outside “Danger Zone”). PROTOCOL I.8 CRIME SCENE MANAGEMENT POLICY , Only units assigned will respond to crime scene. , On arrival at crime scene, protected by law enforcement, first responders will request entry to determine life status of pt. , If law enforcement at a crime scene does NOT allow entry by first responders, complete incident report & forward it to supervisor. , Only one first responder should enter a crime scene to minimize disturbance of scene. , Victims of penetrating trauma at crime scene should be checked f/ pupil reactivity, carotid pulse, & respirations. Copyright FireNotes, Inc.? (OCFD.com) Duplication Of Hard Copy Prohibited Without Consent stBLUE BOOK II (Floto, Chain Saw, 1 Resp, Comm Manual, Flow Test, Driver Manual, Hydraulics) (SGT NOTES) Page 6 of 40 , Head, neck, or truncal penetrating wounds w/ pupils fixed/dilated & carotid pulse/respirations absent: DO NOT WORK. , Isolated EXT wounds w/ pupils fixed/dilated & carotid pulse/respirations absent: continue BLS until rhythm verified, if asystolic, DO NOT WORK. , Victims of blunt traumatic arrest w/OUT signs of life OR shockable rhythm (AED): DO NOT WORK THEM. , If injuries incompatible w/ life, determination of rhythm NOT necessary. , If verifying rhythm on a prone pt, apply electrodes to appropriate back locations (L. Arm, R. Arm, & Lower Back). Fast Patches may also be used (Upper R Back, Lower L Back). , If NO signs of trauma w/ no signs of life AND either rigor, decapitation, decomposition, lividity, Directive, OR DNR, do not attempt resuscitation. , If pt at crime scene has signs of life, initiate resuscitative efforts by: keeping equipment close, staying close to pt, keep hands out of pooled blood, do NOT wander around scene, minimize destruction of pt clothing (don’t cut through holes). , At a crime scene DO NOT go through pts effects (if expired), cover body w/ sheet (if expired), move/take/handle objects, clean body of blood, wander around scene, or litter crime scene w/ equipment, dressings, bandages, etc. , Victims at crime scenes should be taken to the ambulance f/ stabilization if possible. , Information pertaining to a crime relayed by pt during transport should be given to police at once. PROTOCOL I.9 CARE OF MINORS PROTOCOL , If on scene w/ a minor & no parents/guardian, paramedics can treat if given consent by minor AND reasonable attempt has been made to contact parents/guardian. , If a minor refuses treatment and parent/guardian is not present AND cannot be reached, and pt IS in need of further evaluation, contact OCPD to put them in protective custody. , If a minor has significant illness/injury OR ?LOC OR post-altered LOC OR impaired decision-making capability, do not leave pt without a parent/guardian. , Have minor patients sign refusal form and leave instruction sheet if not in need of medical evaluation. , A minor can NOT revoke consent after giving it. , Minor – any person < 18yo, except persons on active duty or who has served in military (considered Adult). , Emancipated Minor – any minor who is married, has a dependent child, pregnant, or emancipated (separated & not supported by parents/guardian)-TREATED AS ADULTS. PROTOCOL I.10 USE OF HELICOPTER WITHIN THE REGULATED SERVICE AREA , Helicopter is NOT used on the following pts: Cardiac arrest w/o spontaneous return of circulation, Trauma pts w/ trauma score 4 or less, Trauma pts no meeting Code 1 Trauma criteria, and pts w/ stable vitals and no serious illness/injury. , Use helicopter within 10 mile radius of helicopter hospital ONLY for impassable road conditions, multiple patients, and lengthy extrication (delayed by ground). , EMSA can request helicopter through dispatch, first responder must get ETA from EMSA before dispatching helicopter. , Fire or law enforcement is responsible for safe landing zone. , All helicopter dispatches are reviewed by Office of the Medical Director (MCB). SECTION II - TREATMENT PROTOCOLS INITIAL ARRIVAL AT THE SCENE , If pt condition is unknown, take PPE, trauma bag, BVM or demand valve mask, suction unit, BP cuff/stethoscope, and AED to scene. , Guidelines for requesting additional EMSA units include: 2 or more critical pts or 3 or more non-critical pts. , Take a complete set of vitals and repeat every 5-10 minutes. TRAUMA PATIENT ASSESSMENT - PRIMARY SURVEY , Trauma pt assessment consists of environmental assessment (hazards, # of pts, MOI, surroundings), and primary survey. Copyright FireNotes, Inc.? (OCFD.com) Duplication Of Hard Copy Prohibited Without Consent stBLUE BOOK II (Floto, Chain Saw, 1 Resp, Comm Manual, Flow Test, Driver Manual, Hydraulics) (SGT NOTES) Page 7 of 40 Primary Trauma Survey Components (ABCDEs) , Air movement Airway , C-Spine , Airway obstructions (blood, vomitus, trauma) , JVD , Chest movement , Rate Breathing , Open/sucking wounds, flail segment , Auscultate: crackles (wet sounds), wheezes , Palpate: crepitus, tenderness, fractures, unequal chest rise (flail) , Note strong/weak , Radial pulse = systolic BP >80 , Femoral pulse = systolic BP >70 Circulation , Carotid pulse = systolic BP >60 , Cap refil should be 2 sec. or less , Skin color/condition , Control hemorrhage , AVPU Responsiveness , Body position/extremity movement (Disability) , PMS in 4 extremities Expose , Remove clothes to check for injury, if appropriate TRAUMA PATIENT ASSESSMENT - ONGOING SURVEY , Ongoing assessment is the systematic assessment of the entire pt (head-to-toe, look for non-life threatening problems). , Ongoing survey is performed after initial survey and stabilization of life-threatening ABC problems. Ongoing Trauma Survey Components (ABCDEs) Observe/palpate for deformity, tenderness, crepitus, bleeding Head & Face Check pupils, nose, ears Neck Check deformity, tenderness, medical alert tags, tracheal shift Chest Observe, palpate, auscultate (symmetry, pain, air leaks, wounds) Abdomen Observe/palpate all 4 quadrants (tenderness, rigidity, distention) Pelvis Palpate/compress lateral pelvis and symphysis pubis Shoulders/Arms Observe, palpate, check PMS Legs Observe, palpate, check PMS Logroll to observe/palpate (keep c-spine); may occur in primary Back survey , Record 2 or more sets of vitals/neuro assessments prior to transport. , Pts can NOT be called stable without at least 2 sets of vitals with similar normal readings. Adult Trauma Score Glasgow Coma Systolic BP Resp. Rate Points Assigned Scale 13-15 >89 10-29 4 9-12 76-89 <29 3 6-8 50-75 6-9 2 4-5 1-49 1-5 1 3 0 0 0 PEDS Trauma Score Component +2 +1 -1 Size >20kg 10-20kg <10kg Airway Normal Maintainable UNmaintainable Systolic BP >90 >90-50 >50 CNS (LOC) Awake Obtunded Coma/decerebrate Open Wound None Minor Major/penetrating Skeletal None Closed Open/multiple Fx MEDICAL PATIENT ASSESSMENT , Initial survey (ABCDEs) are done on medical and trauma patients. , Head-to-toe survey for medical pts follows initial assessment. Copyright FireNotes, Inc.? (OCFD.com) Duplication Of Hard Copy Prohibited Without Consent stBLUE BOOK II (Floto, Chain Saw, 1 Resp, Comm Manual, Flow Test, Driver Manual, Hydraulics) (SGT NOTES) Page 8 of 40 PEDIATRIC PATIENT ASSESSMENT , Alertness, eye contact, attention to surroundings General , Muscle tone , Responsiveness to parents , Trauma Head , Fontanelle (depression/bulging) Face , Pupils (brightness of eyes-hydration) Neck , Stiffness , Stridor, retractions, depressions between ribs on Chest inspiration , Auscultate heart/lung sounds Abdomen , Distention, rigidity, bruising, tenderness , Brachial pulse Extremities , Skin temp/color , Muscle tone, guarding Should include Neuro assessment Vital Signs (Infants & Children) Weight Age Heart Rate Resp. Rate Systolic BP (kg) NB 3 100-160 30-60 70-110 6 mo 7 90-150 24-36 70-110 1 yr 10 90-150 