土木工程专业英语课后完整答案(1)

Unite 1 2、Translate the following phrases into Chinese /English . (1)Compression Members 受压构件(2)critical buckling load 临界屈曲荷载 (3)the slenderness ratio 细长比(4)stub column 短柱 (5)reduced modulus 简化模量(6)Effective length 计算长度 (7)Residual stress 残余应力(8)Trial-and-error approach 试算法 (9)Radius of gyration 回转半径(10)Tangent modulus 切线模量 3、Translate the following sentence into Chinese. (1)This ideal state is never achieved in reality, however, and some eccentricity of the load is inevitable. 然而,在现实中,这种理想状态从来没有实现,一些荷载偏心是不可避免的 szbending, and in these cases the member is a beam-column. 在许多情况下,构件同样需要能够抵抗弯矩,在这些情况下,构件被称之为梁柱。 (3)If the member is so slender that the stress just before buckling is below the proportional limit---that is, the member is still elastic---the critical buckling load is given by Q. 如果该构件很细长以至于在压曲前的应力低于比例极限---也就是说,该构件仍然是弹性状态---该构件的该临界屈曲荷载就可以由公式Q给出。 (4)The ratio L/r is the slenderness ratio and is the measure of a compression member’s slenderness, with large values corresponding to slender members. L/r 这一比值是长细比,是受压构件的长细的量度,细长的构件具有较大的值。 (5)If the stress at which buckling occurs is greater than the proportional limit of the material, the relation between stress and strain is not linear, and the modulus of elasticity E can no longer be used. 如果屈曲发生时的应力超过了材料的比例极限,应力与应变之间的关系不再是线性的,弹性模量E不能再使用 (6)If the member is more stocky, as the one in Fig.1.1b, a larger load will be required to bring the member to the point of instability. 如果构件更粗壮,如图Fig.1.1b所示,要把构件到达不稳定点,一个更大的荷载将被要求。 (7)The tips of the flanges, for example, cool at a faster rate than the junction of the flange and the web. This uneven cooling induces stresses that remain permanently. 例如,轮缘的尖部比轮缘的结合部以及中部冷却的速度更快。这种不均匀冷却引起的应力会长久的存在。 (8)In 1947, FRShanley resolved the apparent inconsistencies in the original theory, and today the tangent modulus formula, Eq.1.3, is accepted as the correct one for inelastic buckling. 1947年,FRShanley解决原有理论的表面不相容性,并且切线模量公式,Eq.1.3,被接受作为非弹性屈曲计算的正确公式。(9)The composite curve, called a column strength curve, completely describes the stability of any column of a given material. 这条复合曲线,被称为柱强度曲线,完全描述了任何一个给定的材料柱的稳定性。 (10)Since it is virtually impossible to construct a frictionless pin connection, even this support condition can only be closely approximated at best. 因为实际上不可能构建一个无摩擦销连接,更不用说这个支撑条件至多只可以尽量近似。 5、Translate the following sentence into English. (1)受压构件是只承受轴向压力的结构构件。 Compression members(受压构件) are those structural elements that are subjected only to axial compression forces (2)公式1.1要成立,构件必须是弹性的并且其两端必须能自由转动但不能横向移动。 For Eq 1.1 to be valid, the member must be elastic, and its ends must by free to rotate(旋 转) but not translate laterally(侧移). (3)临界荷载又是被称为欧拉荷载或欧拉屈曲荷载。 The critical load(临界荷载) is sometimes referred to as the Euler load(欧拉荷载) or the Euler buckling load(欧拉弯曲荷载). (4)图1.2中的应力——应变曲线不同于延性钢的应力——应变曲线,因为它有明显的非 非线性区域。 The stress-strain curve in Fig.1.2 is different from the ones for ductile steel(延性钢材) because it has a pronounced region(显著区域) of nonlinearity. (5)其他因素,想焊接和冷弯,都能影响残余应力,但冷却过程是残余应力的主要来源。 