Unit-5-Silent-Spring-寂静的春天课件PPT

Unit5SilentSpringRachelCarsonLead-inQuestionWhatistheimageofspringseasoninyourmind?Whatismeantby“silentspring”?Canyouguesswhattopicisthistextabout?SilentSpringUnit5Questions/ActivitiesListening:EarthSongObjectivesWarmingupSilentSpringUnit5Pairwork:Workinpairstonamefiveenvironmentalproblemsthatarethreateningourworld.PleaseworkoutthewaystoprotectourenvironmentQuestions/ActivitiesAirPollutionWaterPollutionsoilpollutionsalinizationerosiondeforestationdesertificationAcidrainHeavyuseofenergytoenhancethehumanmaterial,butalsocausedunexpecteddisaster.Acidrainbringsaglobaldamage.YangtzeRiverinthepastNowWhatshouldwedoforourhomeland?A:GOVERNMENTB:OURSELVESpolicyofofpreventioninthefirstplacecurbenvironmentalpollutionprotestforestsfromoverexploitation防止过度利用森林refuselandfill垃圾填埋场：refuseincinerator垃圾焚化场conservationofwaterandsoilwaterresourceconservationzoneafforestationproject造林工程rareandendangeredspeciesbreedingcenterNationalTree-PlantingDayslowdowntherateofresourcedegradation降低资源消耗率developrenewableresourcesenvironmentproductsnaturereserveGovernment1Plantmoretrees.2Gotoschoolbybike3Reuseourtextbooks.4Turnoffthetapsintime.5Savewateraswellaselectricity.6Usebothsidesofeverypieceofpaper7Turnoffthelightswhenyouleavethehouse.8Openawindowinsteadofturningonairconditioner.9Takeyourownclothbagswhenshoppinginsteadofusingplasticbags.WeneedtodoSaveRecycleRepeatedlyusedRememberThereisonlyoneplacewecanlive,sowemustprotectourenvironment.Useourhand,useourheart,Ithinktomorrowisbeautiful.Justlikethepoemsaid…BeautifulBeautifulspringtimewhenallisdelightBeautifulsummer,sowarmandsobrightBeautifulautumn,withfruitandwithgrainBeautifulwinter,withsnowflakesagainWhataboutsunriseWhataboutrainWhataboutallthe.Thatyousaidweweretogain.Whataboutkilling.IsthereatimeWhataboutallthethingsThatyousaidwasyoursandmine.DidyoueverstoptonoticeAllthewe'veshedbeforeDidyoueverstoptonoticeTheEarththeweepingshores?AaaaaaaaaahAaaaaaaaaahWhathavewedonetotheworldLookwhatwe'vedoneWhataboutallthe.Thatyoupledgeyouronlyson.WhataboutfieldsIsthereatimeWhataboutallthe.Thatyousaidwasyoursandmine.DidyoueverstoptonoticeAllthechildrendeadfrom.DidyoueverstoptonoticeThecryingEarththeweepingshoresIusedtodreamIusedtoglancebeyondthestarsListening:EarthSongWhataboutsunrise日出呢Whataboutrain雨呢Whataboutallthethings还有你说过Thatyousaidweweretogain...我们会得到的一切呢......Whataboutkillingfields土地在减少呢Isthereatime有没有结束的时候whataboutthethings还有你说过Thatyousaidwasyoursandmine...属于你和我的一切呢......Didyoueverstoptonotice你是不是忘了Allthebloodwe'veshedbefore我们曾挥洒下的血汗Didyoueverstoptonotice你有没有看到ThecryingEarththeweepingshores?地球在流泪海岸在哭泣AaaaaaaahAaaaaaaaah啊------EarthSong地球之歌演唱：MichaelJacksonWhathavewedonetotheworld我们对世界做错了什么Lookwhatwe'vedone看看我们做错了什么吧Whataboutallthepeace还有你向独子许诺过的Thatyoupledgeyouronlyson...一切和平呢Whataboutfloweringfields鲜花遍布的田野呢Isthereatime有没有结束的时候Whataboutallthedreams还有你说过Thatyousaidwasyoursandmine...