22-30 70-110 3 yr 15 80-120 20-26 80-120 5 yr 20 70-110 20-24 80-120 10 yr 30 60-90 16-20 90-120 12 yr 40 60-90 16-20 90-130 14 yr 50 60-90 14-20 90-140 APGAR Scoring for Newborns Clinical Sign 0 points 1 point 2 points Extremities Appearance Blue, pale Pink blue Pulse None <100 >100 Grimace None Grimace Cries Activity None Some flexion Activity Good, strong Respirations None Slow, irregular cry GLASGOW Coma Scale Activity Score Infants Child/Adult 4 Spontaneous (both) 3 To Speech/Sound To Speech EYE OPENING 2 To Pain (both) 1 None (both) Appropriate words/sounds, 5 Oriented smile, eyes follow 4 Cries, but consolable Confused VERBAL 3 Irritable Inappropriate words 2 Restless/agitated Incomprehensible words 1 None (both) 6 Spontaneous movement Obeys commands 5 Localizes pain 4 Withdraws to pain MOTOR 3 Abnormal FLEXion (decorticate) 2 Abnormal EXTension (decerebrate) 1 None (both) Copyright FireNotes, Inc.? (OCFD.com) Duplication Of Hard Copy Prohibited Without Consent stBLUE BOOK II (Floto, Chain Saw, 1 Resp, Comm Manual, Flow Test, Driver Manual, Hydraulics) (SGT NOTES) Page 9 of 40 , Observe eyes for direction of gaze during neuro assessment. , The lowest GLASGOW score is 3, NOT 0. , Mild (noxious) painful stimuli used in neuro assessment includes: light pinch, dull pin prick. , Use several observers to elicit the best verbal response from children to avoid under-estimation of GLASGOW score. PATIENT HISTORY , Medical pt Hx should include chief complaint (CC), associated complaints, past medical Hx, allergies, medications/drugs, last oral intake. , Trauma pt Hx should include CC, associated complaints, mechanism of injury (MOI), and mental status. , For medical pts, Hx is commonly obtained during or before physical assessment. PROTOCOL II.1 GENERAL SUPPORTIVE CARE Adult PEDS , Assessment/Hx , 2 sets of vitals , Airway (patient positioning/manual maneuvers for patent airway) , Same as Adult except chest pain/COPD , OPA/NPA if positioning/manual maneuvers do NOT work , S/S of hypoxia (tachypnea, cyanosis, tachycardia, altered LOC, chest pain) , Hypoxic pts get 10-15 lpm O by NRB, unless COPD (then 22 lpm by NC) , Patients with chest pain or high-risk medical conditions should NOT be ambulated. , Infants less than 4 mo. old are obligate nose-breathers (nasal congestion can cause resp. depression). , Position of comfort is best for pt's breathing. PROTOCOL II.2 TRAUMA AND HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK SUPPORTIVE CARE Information Gathered Treatment , MOI (forces, speed, trajectory) Specific , Pt complaints Info ADULT PEDS , Car condition Needed , Past medical Hx. , Vitals: pulse >120, BP <90 , Scene size up systolic , Initial assessment (primary survey) Specific , LOC , Airway (patient positioning/manual Objective , Skin (color, temp, moisture) maneuvers for patent airway) w/ C-Findings spine , Signs of injury/bleeding , Hypoxic pts get 10-15 lpm O , JVD 2 , If resp. rate <12, shallow/inadequate resp., or < LOC, assist with BVM at 24 breaths/min , Same as adult , Hemorrhage control, Long spine , Hypotension is a late sign of board hypovolemia , Consider Immediate Transport if , Elderly pts can by hypovolemic at Specific SOB, circulation bad, < LOC BPs higher than 90 systolic Precautions , Stabilize resp. problems (sucking , Neurogenic shock is cause by chest wound, flail) relative hypovolemia (loss of blood vessel tone) , On-going assessment , Bandaging, splinting, packaging (not to delay transport) Copyright FireNotes, Inc.? (OCFD.com) Duplication Of Hard Copy Prohibited Without Consent stBLUE BOOK II (Floto, Chain Saw, 1 Resp, Comm Manual, Flow Test, Driver Manual, Hydraulics) (SGT NOTES) Page 10 of 40 PROTOCOL II.3 CARDIAC/RESPIRATORY ARREST Information Gathered Treatment (Cardiac Arrest) Specific , Hx of arrest (onset, symptoms, Info CPR performed, duration) ADULT PEDS Needed , Past Hx and meds , Absence of consciousness, pulse, Specific respirations Objective , Signs of trauma , Initiate CPR and/or defibrillation Findings (AED) , Air/skin temp , Check carotid for effectiveness of , Survival of cardiac arrest is related CPR to time to BLS and ALS Tx , Check pupil response , Same as adult , Recheck pulse/respirations on , Observe pt color & chest rise/fall arrival, even if CPR is being Specific for effectiveness of ventilations performed. Precautions , For apneic pts, open airwat, insert , Determine time of arrest and medical Hx OPA, suction, BVM w/ 15 lpm, determine cause, evaluate for cardiac arrest. , Pulse checks are not required after shocks 1, 2, 4, and 5 unless "No Shock Advised" message is displayed on AED. , If "No Shock Advised", check pulse, continue CPR for 1 minute, then recheck pulse and reanalyze with AED. , Limit shocks on hypothermic patients to 3 shocks (1 stacked sequence). , Pts who regain pulse, then lose it again should be shocked at the next level above last shock received. , AEDs may be used on children over 8 yo OR pts > 25 kg. , Paramedics should allow AEDs to finish analyzation or shocks before attaching ALS monitor. , Stacked shock defibrillation is at 200, 300, and 360 joules respectively. PROTOCOL II.4 ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME Information Gathered Treatment , Pain (onset, location, radiation, exertion) , Associated symptoms (N&V, Specific SOB, fever) Info ADULT PEDS , Past Hx Needed , Onset, Provocation, Quality, Radiation Severity, Time (OPQRST) , Vitals , General supportive care - Semi-fowlers Specific position 15-30 degree elevation , Color, sweating, apprehension Objective , Assist with 182 mg baby Asprin if no , JVD, peripheral edema, SOB Findings allergy to it and none taken in last 4 , General , Observe, palpate, auscultate chest hours Supportive Care (GSC) , Assist with Nitro spray/tablet every 5 Specific minutes up to 3 doses if systolic BP , Suspicion of MI is based on Hx Precautions remains above 100 (take BP before each administration) PROTOCOL II.5 AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION Indications Treatment ADULT PEDS , Same as adult except back , Phonation not possible with suspected airway , General Supportive Care blows/chest thrusts obstruction , If air exchange adequate, (infants) or abdominal , Cardiac arrests during meal no Tx (inadequate, use thrusts (children) instead Heimlich) of Heimlich. 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(OCFD.com) Duplication Of Hard Copy Prohibited Without Consent stBLUE BOOK II (Floto, Chain Saw, 1 Resp, Comm Manual, Flow Test, Driver Manual, Hydraulics) (SGT NOTES) Page 11 of 40 PROTOCOL II.6 RESPIRATORY DISTRESS Information Gathered Treatment , Hx (acute/slow) Specific , Past Hx (lung disease) Info ADULT PEDS , Associated syptoms (CP, cough Needed fever) , Vitals , Oxygenation Specific , Resp. effort Objective , Signs of 50, seizure may be from arrhythmias or stroke , Protocol is used when seizure was witnessed PROTOCOL II.13 SYNCOPAL EPISODE Information Gathered Treatment , Hx of event (duration, onset, seizure activity, factors) Specific Info ADULT PEDS , Past Hx and meds Needed , Associated symptoms (dizziness, nausea, pain, palpitations) , Vitals Specific , Neuro status Objective , Signs of head trauma, mouth trauma, Findings incontinence , Neck stiffness , Syncope is a transient state of unconsciousness when pt recovers , General Supportive Care , Most syncope is vasovagal (dizziness progressing , Consider Hx , Same as to fainting) (dysrhythmias, med. side Adults , Recumbent position usually sufficient to help pt effects, glucose, inner ear recover disorder, CVA, TIA) Specific , Syncope without warning or when in recumbent Precautions position is serious (often caused by arrhythmia) , Patients over 40 with syncope should be transported , Important to recognize: arrhythmias, occult GI bleeding, seizure, or ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. 