Other factors, such as welding(焊接) and cold-bending(冷弯) to create curvature(曲率) in a beam, can contribute to the residual stress, but the cooling process is the chief source(主要因素). Unite 2 2、Translate the following phrases into Chinese /English . (1)cross section 截面(2)bending moment 弯矩 (3)live load 活载(4)force due to gravity 重力 (5)building code 建筑 规范 编程规范下载gsp规范下载钢格栅规范下载警徽规范下载建设厅规范下载 (6)functional design 功能设计 (7)nonstructural components 非结构构件(8)Nonprofit organization非赢利组织 (9)the Uniform Building Code统一建筑规范 (10)the Standard Building Code 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 建筑规范 3、Translate the following sentence into Chinese. (1)The structural design of buildings ,whether of structural steel(结构钢) or reinforced concrete(钢筋混凝土),requires the determination of the overall proportions(整体比例) and dimensions of the supporting framework(支撑结构) and the selection of the cross sections of individual members. 建筑的结构设计,不论是用结构钢还是用钢筋混凝土材料,都要决定其整体比例和支撑结构的大小,以及选择单个构件的 截面尺寸。 (2)The architect decides how the building should look; the engineer must make sure that it doesn’t fall down. 建筑师决定建筑物的外观,结构工程师必须保证它不会倒塌。 (3)A good design requires the evaluation of several framing plans(框架平面图)-that is, different arrangements of members and their connections. 一个好的设计,要求要评估不同的框架平面图,也就是说,对构件和它们之间的连接可进行不同的布置。 (4)Before any analysis, however, a decision must be made on the building material to be used ;it will usually be reinforced concrete ,structural steel ,or both. 然而,在做任何分析之前,必须决定建筑物的使用材料,通常可以是钢筋混凝土,结构钢,或者两者公用。 (5)All of the loads mentioned thus far(目前为止) are forces due to gravity and are referred to as gravity loads. 目前为止所提到的荷载,均是由于重力而产生的,或者被当作是重力荷载。 (6)If the load is applied and removed many times over the life of the structure ,fatigue stress(疲劳应力) becomes a problem ,and we must account for its effects. 若果荷载在结构寿命里被多次应用并撤除,则疲劳应力就会成 为问题,我们必须考虑它的影响。 (7)Since lateral loads(侧向荷载) are most detrimental(对有害) to tall structures ,wind loads are usually not as important for low buildings, but uplift(浮托力) on light roof systems(屋顶体系) can be critical. 由于侧向荷载对高层建筑物最有害,因此,对于低层建筑物风荷载通常都是不重要的,但是浮托力对屋顶体系却是至关重要的。 (8)A structural analysis of the effects of an earthquake requires an analysis of the structure’s response to the ground motion produced by the earthquake 分析地震对结构的作用,需分析由于地震而引起的相应的地面运动。 (9)Other types of live load are often treated as separate categories ,such as hydrostatic pressure(液体静压力) and soil pressure 其他类型的活载通常被当作独立的类别,例如液体静压力和土压力。 (10)Although some large cities write their own building codes ,many municipalities(自治市) will adopt a “model” (典型)building code and modify it to suit their particular needs. 虽然有些大城市编写了自己的建筑规范,但是许多自治市仍然 采用典型的建筑规范,即修改建筑规范以适应他们的特殊需求。 5、Translate the following sentence into English. (1)作用在结构上的力被称为荷载。 The forces that act on a structure are called loads. (2)恒载就是固定不变的荷载,包括结构自身的重量。 Dead loads are those that are permanent, including the weight of the structure itself, (3)活载不是恒载那样固定不变的活载,活载也可以是重力荷载。 Live loads, which can also be gravity loads, are those that are not as permanent as dead loads. (4)建筑规范不 规定 关于下班后关闭电源的规定党章中关于入党时间的规定公务员考核规定下载规定办法文件下载宁波关于闷顶的规定 设计方法,但规定必须满足的设计要求和强制条件。 Building codes do not give design procedures, but they do specify the design requirements and constraints that must be satisfied. (5)与建筑规范不同,设计规范对结构构件及其连接的设计做了详细的指导。 