属于你和我的所有梦想呢Didyoueverstoptonotice你是不是忘了Allthechildrendeadfromwar战争中死去的那些孩子Didyoueverstoptonotice你有没有看到ThecryingEarththeweepingshores?地球在流泪海岸在哭泣AaaaaaaahAaaaaaaaah啊-----------Iusedtodream我曾经梦想Iusedtoglancebeyondthestars我曾经遥望群星之上NowIdon‘tknowwhereweare如今不知我们身在何方AlthoughIknowwe'vedriftedfor尽管我明白我们漂泊了太远AaaaaaaahAaaaaaaaah啊-----------Hey,whataboutyesterday(whataboutus)嘿,昨天呢(我们呢)Whatabouttheseas(whataboutus)海洋呢Theheavensarefallingdown(whataboutus)天堂跌落Ican'tevenbreathe(whataboutus)我不能呼吸WhataboutthebleedingEarth(whataboutus)流血的地球呢Can'twefeelitswounds(whataboutus)我们难道不能感受到它的伤痕Whataboutnature'worth(ooo,ooo)宝贵的自然呢It‘sourplanet’swomb(whataboutus)那是我们地球的孕育地Whataboutanimals(whataboutus)动物呢We'veturnedkingdomstodust(whataboutus)我们把他们的王国化为灰烬Whataboutelephants(whataboutus)大象呢Havewelosttheirtrust(whataboutus)我们是不是已失去它们的信任Whataboutcryingwhales(whataboutus)鲸鱼呢We'reravagingtheseas(whataboutus)我们污染了海洋Whataboutforesttrails(ooo,ooo)森林小径呢Burntdespiteourplease(whataboutus)给我们违心的烧毁了Whatabouttheholyland(whataboutus)神圣的土地呢Tornapartbycreed(whataboutus)被四分五裂了Whataboutthecommonman(whataboutus)普通人呢Can'twesethimfree(whataboutus)我们可以给予他自由吗Whataboutchildrendying(whataboutus)奄奄一息的孩子呢Can'tyouhearthemcry(whataboutus)你有没有听到他们的哭声Wheredidwegowrong(ooo,ooo)我们走错了何方Someonetellmewhy(whataboutus)有没有人告诉我原因Whataboutbabies(whataboutus)婴儿呢Whataboutthedays(whataboutus)岁月呢Whataboutalltheirjoy(whataboutus)他们所有的欢乐呢Whatabouttheman(whataboutus)人类呢Whataboutthecryingman(whataboutus)哭喊的人们呢WhataboutAbraham(whataboutus)亚伯拉罕呢Whataboutdeathagain(ooo,ooo)再问一次,死亡呢Dowegiveadamn我们有没有注意AaaaaaaahAaaaaaaaah啊----------1.Content&Message:Developanenvironmentalconsciousness.2.Language:Practicereadingskills.–understandingextendedessays(acombinationofdescription,expositionandargumentation)–understandingcomplicatedparagraphs–readingforgist–inferringtheauthor’sattitudes/feelings/opinions/conclusions(herloveforthebeautyandintegrityofnature;herviewofman’srelationtonature)–drawinginferencesObjectives2.Language:Appreciatedescriptivewriting(useofsensorywordstopaintpictures).Appreciatedevicestomakewritingpreciseandpowerful.ObjectivesBackgroundAuthorSilentSpringUnit5BackgroundInformationRachelCarson(1907-1964)biologist,writer,ecologistintenselovefornaturesinceherchildhood→“Humanshavenowacquiredafatefulpowertoalterandtodestroynature.ButManisapartofnature,andhiswaragainstnatureisinevitablyawaragainsthimself.”―RachelCarsonAuthorBackgroundHerLifeShewasoncebitterlyattacked:“ananti-humanitariancrank,apriestessofnature,andahystericalwoman”Butshecourageouslywentonfightinguntilherideacaughtonandmoreandmorepeoplejoinedin.