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(OCFD.com) Duplication Of Hard Copy Prohibited Without Consent stBLUE BOOK II (Floto, Chain Saw, 1 Resp, Comm Manual, Flow Test, Driver Manual, Hydraulics) (SGT NOTES) Page 14 of 40 PROTOCOL II.14 ABDOMINAL PAIN Information Gathered Treatment , Pain (nature, duration, location, radiation) , Associated symptoms (nausea, coffee Specific ground/bloody emesis, black tarry stools, Info ADULT PEDS fever, urinary difficulty) Needed , Past Hx (trauma, abnormal ingestions, diseases, surgery) , Vitals , General Supportive Specific , General appearance , General Supportive Care/Position of Objective Care/Position of comfort comfort , Abdomen (tenderness, guarding, Findings distention, rigidity) , Nothing by mouth , Nothing by mouth , Emesis , If systolic BP <90 with , If hypotensive S/S of shock, O2 at 10-based on age with , Ruptured aneurysm, liver, spleen, ectopic Specific 15 lpm by NRB S/S of shock, O2 at pregnancy can be serious causes of ABD Precautions 10-15 lpm by NRB pain PROTOCOL II.15 ANAPHYLACTIC REACTIONS Information Gathered Treatment , Hx (allergens such as bee stings, drugs, Specific nuts, seafood) and Meds Info ADULT PEDS , Current symptoms (itching, wheezing, Needed SOB, nausea, weakness, 16 yo properly licensed in another state, nonresidents on active duty, or nonresident students with valid licenses in another state, or farm tractor operators. , Primary ID consists of OK ID card, birth certificate, passport, or similar document. , Secondary ID consists of student photo, employer card, voter registration card, social security card, or similar document. , Applicants under 18 must bring proof of school enrollment/completion (i.e.-diploma, GED, excused form). , Applicants replacing lost/stolen cards who are between 21 and 26 must furnish state issued birth certificate and notarized affidavit from OK licensed driver at least 21 yo. , Minimum age for Class D learners permit is 15 1/2, 16 for license. , Minimum age for commercial license is 18 yo. , Class D licenses are for cars, trucks, and vans under 26,001 lbs, RVs, fire trucks, and farm vehicles (minimum age 16). , Motorcycle license permits (14 yo) restrict user to 250cc bike, 35mph limit, and only valid from 4:30am-9pm. , Minimum age for motorcycle licenses and endorsements (added to valid Class D) is 16 yo. , At age 17, Graduated Drivers License (rider of 21 yo) does not apply. , There are 3 tests for a Class D license: Vision, Written, and Driving. , A failed written test, applicant must wait at least 1 day to retest, failed driving test is 1 week. , License renewals expired less than 3 years do not require a retest. , A driver's license is not valid until signed. , Primary and secondary ID is required to apply for original license, retesting, renewal, identifications cards, or replacement licenses. CHAPTER 2 YOUR DRIVERS LICENSE-RESTRICTIONS AND RENEWALS , Licenses are good for 4 years from the month in which fees are paid (last day of month). , Department of Public Safety (DPS) must be notified of name/address changes within 10 days. , Failure to notify DPS about name/address change can result in suspension without notice. , Until 18 yo, drviers are under probationary period. , Driving without valid license or disobeying restrictions is a penalty of $500 or 6 months in jail. , An endorsement means that you are qualified to use a certain type of vehicle (i.e.-motorcycle). , License restrictions include: 1. Corrective Lenses 2. Left outside rear vision mirror 3. Combination of 1 & 2 4. Automatic Transmission 5. Turn indicators/power steering knob 6. Food, fruit, candy within reach 7. Adequate artificial limbs 8. Detailed restrictions on license 9. Accompanied by licensed 21 yo 0. Motorcycle only A. Motorcycle learner G. Graduated driver license CHAPTER 3 REQUIREMENTS FOR OKLAHOMA DRIVERS , Cars must have current tag, registration, and title. , Registration/title transfer fees depend on age, type, and value of vehicle. , New residents must register vehicle before getting an OK drivers license. , Liability means the driver has legal/financial responsibility for injury, death, and property damage caused by their vehicle. , Minimum limits of liability are $10,000 for injury/death of 1 person, $20,000 for injury/death of 2 or more persons, and $10,000 for property damage. , Uninsured drivers who cause more than $300 damage (injury/property damage) will have drivers license suspended. , Drivers license and vehicle tags are suspended for failure to have proof of liability insurance (also fine of $300, 30 days jail, or both). , Insurance companies notify DPS of liability insurance is cancelled within 180 days of beginning date of new policy. , After being notified by DPS of no liability insurance, you have 30 days to respond, otherwise, license/tags are suspended. Items Required to be in Working Order (May be inspected by officers at any time) Lights License Plate Rear View Mirror 3rd Brake light (if required) Brakes Horn Exhaust System Windshield/glass Windshield Wiper Tires Insurance Verification Copyright FireNotes, Inc.? (OCFD.com) Duplication Of Hard Copy Prohibited Without Consent stBLUE BOOK II (Floto, Chain Saw, 1 Resp, Comm Manual, Flow Test, Driver Manual, Hydraulics) (SGT NOTES) Page 29 of 40 , Child passenger restraint systems are required for children under 4 yo, weighing 60 lbs or less. , National Safety Council recommends children under 12 be put in back seat if car is equipped with passenger air bag. , Children and elderly under 5 feet have been killed by air bags. CHAPTER 4 DRIVING SAFETY AND COURTESY , Defensive driving acronym I.P.D.E. (Identify potential hazards, Predict what could happen, Decide on course of action, and Execute your decision. tI oD t'noD,eRoad Rag ...Looks like a few engine drivers I know , Information that should be exchanged by drivers of a collision include: Name/address (driver/car owner), driver's license #, VIN #, and insurance info. , If parties have not come to a settlement within 6 months for cases involving injury/death or damage of $300 or more, an OK Motor Vehicle Collision Report must be filed. CHAPTER 5 SIGNS, SIGNALS, AND MARKINGS , Traffic signs warn about hazards, identify the route, and direct speed/movement of traffic. No Examples , Rectangular signs are "Regulatory Signs" (laws/regulations or instructions). , Regulatory signs include speed limits, turn only lanes, do not enter, no u-turn, and handicap parking among others. , Warning signs are diamond-shaped with yellow background/black letters and signal conditions immediately ahead. , Warning signs warn of road hazards, changes in direction, and other situations. , Pass to Left is stripes slope to left, Right if sloping to right. , When approaching railroad tracks, slow down and stop within 15-50 feet of first railroad track. Copyright FireNotes, Inc.? (OCFD.com) Duplication Of Hard Copy Prohibited Without Consent stBLUE BOOK II (Floto, Chain Saw, 1 Resp, Comm Manual, Flow Test, Driver Manual, Hydraulics) (SGT NOTES) Page 30 of 40 , School buses, vehicles carrying passengers for hire, and vehicles carrying explosives/flammable liquids are required by law to stop at railroad tracks. , Orange signs indicate work zones. , "Channeling Devices" for work zones include barricades, panels, cones, and drums. , Convictions for failure to obey signs, signals, and markings carries fines up to $100 and/or up to 30 days jail. , Speeding fines are doubled in construction/maintenance zones. , Guide signs (green, white, or brown) give travel information such as distances, exits, and