In contrast to building codes, design specifications give more specific guidance for the design of structural members and their connections. Unite 4 2、Translate the following phrases into Chinese /English . (1)Sustained load 长期荷载(2)Cement gel 水泥凝胶体 (3)Water-cement ratio 水灰比(4)The stability of the structure结构稳定 (5)The expansion joint 伸缩缝(6)Moisture content 含水量 (7)Cement paste 水泥浆 (8)The coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete 混凝土热膨胀系 (9)Permanent plastic strain 永久塑性应变 (10)The fatigue strength of concrete 混凝土疲劳强度 3、Translate the following sentence into Chinese. (1)The cause of the volume changes in concrete can be attributed to changes in moisture content, chemical reaction of the cement with water, variation in temperature, and applied loads. 混凝土的体积变化的原因可以归结为水分含量,水泥和水的化学反应,温度以及施加荷载的变化。 (2)High-early-strength and low-heat cement show more shrinkage than normal Portland cement. 高早强和低热水泥显示超过普通硅酸盐水泥收缩。 (3)The greater the aggregate content, the smaller is the shrinkage. 骨料含量越大,收缩越小。 (4)Therefore, cracks may develop in concrete when a high percentage of steel is used. 因此,当使用高比例的钢铁时将可能产生混凝土裂缝。 (5)Generally, concrete shrinks at a high rate during the initial period of hardening, but at later stages the rate diminishes gradually. 一般来说,在硬化过程中初期率很高,但在稍后阶段混凝土收缩率逐渐减小。 (6)Under sustained load, plastic deformation continues to develop over a period that may last for years. 持续负荷下,塑性变形继续发展一段时间,可能持续数年。(7)Creep increases with an increase of stress in specimens made from concrete of the same strength and with the same duration of load. 与标本中增加的压力增大制成的蠕变相同强度混凝土和时间相同的负载 与标本中的压力相同强度的混凝土,并与负荷增加同一时间作出蠕变增加 (8)Creep is reduced with an increase in the humidity of the ambient air 蠕变的减少是由于在周围的空气湿度增加 (9) Creep is decreases with an increase in the size of the tested specimen. 蠕变是一个经过测试的试件尺寸增大而减小. (10)High-temperature steam curing of concrete as well as per use of a plasticizer will reduce the amount of creep. 高温蒸汽作为增塑剂正确使用混凝土养护将减少蠕变量. 5、Translate the following sentence into English. (1)如果通过蒸发失去水分,混凝土就会收缩,但在水中硬化则会膨胀。 If it loses moisture(水份) by evaporation(蒸发),concrete shrinks, but if the concrete hardens in water, it expands. (2)影响混凝土收缩的因素很多,如水泥和水的含量、骨料的级配以及环境条件等。 Many factors influence the shrinkage of concrete such as cement and water content、 gradation(等级) of aggregate and ambient conditions and so on。 (3)混凝土拌合物中的水泥含量越多或含水量越多,收缩量则越大。 The more cement or water content in the concrete mix, the greater the shrinkage. (4)混凝土不是热的良导体,而钢筋是。 Concrete is not a good conductor of heat, whereas steel is a good one. (5)在荷载作用期间,大约80%的徐变产生在前4个月内,大约2年后完成90%的徐变。 Creep increases with the loading period. About 80% of the creep occurs within the first 4 months;90%occurs after about 2 years. Unite 5 2、Translate the following phrases into Chinese /English . (1)building code 建筑规范(6)随机变量random variation (2)stochastic analyse 随机分析(7)半经验公式semiempirical equation (3)multistory building 多层建筑(8)风洞荷载wind tunnel testing (4)code-prescribed data 规范规定的数值(9)持续活荷载sustained live load (5)transient live load 瞬时活荷载(10)名义值nominal value 3、Translate the following sentence into Chinese. (1)The building code loads have traditionally been given as nominal values, determined on the basis of material properties (e.g. , dead load )or load surveys (e.g. , live load and snow load). 该建筑代码加载历来给出标准值,根据材料的性质(如,恒载)或负载调查(如,活荷载和雪荷载)的基础上确定。 (2)Since the random variation of the loads is a function of time as well as a number of other factors, the modeling, strictly speaking(严格来讲), should take this into account by using stochastic analyses(随机分析) to reflect the time and space interdependence(互相依赖). 由于载荷的随机变化是时间的函数以及一系列其他因素,造型数量,严格来说,应考虑到利用随机分析,以反映时间和空间互相依赖。 (3)For example, American live load criteria are based on a reference period of 50 years, while Canadian criteria use a 30-year interval 例如,美国活载标准是根据50年的基准期,而加拿大的标准使用30年的间隔。 (4)Building codes treat these effects as static phenomena and relate them to the actual conditions through semiempirical equations(半经验公式). 建筑规范视这些影响为静态现象,并通过半经验方程与实际情况相联系。 (5)The response of a building, however, will be different for different materials, depending on the type of load. 但是,建筑物的反应,将针对不同的材料不同,这取决于负载类型。 (6)There are many types of loads that may act on a building structure at one time or other, and this section provides a general description(一般说明) of the characteristics of the most important ones. 有许多类型的负载,可能对建筑物结构法在同一时间或其他,本节提供了一种通用的描述的最重要的特点。 (7)The dead load includes not only the self-weight of the structure, but also the weight of permanent construction materials, partitions, floor and ceiling materials, machinery and other equipment, and so on. 静载重不仅包括自身的结构重量,而且还有永久性建筑的材料,隔板,地板,吊顶材料,机械和其他设备的重量,等等 (8)Live load, are more accurately the gravity live load, is the name that is commonly used for the loads on the structure that are not part of the permanent installations(永久设施) 活载,更准确的重力活荷载,即通常是结构上的负荷,不属于永 久性设施的一部分荷载的使用名称。 (9)The live load on the structure at any given time is also called the arbitrary point in-time live load. 在任意给定时间作用在结构上的活荷载也被称作任一点时活荷载。 (10)The live load on the structure at any time is normally well below the code value; the maximum lifetime(50-year) live load may be a certain amount larger. 在任意时刻结构上的活荷载一般是低于规范值的,(根据)最高寿命(50年)(确定的)活荷载可能有一定数量的扩大。 5、Translate the following sentence into English. (1) 对某些荷载来说,结构的地理位置起重要作用。 The geographical location(地理位置) of the structure plays an important role for certain loads. (2) 风荷载既不是静荷载也不是均匀变化的荷载,并且除了受周围结构和地形影响外还受结构几何形状的严重影响。 At the same time wind loads are neither static nor uniformly varying, and are heavily influenced by the geometry of the structure as well as the surrounding structures and the landscape(景观). (3) 风荷载和雪荷载可根据模型试验来确定。 Wind loads and snow loads are determined on the basis of model tests. (4)特殊荷载及荷载效应包括温度变化、结构地基沉降、冲击和爆炸的影响。 Special loads and load effects include the influence of temperature variations(温度变化), structural foundation settlements, impact(撞击), and blast(爆炸). (5)至少在理论上,结构上的恒载被认为是保持不变的。 In theory, at least, the dead load on a structure is supposed to remain constant. Unite 6 2、Translate the following phrases into Chinese /English . (1)the magnitude of the applied load 所施加负荷的大小(6)悬挂结构suspension structure (2)quasi-static loading 拟静力荷载(7)应力应变成正比stress is proportional to strain (3)planar loading 平面结构(8)结构的变形the deformation of the structure (4)planar loading 面荷载(9)分析模型analytical model (5)plastic material 塑性材料(10)弹性材料elastic material 3、Translate the following sentence into Chinese. (1)Furthermore, it is the need for a safe, serviceable, feasible, and aesthetically pleasing fulfillment of a function that dictates(指示) the form, material, and manner of loading of a structure. 