→themotherofmodernenvironmentalmovementAuthorBackgroundHerLifeSilentSpring1.Wearefacedwithallkindsofenvironmentalproblemsnowadays.ButwhatistheonethatRachelCarsondealtwithinherbookSilentSpring?2.Howdochemicalsaffecttheenvironmentandpeople?3.DoesCarsonmeanthatinsecticidesshouldneverbeusedinagriculture?RachelCarsonandherwork1.Whenwasitpublished?2.Whowastheauthor?3.Whatisitabout?Whatisitscentralargument?4.Howwasitreceived?5.Howsignificantisitnow?6.Doesitstillmakesensenow?BackgroundRachelCarson(1907-1964)ShegrewuponasmallPennsylvaniafarm,wenttothePennsylvaniaCollege,majoredinzoology,andthenwenttoJohnHopkinsforamaster’sdegreeingenetics.Publications:UndertheSea-WindTheSeaAroundUsTheEdgeoftheSeaSilentSpringInthewakeofSilentSpring,shewasattackedpersonallyandasascientistbymany.WhileshewasworkingonSilentSpring,shelearnedshehadbreastcancer.ShediedtwoyearsafterSilentSpringwaspublished,atage56.ReportonSilentSpring(1962)The$300,000,000pesticidesindustryhasbeenhighlyirritatedbyaquietwomanauthorwhosepreviousworksonsciencehavebeenpraisedforthebeautyandprecisionofthewriting.Inherlatestwork,however,MissCarsonisnotsogentle.Morepointedthanpoetic,shearguesthatthewidespreaduseofpesticidesisdangerouslytiltingtheso-calledbalanceofnature.Pesticidespoisonnotonlypests,shesays,butalsohumans,wildlife,thesoil,foodandwater.NYTimesSignificanceoftheBookItrousedanewpublicawarenessthatnaturewasvulnerabletohumanintervention.Sheproposedthat,attimes,technologicalprogressissofundamentallyatoddswithnaturalprocessesthatitmustbecurtailed.Conservationhadneverraisedmuchbroadpublicinterest,forfewpeoplereallyworriedaboutthedisappearanceofwilderness.Butthethreatsshehadoutlined—thecontaminationofthefoodchain,cancer,geneticdamage,thedeathsofentirespecies—weretoofrighteningtoignore.Forthefirsttime,theneedtoregulateindustryinordertoprotecttheenvironmentbecamewidelyaccepted,andenvironmentalismwasborn.BackgroundInformationEnvironmentalProtectionOrganizations1.TheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme(UNEP)2.GreenPeace3.TheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyEarthDayEarthDayisadaydesignedtoinspireawarenessandappreciationfortheEarth'senvironment.Itison22April.ItwasfoundedbyU.S.SenatorGaylordNelson(D-Wisconsin)asanenvironmentalteach-inin1970andiscelebratedinmanycountrieseveryyear.ThefirstEarthDaywasin1970.EarthDayissimilartoWorldEnvironmentDay.TextAnalysisSilentSpringUnit5StructureI.Para.1-9Afabletomorrow:TheauthordescribesthechangesofanimaginedAmericantownbyc____thesituationsbeforeandafterit’spolluted.II.Para10-19Itisthec___thathaschangedtheh___betweenlivingthingsandtheirsurroundings.III.Para20-24Thispartpresentstwofactorsthatcausetheinsectproblems:thei____ofagricultureandthei____ofpalnts.IV.Itisconcludedbytheauthorthatthechemicalsshouldbeusedp___.PartI:paras.1-6atownbefore&afterthedisasterPartII:paras.7-9causeofthedisaster:chemicalsPartIII:paras.10-14character&impactofman’stamperingwithnaturePartIV:paras.15-18reasonswhypesticidesfailtosolvethepestproblemTextAnalysisStructurePartV:paras.19-24causeofmodernpestproblemandpossiblesolutionsPartVI:para.25conclusionContrast:atownbefore&afterthedisasterBeforeColorSoundMotionOverallimpression:vibrant,harmonious,beautifulAfterColorSoundMotionOverallimpression:lifeless,deserted,awfulTextAnalysisDetailedAnalysisPartI:MainIdea(Para1-6)DetailedDiscussionoftheText1.TherewasonceatownintheheartofAmericawherealllifeseemedtoliveinharmonywithitssurroundings.