parks/recreation areas. , Service signs give information about facilities such as service stations, restaurants, motels, and litter barrels. , The Slow-Moving Vehicle Emblem is affixed to vehicles traveling at 25 mph or less (tractors, equipment). , On a red light, you may turn left after stop from a one-way street onto a one-way street (unless signs say no). , A flashing red light means the same as a stop sign. , A flashing yellow light means drive slowly, stop only if necessary. CHAPTER 6 RIGHT-OF-WAY - WHEN TO YIELD , Canes used by blind people are all white, white with red tip, or chrome. , Vehicle must stop 15 feet away when allowing blind person to cross. , When two cars approach a 4-way stop at the same time, the car on the left yields to the car on the right. , When coming up on school bus, driver may proceed when bus starts moving again OR driver signals OR red lights/sign goes off. , If a bus is in a different roadway or in a loading zone by a controlled-access highway where pedestrians are not allowed to cross, you do NOT have to stop. CHAPTER 7 LANE USAGE AND MANEUVERS , Passing in lanes divided by a solid white line is acceptable, but hazardous. Expressway Driving , Limited or Controlled Access is defined as a roadway which you enter and leave only at exits/entrances (interchanges) without crossing the other path of traffic. , Minimum speed limit on controlled access highways is usually 40 mph with maximum of 55-75 mph. , Stay 2 seconds behind vehicle in front of you (4 seconds in bad weather). , Watch 15-20 seconds ahead for problems. , Signal right to exit highway at least 100 feet before exit. Passing , On a level highway, it takes 3-5 seconds longer to pass a truck than a car (speed limit cannot be exceeded to pass). , Check for clear roadway at least 200 feet ahead before passing on the left. , Even if road is unmarked, never pass on hills or curves. , Never pass within 100 feet of an obstructed view. , Signalling should occur at least 100 feet or 1/3 block before turning, stopping, or slowing down. , Do not turn wheels left while waiting to turn (if hit from behind you will go into oncoming traffic). CHAPTER 8 SPEED LIMITS , Speed should be based on amount/speed of traffic, pedestrians, road surface/width/structure, visibility, weather, and driving ability. , Conviction of speeding charge carries fine up to $200 and/or up to 30 days jail. SPEED LIMITS - Unless Otherwise Posted Turnpikes 75 mph 4-lane divided, Super 2-lane highways 70 mph 2-lane highways 65 mph County Roads 60 mph Highways within state parks/wildlife refuges 55 mph Other roads within state parks/wildlife refuges 45 mph School Zones 25 mph , At night, speed should be adjusted to the distance which you can see (headlights). CHAPTER 9 STOPPING AND FOLLOWING , Stopping distances depend on reaction time, weight of vehicle, type/condition of tires, weather/road conditions, and condition of brakes. Perception, Reaction, and Braking Time Copyright FireNotes, Inc.? (OCFD.com) Duplication Of Hard Copy Prohibited Without Consent stBLUE BOOK II (Floto, Chain Saw, 1 Resp, Comm Manual, Flow Test, Driver Manual, Hydraulics) (SGT NOTES) Page 31 of 40 Step Time Explanation Perception about 0.5 seconds See/hear danger Reaction about 0.66 seconds Brain tells foot to brake Braking/Stopping depends on speed Press brake until car stops , At 80 mph, you ARE over-driving your headlights. , Maximum braking on standard brakes comes just before the wheels lock up and stop rotating. , If car runs off pavement, hold steering wheel firmly and apply brakes lightly until safe to return. , Standard brakes should be tapped in 1 second intervals to stop on ice (NEVER tap antilock brakes). , In a skid with no oncoming traffic, turn steering wheel in the direction of the skid (do NOT use clutch). , Wide tires hydroplane easier (at lower speeds). , Allow 1 car length for every 10 mph of speed (dry/good conditions). , When traveling in caravans or motorcades outside a business/residential area, leave at least 200 feet between vehicles. , Heavy trucks may be able to stop more quickly than a car at higher speeds or on wet pavement. CHAPTER 10 PARKING , Cars should be put in Low, Reverse, or Park when parked. , Cars, parallel parked, should be within 18 inches of the curb (on a hill, within 6 inches). , When parking facing downhill, turn wheels toward curb, uphill away from curb. , Applications for Disable Parking permits must be completed by a physician ($1.00 fee for permit). Illegal Places to Park Sidewalks/crosswalks In front of public/private driveway Within an intersection Within 20 feet of crosswalk at Within 30 feet of any traffic control device Within 15 feet of fire hydrant intersection on side of road Within 75 feet on side of street opposite Within 50 feet of railroad crossing Within 20 feet of a fire station driveway fire station entrance (if posted) On any bridge/elevated structure on Alongside/opposite street construction Any place signs prohibit stopping highway or within a highway overpass CHAPTER 11 SHARING THE ROAD , Driving defensively is the "Golden Rule". , Pedestrians include walkers, skateboarders, in-line/roller skaters, and disabled persons who use wheelchairs, walkers, tricycles, and other supports. , Pedestrians have the right-of way over most vehicles even when crosswalk is not marked. , Vehicles must share the lane with bicyclists (side-by-side). , Bicyclists can take up the whole lane when passing another vehicle going the same direction, when turning left at intersection/into a private road/drive, when conditions are unsafe at right of lane, and when lane is too narrow for bicycle and car. , Bicycles with flags may indicate a hearing impaired rider. , 2/3 of all motorcycle/vehicle collisions are caused by car drivers. , Any individual that drives a motorcycle must have a motorcycle endorsement (license). , Trucks are the sole method of delivery/pickup for 77% of America's communities. , A truck's blind spots are immediately in front, on either side of cab, and up to 200 feet in the rear. , Truckers may not be able to see the first 10-20 feet of concrete in from of truck due to the hood. , The average car weighs 3,000 lbs. , The average train weighs 12 million lbs. , A train travelling at 55 mph takes 1 mile to stop. , Train versus car collisions are 30 times more deadly than car versus car. , A train collision is always the fault of the car driver. 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(OCFD.com) Duplication Of Hard Copy Prohibited Without Consent stBLUE BOOK II (Floto, Chain Saw, 1 Resp, Comm Manual, Flow Test, Driver Manual, Hydraulics) (SGT NOTES) Page 32 of 40 , 2/3 of all train/car collisions occur during daylight. , The average time for a train to pass an intersection is 30 seconds to 2 minutes. , Most collisions occur within 25 miles of home. , Oklahoma Operation Lifesaver's (for railroad crossing safety) motto is Look, Listen, and Live. , By law, drivers must stop within 50 feet but not less than 15 feet from the nearest rail of a railroad. , Railroad engine sound an audible signal when they are within about 1,500 feet of an intersection. , 1,200 of all OK rail crossings have bells, lights, and/or gates (all 4,600 are marked with signs). , Railroad crossbuck signs should be treated the same as a yield sign. , Passenger/school buses and trucks carrying hazardous materials must stop at highway-railway crossings. , Animal-drawn vehicles have the same rights to the road as regular vehicles. CHAPTER 12 DRIVING TIPS , Low beams must be used when car is within 500 feet of an oncoming vehicle or within 200 feet when following a vehicle. , Headlights must be used between 30 minutes after sunset and 30 minutes before sunrise (and when visibility is not normal). , Clutch pedal should be fully depressed when starting motor, shifting gears, and when speed drops below 10 mph as car is coming to a stop. , Coasting on a down grade with clutch engaged or car in neutral is against the law. , At least 1/3 of the steering wheel should be between hand positions for strong turning force with either hand. , Steering wheel hand position: Left between 9:00 and 10:30, Right between 2:00 and 4:00 , Symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning include drowsiness, dizziness, lights seem brighter, blue skin/lips, and forehead tightens. , Oklahoma residents involved in collisions in other states must comply with the Oklahoma Financial Responsibility Law (insurance requirements). , At 55 mph, it takes 3.7 seconds to drive the length of a football field (takes 5 seconds to dial a cell phone). Traffic Facts Oklahoma has more than 700 troopers enforcing traffic for over There are 3.5 million registered vehicles and 52, 971 2.3 million licensed drivers on over 112,510 miles of road. motorcycles in OK. Year 2000 Facts , 79,120 crashes involving 137,973 drivers , Crash gender: 56% male drivers, 71% female drivers , 49,225 persons killed/injured in 31,415 crashes , Traffic deaths decreased 11% from 1999 to 2000, fatal crashes decreased 6% , 586 fatal crashes claimed 662 lives (431 drivers, 182 passengers, 44 pedestrians, 5 bicyclists) , Cost of property damage from crashes $339,822,073.00 Daily Crash Toll Most Crashes Occurred Most Deaths Occurred Major Causes of Crashes 1. Failure to yield , 217 per day , Between 5pm and 6pm , Between 6pm and 8pm 2. Unsafe speed (to fast for conditions) , 9 per hour , On Saturdays , On Saturdays 3. Following to close , 1 every 6.6 minutes , In October , In October 4. Improper turn , 1 fatality every 11.7 hours 5. Inattention , 132 injuries per day 6. Failure to stop , 21.7% on Saturday CHAPTER 13 ALCOHOL, DRUGS, AND DRIVING - OKLAHOMA IS TOUGH ON DUIs , Alcohol is responsible for 1/4 of all highway deaths. , A 12-ounce beer, a 5-ounce glass of wine, and a cocktail with 1.5 ounces of 80 proof distilled spirits all contain the same amount of alcohol. , Refusing to take blood alcohol tests results in automatic suspension of driving privileges, even if you have NOT been drinking. , If blood alcohol level (BAC) is 0.08 or more (any measurable amount if under 21), driver's license will be revoked, even if not convicted of DUI. , Under the OK Implied Consent Law, revocation period for licenses is 180 days to 3 years, depending on previous driving record. , An alcohol concentration of 0.05 is relevant evidence that a driver's ability to drive is impaired. , Penalty for impaired driving (BAC between 0.05 and 0.08) is fine of $100-$500 and/or 6 months jail. DUI Suspension as result of BAC test declined 1st Suspension 30 days 2nd Suspension 6 months 3rd Suspension 1 year DUI Suspension if Convicted , 180 days for 1st revocation , 1 year for prior DUI or drug-related revocation in last 5 years Copyright FireNotes, Inc.? (OCFD.com) Duplication Of Hard Copy Prohibited Without Consent stBLUE BOOK II (Floto, Chain Saw, 1 Resp, Comm Manual, Flow Test, Driver Manual, Hydraulics) (SGT NOTES) Page 33 of 40 , 3 years if 2 or more DUI or drug-related revocation in last 5 years , DUI (Driving Under the Influence) is defined as a driver intoxicated by drugs or alcohol or both. , If BAC is 0.08 or more (any measurable amount if under 21), or conviction occurs, the penalty is imprisonment AND a fine. Penalties for DUI - BAC 0.08 or More , Misdemeanor 1st Offense , Fine $1,000 or less AND prison 10 days-1 year , Felony 2nd Offense within 10 years , Fine $2,500 or less AND prison 1 year-5 years , Felony 2nd Felony Offense , Fine $5,000 or less AND prison 1 year-7 years , Felony 3rd or Subsequent Offense , Fine $5,000 or less AND prison 1 year-10 years , Processing fee for driver's license suspension/revocation (alcohol-related arrests) is $75.00 (reinstatement fee $25.00). , A $150 fee for limited driving privilege may be required after a alcohol-related arrest. , It is illegal for any person under 21 that has any measurable quantity of alcohol and/or evidence of being under the influence, to drive, operate, or be in actual physical control (APC) of a vehicle. DUI/APC revocation/fines for persons under 21 , 6 months revocation 1st Offense Fine: $100-$500, community service, treatment program, or combination of , 1 year revocation 2nd Offense Fine: $100-$1,000, community service, treatment program, or combination of , 36 months revocation 3rd Offense If under 18, 2 years or 21st birthday, whichever is longer CHAPTER 14 VIOLATIONS AND PENALTIES , A driver license is a legal document. , There were 1,239 alcohol-related accidents involving drivers between 16 and 25, which resulted in 43 deaths. , DPS issued 7,225 duplicate driver licenses for the 18-20 yo age group in 2000 (21-26 yo, 8,947 duplicates). , 1,777 alcohol/drug-related citations were issued to 18-20 yo in 2000 (2,693 to 21-26 yo). , There were 20,749 drinking driving-related revocations in 2000. , It is a felony for any person to issue a license to a person not entitled, with erroneous information, or bearing photograph of another person. , Persons under 18 that drop out of school lose their license. , A 3-year driving record will be released by DPS on request (Driver Protection Act), $10.00 charge for copy (over 65, no charge). , A Medical Advisory Committee, composed of medical doctors, recommends standards for physical, emotional, and mental capacity of licensed drivers/applicants. , Driving privilege is revoked for a period of 6 months-3 years for persons committing manslaughter, negligent homicide, APC while impaired, using vehicle to commit felony, failure to stop/render aid if involved in accident (death/personal injury present), making false statements to get a license, and drug convictions. , A license will be suspended if you accumulate more than 10 points within 5 years. Point System (if convicted) Offense Points Offense Points Reckless driving License restriction violation 4 Failure to stop for school bus Careless driving Left of center or 25mph above speed limit 3 Wrong way on one-way Following too close 2 Failure to obey traffic light/stop , 2 points are deducted for each 12 month period sign in which no convictions occur or for completion of DPS-Failure to yield approved Driver Improvement/Defensive Driving course. Speeding (under 25 mph over) , Points are reduced to 0 if no convictions Operating defective vehicle occur within 2 consecutive years. 