此外,满足结构安全性、适用性、可行性以及美观这一功能的需要决定了结构的形式,材料和加载方式。 (2)Fig.6.1 illustrates schematically(按图说明) the relationships among the function a structure is to fulfill, the form and material and loading on the structure, the behavior of the structure ,and the analytical model of the structure. 图6.1说明:结构要实现的功能、形式、材料、结构上的荷载、结构的性能以及结构分析模型之间的关系。 (3)At this point(此时此刻) we need to discuss some of the aspects of structural behavior indicated in Fig.6.1 and to explain their respective relationships to the form and material of the structure. 此时此刻,我们需要讨论图6.1中表示出来的结构性能的某些方面,并且解释结构的形式和材料之间各自的关系。 (4)Materials may be classified as elastic, plastic, or viscoelastic. 材料可分为弹性,塑性,或粘弹性。 (5)The deformations of viscoelastic materials depend on time and therefore load history, whereas the deformations of elastic and plastic materials do not. 粘弹性材料的变形取决于时间和先前的加载历史,然而弹塑性材 料的变形却不是。 (6)Energy is generally lost if a system does not recover its initial shape after unloading owing either to plastic behavior of the material or to frication forces within or between parts of the structure . 如果一个结构体系在卸载之后不能恢复到原先的形状,则能量一般会丢失,原因是材料的塑性性能,或结构各部分内部或之间的摩擦力。 (7)All these behavioral aspects of the structure will have a significant influence on the nature of the analysis used in studying the structure. 所有结构的这些性能方面将对研究结构分析的本质产生重大影响。 (8)In addition, in developing the analytical model it will be necessary to consider whether the structural material is homogeneous(均匀的) or nonhomogeneous and whether it is isotropic, orthotropic, or anisotropic 此外,在发展分析模型中,将有必要考虑结构材料是否是均匀的,或者是非均匀的,以及它是否是各向同性,正交异性,或各向异性。 (9)However, it is important to recognize at the outset(起初) that the concepts that will be presented can be extended to the solution of many other classes of structural problems, including those involving(涉及) dynamic response(动力响应), material and geometric nonlinearities, inelasticity, instability, and continuous systems. 然而,一开始就要认识到提出的概念可以延伸到许多其他各种类型的结构性问题的解决方法,这些问题包括涉及动力响应,材料和几何非线性,非弹性,失稳和连续的体系。 (10)Loads usually need be treated as dynamic only if they are periodic in nature or they are applied very suddenly. 只有荷载本质上是定期或者施加很突然时,则荷载通常需要被视为动态的。 5、Translate the following sentence into English. (1)结构的分类有多种方法,普通观察者会首先根据它们各自的功能把结构分为房屋、桥梁、船舶、塔架等等。 Structures can be classified in a variety of way. The casual observer(临时观测人) might first consider classifying structures(把建筑分级) according to their respective functions(各自功能): buildings, bridges, ships, aircraft, towers, and so on. (2)结构设计中,需要考虑的是结构的安全性、适用性和可行性。 In structural design, it is the need for a safe, serviceable, feasible. (3)如果结构对荷载的反应,比如一点的位移,与施加的荷载 大小成正比,则结构为线性的。 A structure is linear if its response to loading, say displacement at a point, is directly proportional to the magnitude of the applied load. (4)各向同性材料的物理性能在任一点的所有方向是相同的。The physical properties of homogeneous materials are the same at each point. (5)结构的性能通常是很难清除描述的,因为结构的材料既不是线性或非线性的,也不是弹性或塑性的。 