1 Other violations (except revocations) Copyright FireNotes, Inc.? (OCFD.com) Duplication Of Hard Copy Prohibited Without Consent stBLUE BOOK II (Floto, Chain Saw, 1 Resp, Comm Manual, Flow Test, Driver Manual, Hydraulics) (SGT NOTES) Page 34 of 40 , Penalty for not having liability insurance is $250 and/or 30 days jail, plus suspension of license/registration. Hydraulics (Updated through 8/7/04) The science of fire hydraulics is a branch of general hydraulics, which deals with the mechanical principles of water in motion. Areas covered in fire hydraulics are water flow, pressure loss, nozzle pressure, reactions, and pump discharge pressures. Water hammer plays a very important role in the use of Large Diameter Hose (LDH). It is also present in smaller hoselines. Water hammer is magnified in LDH. Valves on pumps, nozzles, and appliances MUST be opened and closed slowly. NOTE: The 10-second rule should be used to open and close valves when flowing water. The 10-second rule means the firefighter should count 10 seconds when opening or closing a valve. Pumps can be cracked or broken, appliances damaged, hose burst, and water mains broken underground by water hammer. Hose Size Construction Coupling Type Annual Test Pressure 5" Synthetic, Rubber Lined Storz 200 4" Synthetic, Rubber Lined Storz 200 Polyester Double-Jacket, 3" w/ 2 ?" Couplings Extruded Aluminum 300 Rubber Lined Polyester Double-Jacket, 2 ?" Extruded Aluminum 300 Rubber Lined Polyester Double-Jacket, 2" w/ 1 ?" Coup lings Extruded Aluminum 300 Rubber Lined Polyester Double-Jacket, 1 ?" w/ 1 ?" Couplings Extruded Aluminum 300 Rubber Lined Reinforced, Rubber-Covered, 1" or ?" w/ 1" Couplings Brass 300 Rubber Lined Friction Loss per 100 feet of Hose "Rule of Thumb" # of GPM 100 125 150 175 200 250 350 500 1000 1500 2000 Lines 1 3/4" 1 15 25 35 50 2" 1 20 30 50 2 1/2" 1 15 25 3" w/ 2 1/2" Hose 1 5 20 couplings Size 3" w/ 2 1/2" 2 5 20 couplings 4" 1 5 20 40 5" 1 10 20 30 Formulas Pump Discharge Pressure Flow Rate (in hundreds of GPM) PDP=NP+TPL (psi) Q=GPM / 100 (PDP) Pump Discharge Pressure (Q) Hundreds of GPM (NP) Nozzle Pressure (GPM) Actual Flow (TPL) Total Pressure Loss (100) a constant Friction Loss (without coefficient) Friction Loss (with coefficient) 2FL=2Q+Q FL=CQ2L (FL) Friction Loss (psi) (FL) Friction Loss (2) a constant (C) Coefficient (Q) Flow rate in hundreds of GPM (Q) Flow rate in hundreds of GPM Q2 is termed the Condensed Q Formula (L) Hose length in hundreds of feet Area of a Circle Volume or Capacity of a Round Tank 22A=,R OR A=D x 0.7854 D2 x 6 x L (A) Area of circle in square inches (D) Diameter (,) pi [3.14] (6) a constant (D) Diameter (L) Length (0.7854) a constant Copyright FireNotes, Inc.? (OCFD.com) Duplication Of Hard Copy Prohibited Without Consent stBLUE BOOK II (Floto, Chain Saw, 1 Resp, Comm Manual, Flow Test, Driver Manual, Hydraulics) (SGT NOTES) Page 35 of 40 Solid Stream Kickback Fog Nozzle Kickback 2NR=1.5 x D x NP NR=0.5 x GPM OR 1/2 the GPM flow (NR) Nozzle Reaction (NR) Nozzle Reaction (1.5) a constant (0.5) a constant (D) Nozzle Diameter in inches (GPM) Flow in GPM (NP) Nozzle Pressure in psi Water Flow (straight bore) Elevation Pressure GPM=29.7 x D2 x Square Root of NP EP=0.5 x H (GPM) Gallons Per Minute (EP) Elevation Pressure in psi (29.7) a constant (0.5) a constant (D) Nozzle Diameter (H) Height in feet (NP) Nozzle Pressure in psi Friction Loss Coefficient Table (C) Hose Size Coupling Size Coefficient 3/4" 1100 1" 150 1 3/4" 1 1/2" 15 2" 1 1/2" 8 2 1/2" 2 3" 2 1/2" 0.8 Two 3" 2 1/2" 0.2 4" 0.2 5" 0.08 Facts , 1 psi will lift water 2.304 feet. , Base pressure for every foot of rise is 0.434 psi. , One cubic foot of water weighs 62.5 lbs. , 1 gallon of water weighs 8.33 lbs. , One cubic foot of water is 7.5 gallons. , Raise or lower pump discharge pressure for supply lines in increments of 25 psi. , Raise or lower pump discharge pressure for attack lines in increments of 10 psi. o, At 212F, a cubic foot of water expands approximately 1,700 times its original volume. At higher temperatures, expansion is greater. Electric Priming Method , Close all discharge valves, drains, pump cooler, and all intakes. , Open the hydrant or tank to pump valve, depending on water source. , Open the throttle to approximately 1,000 rpm. Pull the primer handle and the discharge gauge should rise when the pump is primed. , The primer motor should not be engaged for more than 30 seconds. , If the pump does not prime in the appropriate amount of time (30 sec.), check the water source for possible leaks. Try to prime again. Manually Priming Pump , Put the engine in pump gear. , Open the valve from the booster tank to the pump. , Remove the cap from the highest 2 1/2" discharge outlet. , Open the 2 1/2" valve until water discharges. , Close the 2 1/2" valve. , The pump should be primed. Setting the Relief Valve , Turn the relief valve control all the way in. , Using the hand throttle, increase the pump pressure to 5 psi above the highest correct discharge pressure. , Turn the relief valve to the ON position is so equipped. , Turn the relief valve control out slowly until the pressure gauge shows a drop in pressure. , Re-adjust the relief valve until the pressure is 5 psi above the highest correct discharge pressure. , Using the hand throttle, lower the pump discharge pressure 5 psi less that the relief valve. , NOTE: Any other lines flowing at pressures below the relief valve pressure setting will have to be controlled by unlocking that particular discharge gate, pinching it down to the correct discharge pressure, and then re-locking it. , NOTE: At least one 1 3/4" line or larger must be flowing to set the relief valve. The booster line CANNOT be used to set the relief valve. Copyright FireNotes, Inc.? (OCFD.com) Duplication Of Hard Copy Prohibited Without Consent stBLUE BOOK II (Floto, Chain Saw, 1 Resp, Comm Manual, Flow Test, Driver Manual, Hydraulics) (SGT NOTES) Page 36 of 40 EXAMPLE: Correct discharge pressure is 150 psi. Turn the relief valve all the way in. Set the discharge pressure to 155 psi with hand throttle. Turn the relief valve to 155 psi. Set engine pressure to 150 psi with hand throttle. The relief valve is set 5 psi above the highest discharge. NOTE: the proper relief valve setting will always be 5 psi above the highest pump discharge pressure. Calculating Additional Water Available from a Hydrant FIRST DIGIT METHOD , Find the difference in psi between static and residual pressures. , Multiply the first digit of static pressure by 1, 2, or 3 to determine how many additional lines of equal flow (gpm) may be added. , If the psi drop is equal to or less that the first digit of the static pressure multiplied by 1, three additional lines of equal flow (gpm) may be added. , If the psi drop is equal to or less that the first digit of the static pressure multiplied by 2, two additional lines of equal flow (gpm) may be added. , If the psi drop is equal to or less that the first digit of the static pressure multiplied by 3, one additional lines of equal flow (gpm) may be added. EXAMPLE: A pumper is supplying one line with 250 gpm. The static was 65 psi, residual is 58 psi. Difference in psi=Static minus Residual (65-58=7) First digit of static is 6. 6x1=6 6x2=12 6x3=18 7 is not less that 6 but is less than 12, so two more lines at 250 gpm each may be added. National Fire Academy Fire Flow Formula , Multiply the length of building by the width. , Divide by 3. , Times by the number of floors involved. , The total is for 100% involvement. , If 75% involved, multiply by 3/4. , If 50% involved, multiply by 1/2. , If 25% involved, multiply by 1/4. Pump Pressure for Appliances (Rule of Thumb) Appliance GPM PSI (FL) Siamese 10 Wye Above 350 gpm 10 Solid Tip (handlines) 50 Solid Tip (master stream) 80 Puncture Nozzle 75 100 Engine 23 & 31 (Ladder Pipe) 100 Akron Cellar Nozzle 250 100 Portable Monitor 500 120 Portable Sprinkler 125 In-Line Proportioner 125 Deck Gun (mounted or dismounted) 150 Teleboom 180 Ladder Pipe 180 95' Platform 180 135' Aerial 180 Copyright FireNotes, Inc.? (OCFD.com) Duplication Of Hard Copy Prohibited Without Consent stBLUE BOOK II (Floto, Chain Saw, 1 Resp, Comm Manual, Flow Test, Driver Manual, Hydraulics) (SGT NOTES) Page 37 of 40 Fog Nozzles (as rated) 100, 75, 50 2GPM Flow from Solid Bore Nozzles GPM=29.7 x d x Square Root of NP Tip Size Type PSI GPM 3/4" Hand Line 50 psi 100 gpm 7/8" Hand Line 50 psi 150 gpm 1" Hand Line 50 psi 200 gpm 1 1/8" Hand Line 50 psi 250 gpm 1 1/4" Hand Line 50 psi 300 gpm 1 1/4" Master Stream 80 psi 400 gpm 1 3/8" Master Stream 80 psi 500 gpm 1 1/2" Master Stream 80 psi 600 gpm 1 5/8" Master Stream 80 psi 700 gpm 1 3/4" Master Stream 80 psi 800 gpm 2" Master Stream 80 psi 1000 gpm Hose Loads (4" & 5") , Loading 4" and 5" hose in the hose bed: , The first coupling is placed in the front of the hose bed. , The 4" or 5" hose is loaded in the flat load. Load the first section with the fold in the front of the hose bed 12 to 14 inches short of the front of the hose bed. , The next coupling should be placed in the front of the hose bed ahead of the folds in the hose. , All couplings will be placed at the front of the hose bed no matter where they come in the hose load. , The second tier of hose should be folded so the bend in the hose will be 4 inches short of the first layer. The third tier will be the same as the first, continue to lay the hose in folds progressively across the bed to complete the load. Forward Lay 3" Hose (forward layout with 3" feeder line) , Apparatus operator spots apparatus approximately 20 feet past hydrant. , On orders from the officer, firefighter disembarks engine and gives a signal when hose is secured around hydrant. , On orders from the officer, operator proceeds to the fire and spots apparatus in the most beneficial position for exposure and/or fire attack. NOTE: spot apparatus in consideration of other responding apparatus. , Operator places apparatus in neutral; set parking brake; engage pump; shift transmission into drive. (This will change the transmission from road gear to pump gear) , The officer will place the hose clamp on the 3" feeder line. If 2 lines are used, 1 line will be connected to an intake. , Operator checks to ensure pre-connect is clear of compartment and apparatus. , On orders from the officer, operator charges appropriate discharge using water from booster tank or supply line. NOTE: after the first line has been charged and is at correct pump discharge pressure, relief valve must be set. , Operator will then connect feeder line to intake and remove hose clamp. Once water has reached intake valve, operator will adjust pressure accordingly. Forward Lay 4" Hose (forward layout with 4" feeder line) , Apparatus operator spots apparatus approximately 20 feet past hydrant. , On orders from the officer, firefighter disembarks engine and gives a signal when hose is secured around hydrant. , On orders from the officer, operator proceeds to the fire and spots apparatus in the most beneficial position for exposure and/or fire attack. NOTE: spot apparatus in consideration of other responding apparatus. , Operator places apparatus in neutral; set parking brake; engage pump; shift transmission into drive. (This will change the transmission from road gear to pump gear) , Operator disembarks engine and chocks wheels. , Operator proceeds to the rear of the apparatus to disconnect supply line and connects to intake/suction. NOTE: supply line should be connected on operator side when possible. , Operator checks to ensure pre-connect is clear of compartment and apparatus. , On orders from the officer, operator charges appropriate discharge using water from booster tank or supply line. NOTE: after the first line has been charged and is at correct pump discharge pressure, relief valve must be set. Hose Clamps , The officer will place hose clamp 6 feet on the supply side from a coupling and a minimum of 20 feet from tailboard. It is not recommended to use a hose clamp with Large Diameter Hose because it will slide on the hose when loosened. 4" Hose Intake Connection Copyright FireNotes, Inc.? (OCFD.com) Duplication Of Hard Copy Prohibited Without Consent stBLUE BOOK II (Floto, Chain Saw, 1 Resp, Comm Manual, Flow Test, Driver Manual, Hydraulics) (SGT NOTES) Page 38 of 40 , Put pump in gear. , Open the tank to pump valve and pump proper pressure. , Set relief valve. , Call for water if mobile radio is used or signal to the plug catcher if possible. , Bleed air from the 4" hose. , Open the intake valve and close the tank to pump valve slowly (10 second rule). , Re-adjust the pump pressure and set the relief valve. Hydrassist Operation , STEP 1-First engine will spot at hydrant for hydrant connection using Hydrassist. Firefighter disembarks engine for hydrant connection. Engine proceeds to fire. Handle on Hydrassist should point to the "B" position after connection is made and before hydrant is opened. , STEP 2-Firefighter opens the hydrant using the 10 second rule. Firefighter returns to engine company. , STEP 3-Second engine will spot at the hydrant with largest discharge on the hydrant side. Soft apparatus for soft suction connection. , STEP 4-Operator will set park brake, then connect 5" soft suction to side "C" of the Hydrassist. Operator will then connect soft suction to the 5" intake. , STEP 5-Operator will attach 25 feet of 4" hose to side "D" of the Hydrassist. The 4" hose is connected to the largest discharge. , STEP 6-Operator will turn handle on the Hydrassist to the "D" position. Operator will open the intake valve and the discharge valve, then engage the pump. , STEP 7-Second engine operator will pump friction loss plus 20 psi for residual pressure to the first engine. , STEP 8-Contact the first engine by radio to confirm residual pressure is 20 psi or above. NOTE: pump discharge pressure should not exceed 200 psi. Reverse Lay , Operator will spot apparatus approximately 20 feet past connection point. , Operator will set park brake, disembark engine, and assist with unloading necessary equipment. , Firefighters will pull attack hose and advance toward the fire. , Firefighters fold approximately 10 feet of hose back on top of supply line and secures with knee. NOTE: for safety reasons, the Storz coupling should be in front of the firefighter Upon signal, operator will proceed to hydrant. , Firefighters will connect supply line to manifold then assist in advancing attack lines toward the fire. When connecting to a master stream such as a portable monitor or aerial device, connection can be made as soon as the supply line does not have residual pull. , Operator will spot engine for soft suction connection. The operator should turn wheels approximately 45 degrees away from the hydrant. Operator will make connection to hydrant and to the intake with 5" soft suction. Operator will then open the hydrant using the 10 second rule. , Operator will disconnect the feeder line and connect to the 3" large discharge. , Operator will open discharge valve allowing water to start flowing to purge line. , Operator will chock wheels, return to the engine, and engage the pump. Full Strip / Partial Strip , In cases where it is necessary to place the pumping unit at the water source, the equipment to carry out fire fighting operations will have to be removed from the rig. According to IFSTA Hose Practices, there are two options for the type and amount of equipment to be removed. , When a complete complement of equipment is needed to support fire fighting operations for an extended period of time, a "Full Strip" is made. When a less extensive complement is needed, a "Partial Strip" is made. , The removal of this equipment will cause some delay in the initial attack, however, a way to expedite the task is to assign specific pieces of equipment to each crew member so that the job is done in the shortest possible time. Tool / Equipment Strip Hose FULL PARTIAL SCBA's FULL PARTIAL Nozzles FULL PARTIAL Forcible Entry FULL PARTIAL Tools Wye or Siamese FULL PARTIAL Axes FULL PARTIAL Ladders FULL ONLY Pike Poles FULL ONLY Spare Air Bottles FULL ONLY Pumping to a Sprinkler Connection or Standpipe , Operator will spot apparatus approximately 20 feet past sprinkler/standpipe connection and set parking brake. Copyright FireNotes, Inc.? (OCFD.com) Duplication Of Hard Copy Prohibited Without Consent stBLUE BOOK II (Floto, Chain Saw, 1 Resp, Comm Manual, Flow Test, Driver Manual, Hydraulics) (SGT NOTES) Page 39 of 40 , Engine crew disembarks engine and offloads enough line to make a sprinkler/standpipe