the picture of structural behavior is generally not so clear as that just painted. That is, materials are not either “linear” or “nonlinear” and “elastic” or “plastic”. Unite 7 2、Translate the following phrases into Chinese /English . (1)untrained settlement 不排水沉降(6)极限承载力ultimate bearing capacity (2)bearing capacity 承载能力(7)瞬时沉降immediate settlement (3)site investigations场地调查,场地勘探(8)表面超载surface surcharge (4)brick and masonry construction 砖石建筑(9)静水压力hydrostatic pressure (5)lateral support 侧向支撑 3、Translate the following sentence into Chinese. (1)Most building damage that occurs because of foundation movement occurs when unforeseen(不可预见的) soil conditions arise; inadequate site investigations(实地勘测) and a lack of understanding of soil behavior are largely the root causes(根本原因). 大多数建筑物损坏的出现是由于基础运动发生不可预见的土壤条件出现时;不足的现场调查(实地勘测)和缺乏对土的性能的了解是最大的根本原因。 (2)In heavily over consolidated clays, therefore, since the yield point will be very high, settlement calculations can be based on elastic theory, using parameters referred to effective stresses. 在超固结土中,由于屈服点将会很高,因此沉降计算可以基于弹性理论,使用与有效应力有关的参数。 (3)A large part of the remainder(剩余) of the chapter is devoted to(专注于) a detailed study of the consolidation process and to methods of assessing(评价) resulting(产生) settlements. 本章的其余大部分都用来详细研究固结过程和估计其引起的沉降的方法。 (4) The radial extent(径向伸长) of some tree root systems is greater than the height of the tree; they may also reach depths of several meters. 一些树根体系的径向伸长比树的高度更大,它们也可能达到数米深处。 (5)One of the most important soil properties in the context of foundation engineering is its compressibility 基础工程方面最重要的土壤特性之一是它的压缩。 (6)Terzaghi assumed that both the soil particles and the pore water are incompressible. Therefore, the magnitude of the settlement is related directly to the change in volume of the voids, and the rate of settlement in a saturated soil is governed by the rate pore water escapes from the voids. 太沙基假定土壤颗粒和孔隙水两者都是不可压缩的。因此,沉降的大小与孔洞的体积的变化有直接的关系,在饱和土中沉降的速率取决于孔隙水从孔洞的逸出速率。 (7)Soil is a particulate material, so its stress-strain properties are much more complex than those of other more familiar materials such as steel. 土壤是一种颗粒物质,所以其应力-应变性质的复杂性远大于其他更熟悉的材料,如钢材料。 (8)The process of consolidation is intimately tied with the buildup and dissipation of excess pore water pressures and the corresponding changes in effective stress. 固结过程是与超孔隙水压力的形成和消散以及相应的有效应力的改变密切相关的。 (9)The test procedure and methods of correcting the test results to compensate for sample disturbance are described in Chapter 4. 修改实验结果以弥补样品干扰的试验过程和方法在第四章中描述。 5、Translate the following sentence into English. (1)不排水模量(Eu)在某一深度处可假设为弹性模量,因而可用弹性理论进行沉降估算。 The untrained stiffness(Eu)can be assumed as an elastic constant for a given depth and so estimates can be obtained using elastic theory. (2)本章的其余大部分都用来详细研究固结过程和估计其所引起的沉降的方法。 A large part of the remainder(剩余) of the chapter is devoted to(专注于) a detailed study of the consolidation process and to methods of assessing(评价) resulting(产生) settlements. (3)在有些岩石和土体中,地下水的运动可以溶解岩土体填充物中的胶结矿物。 In certain rocks and soils the mineral cement(矿物成分) in the matrix(基岩) may be dissolved(溶解) due to groundwater movement. (4)经常导致严重的、甚至是灾难性建筑破坏的常见基础位移与基础旁的深孔开挖有关。 A common form of foundation movement, often leading to serious, even catastrophic(灾难性的), building failure is associated with(与有关) the excavation of deep holes alongside the foundation. (5)如上所诉,有些黏土含水量的降低将引起体积的减小,因此降低后的地下水位以上的土体会收缩。 In some clay, as discussed above, a decrease in moisture content will result in a decrease in volume. The soil above the reduced groundwater level may therefore shrink. Unite 8 2、Translate the following phrases into Chinese /English . (1)chemical composition 化学成分(6)应力-应变曲线stress-strain curve (2)cold working 冷加工(7)拉伸断裂tensile fracture (3)normal distribution curve 正态分布曲线(8)热处理heat treatment (4)local damage 局部破坏(9)反复荷载repeated loads (5)brittle fracture 脆性破坏(10)变幅应力循环variable amplitude stress cycle 3、Translate the following sentence into Chinese. (1)The important mechanical properties of most structural steels under static load are indicated in the idealized tensile stress-strain diagram shown in Fig.8.1. 在静态荷载下的大部分结构钢的重要力学性能是用图8.1的理想的拉伸应力-应变曲线表示。 (2)The values of E vary in the range 20Mpa, and the approximate value of 200000Mpa is often assumed. E的值在20Mpa之间波动,一般假定逼近值为200000Mpa。 (3)Beyond this limit the steel flows plastically without any increase in stress until the strain-hardening strain εst is reached. 超过这个极限,刚的塑性流变不增加任何应力,直到达到应变硬化的εst值。 (4)The rate of straining affects the yield stress, and high rates of strain increase the upper or first yield stress, as well as the lower yield stress Fy. 应变速率会影响屈服应力,高的应变速率会增加高的屈服应力或产生第一个屈服应力值,同样可以增大低的屈服应力Fy。(5)For design purposes, a “minimum’ yield stress is identified for each different steel classification. 从设计角度看,对于不同的钢材类别可以由相应的最小屈服应力 值来识别。 (6)Consequently, it is likely that an isolated test result will be significantly higher than the quoted yield stress. 因此,独立的测试结果很可能显著地高于引用的屈服应力。(7)Perhaps the most generally accepted theory of two-dimensional yielding under biaxial stresses is the maximum distortion energy theory. 或许大多数普遍接受的在双轴应力下的二维屈服理论是最大的变形能量理论。 (8)Joints should generally be arranged so as to minimize stress concentrations and to produce as smooth a ‘stress flow’through the joint as is practicable. 节点应当布置得使应力集中减少到最小,以使通过节点的‘应力流’尽可能平滑。 (9)Brittle fracture is initiated by the existence or formation of a small crack in a region of high local stress. 脆性破坏的产生是由于在局部应力高度集中的区域存在或形成小裂缝。 (10)High local stresses facilitate crack initiation, and so stress concentrations due to poor geometry and loading arrangements (including impact loading) are dangerous. 高度局部应力促使裂缝的产生,因此由于差的几何形状和荷载布 置(包括冲击载荷)而产生的应力集中是危险的。 5、Translate the following sentence into English. (1)通常认为单向拉伸确定的屈服应力Fy单向压缩也正确。 The yield stress Fy determined for uniaxial tension is usually accepted as being valid for uniaxial compression. (2)显著影响疲劳强度的因素有荷载循环次数、荷载循环中的应力幅以及局部应力集中的大小。 Factors which significantly influence the resistance to fatigue failure include the number of load cycles, the range of stress during a load cycle, and the magnitudes of local stress concentrations. (3)疲劳设计出考虑容许应力外还应考虑节点的位置。Designing against fatigue involves a consideration of joint arrangement as well as of permissible stress. (4)结构钢不总是表现出延性特性,在有些情况下,即使名义拉应力很低,突然的、灾难性的断裂也会发生。 Structural steel does not always exhibit a ductile behavior, and under some circumstances sudden and catastrophic fracture may occur, even though the nominal tensile stresses are low. (5)结构刚的延性取决于钢材的组成、热处理方法和钢材的厚度,并且随温度和应变率的变化而变化。 The ductility of a structural steel depends on its composition, heat treatment, and thickness, and varies with temperature and strain rate.