connection. Adapters needed for 4" hose are a Storz to 2 1/2" male on a 30 degree elbow. Adapter needed for a 3" hose is a 2 1/2" double male. , On orders, operator will proceed to hydrant to make connection. , Firefighters will make connection to sprinkler/standpipe system after a few flakes have deployed off engine and there is no residual pull on the hose. , Operator will spot apparatus for soft suction connection with wheels turned 45 degrees away from hydrant. Parking brake is set and tools are gathered to make a steamer connection. NOTE: only use soft suction to steamer to make this connection. , Operator will break the line at the tailboard and connect to appropriate discharge. , Operator waits for orders before turning water in. , Operator pumps 125 psi plus friction loss plus 5 psi per floor above the 1st floor. NOTE: do not exceed 200 psi as the system is rated at 500 gpm. Relay Pumping 4" Hose (1,000 gpm) , An engine must be placed every 900 feet. , First engine should connect to the hydrant with the Hydrassist and lay out 900 feet of hose, stop and connect at that point, and plug catcher turns in water. , Second engine will connect to first engine and lay out 900 feet of hose and connect at that point. First engine will turn in water to the second engine. , The process continues until the lay is complete. The next available engine not in the relay operation will connect to the Hydrassist at the hydrant. , All engines in the relay will pump friction loss plus 20 psi residual. Preconnects , The triple layer load can be used on rear deployment or crosslays. , The minuteman load is used exclusively on rear deployment loads. , The accordion load is used on the fender mounted Quick Deployment Load and E-One Jump Line. Triple Layer Load , Connect all drained hose and extend either to the rear or side of apparatus. , Connect the female coupling to the discharge. , Pick up hose at a point 2/3 of its length towards the nozzle and carry to the discharge connection. This forms 3 layers that should be stacked on top of each other. This may take some adjusting of layers to achieve this. , Extend hose straight from the apparatus. , At 2/3 distance from apparatus, pick up hose and return to the apparatus. , Stack hose three layers high and flake into hosebed in flat layers until loaded. Minuteman Load (rear hose bed only) , Connect the female end of the first section of hose to a 1 1/2" outlet. , Place one layer of hose in the bed, while the remainder of the section is to be accordion folded on edge, towards the front of the bed. , Leave a 2 to 3 foot tail on the male end and set aside. , Place additional sections of hose in the bed starting with the nozzle to the inside at the bottom. , Couple the free ends of the hose and place into hose bed. Accordion Load , Drain and lay out hose to the side of the apparatus. , If it is the jump line, lay the hose to the front of the apparatus. , Connect the female end to the discharge. , Lay the hose on edge, beginning at the back of the tray and zig-zag the hose back and forth, keeping the couplings away from each other. , For the jump line, fold the hose in the box flat. , Continue until loaded. Pulling a Triple Layer Load , Pull the nozzle and folds of the first tier and place over shoulder facing away from the load. , Walk away from the apparatus until the entire load is pulled from the bed. , Drop the folded end from the shoulder and advance nozzle to the fire. , Be sure all the hose is laid out and air is expelled before advancing the hoseline to the fire. Pulling a Minuteman Load , Remove the hose load from the bed onto the shoulder. , Walk straight from the apparatus approximately 50 feet. , Turn toward incident and allow hose to lay of shoulder. , Be sure all the hose is laid out and air is expelled before advancing the hoseline to the fire. Pulling a Quick Deployment Load , Open door to quick deployment tray (be sure to close compartment doors before opening). Copyright FireNotes, Inc.? (OCFD.com) Duplication Of Hard Copy Prohibited Without Consent stBLUE BOOK II (Floto, Chain Saw, 1 Resp, Comm Manual, Flow Test, Driver Manual, Hydraulics) (SGT NOTES) Page 40 of 40 , Place nozzle and one flake of hose over the shoulder and advance toward fire. , Be sure all the hose is laid out and air is expelled before advancing the hoseline to the fire. Portable Sprinkler System , The portable sprinkler system is primarily used to restrict the spread of fire in an enclosed area such as an attic or cockloft. , It can aid in control and extinguishment of fire underneath floors, around floor furnaces, and inside walls. , It can also be used very effectively as a water curtain device in attics and cocklofts. , Its use can also reduce the convection of heat currents and cool the temperature of unburned fuel gases. , One set consists of four nozzles, four 10 foot sections of 1 1/2" hose equipped with female connections on each end, and a 1 1/2" end cap. , Each nozzle has a 1/2" inside diameter and is 18 inches in length. , Each nozzle flows approximately 25 gpm at 100 psi nozzle pressure. , 125 psi plus friction loss in the supply line should be pumped to the assembly. , The wye in the assembly is figured into the 125 psi. , One set of sprinklers should cover approximately 40 to 50 feet in length. , By using two sets in series, 90 feet in length may be covered. , It is not feasible to use two sets with a 1 1/2", 1 3/4", or 2" feeder line because of the reduced water supply. , It is important that the system be supplied through a wye off the feeder line to provide more adequate volume of water. , The volume of water being delivered through the nozzles should be checked occasionally. , If possible, hose rollers or salvage covers should be used where the feeder line comes over a parapet wall or roof edge to prevent kinking and chafing of the line. , Do not hammer nozzles into roof. Always use a pick-head axe to make a hole to place nozzles in. Bundling Portable Sprinklers , Starting with the nozzle and cap, slip nozzle into holder, beginning with the buckle end. , Connect the first 10 foot section of hose, allowing hose to lay out to the left of the holder. , Place the second nozzle into the same end of the holder, directly on top of the first nozzle. , Bring the first hose to your left and connect to second nozzle, leaving the coupling loose so hose can be adjusted later to lay on the same plane. , Connect the second 10 foot section of hose to the second nozzle and lay the section to your right. , Notice the three nozzle tip holders on the harness. Place the third nozzle directly on top of the second nozzle from the same direction. , Note on Difference: The nozzle tip will be threaded into the middle part of the holder. , Now connect hose #2 on your right side to nozzle #3. , Take hose #3 and connect to the left side of nozzle #3. , Place nozzle #4 in the holder in the same way you placed #3 nozzle with the tip being placed into the middle part of nozzle #4. , Now all nozzles should be directly on top of the other with all stems pointing in the same direction. , Next, offset each tee about 1 inch so tees will stack closely. , Buckle the harness around the nozzles lengthwise, leaving slightly loose so that couplings can be tightened after the hose has been aligned in the same plane. , Tighten harness strip completely. , Notice that you will have two 10 foot sections of hose to each side of your nozzles. , Roll each of these along the sides of the harness, adjusting about 6 flakes in each 10 foot section and the length of your holder. , Buckle the arm strap around folds. , Adjust folds again for uniformity and completely tighten. 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