(para.1)heart:thecentralormostimportantpartNotethevariousmeaningsoftheword“life”inthetext.Inthissentenceitmeans“livingthings”.inharmonywith:inastateofpeacefulco-existenceandagreementHarmony/harmoniousinharmony/disharmonyEg:我们班上的同学一起和谐相处了两年。Paraphrase:>OnceuponatimetherewasatowninthecentralpartofAmericawherealllivingthingsseemedtoco-existpeacefullywiththeirenvironment.2.Thetownlayinthemidstofprosperousfarms,where,inspring,whitecloudsofbloomdriftedabovethegreenfields.(para.1)inthemidstof:(informal)among既可 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 示方位，又可表示时间。在…当中；正当某事发生的时候Theoldmanwasknockeddownbyamotorbikeinthemidstofpassingthroughthestreet.Prosperous:booming;promising:(ofplants)growingwellprosper(v);prosperity(n)whitecloudsofbloom:metaphorThetownlayamongbooming(orwellgrowing)farms.Inspring,whitecloudsfloatedabovethegreenfieldsjustlikeflowers.3.Inautumn,oakandmapleandbirchsetupablazeofcolorthatflamedandflickeredacrossabackgroundofpines.(para.1)setup:tocause,produce,raise:~awallablazeofcolor:animpressiveandnoticeableshowofcolorsParaphrase:>Inautumn,theoak,mapleandbirchtreesturnedyellow,redorbrown,thusmakingabeautifulshowofcolorsagainstthedarkgreenofpinetrees.PayattentiontoCarson’suseofcolorindescribingthetownbeforeitsenvironmentwascontaminated:whitecloudsfloatingabovegreenfieldsinspring,theblazeofcolorinautumn,etc.Lesson11–SilentSpringWordStudyshadows/lights/leaves/candlesflickerEg:Thelightsofsuspendedbridgeflickeredonandoff.Asmileflickeredacrosshisface.Flameandflicker:alliterationflame:tobecomesuddenlybrightwithlightorcolor,esp,redororange成火红色Theautumnwoodsflamedwithcolor.Flicker:tokeepgoingonandoffasitshinesorburns忽隐忽现；（ofanemotion,athoughtetc)toappearforashorttime情绪，思想等闪现，一闪而过4.Thenfoxesbarkedinthehillsanddeersilentlycrossedthefields.(para.1)(Nowanimalsareintroducedafterplantlife)fromthenoisyfoxestothequietdeer,theycriedandmovedastheyliked..…delightedthetraveler’seye.(para2)…gavethetravelergreatsatisfaction/enjoyment(whataharmoniousandfascinatingview)Sthdelightssb/sbisdelightedbysthIwasdelightedbythesteepmountainandelegantwaterofZhangjiajie.零陵以其清新的空气和美丽的山水吸引着游客。Feedon以…为主食；强调喂养Pandasmainlyliveonbamboo,whilerabbitsfeedongrass.Liveon靠…维持生活,以…为主食。主语可为人和动物Thefishlivesontheplankton(浮游生物）.Theoldmanlivesonpickinguptrash.Thewretchedwomanlivesonbegging.WordStudyabundancen.agreatorplentifulamount,fullness,affluenceExamples:ourcountryhasanabundanceofnaturalresources.Privatecarsareavailableinabundance.abundanta.Thisareaisabundantinpetroleumdeposit.aboundv.Aboundwith=befilledwithStreamsaboundwithfish.Migrant:候鸟；移居者；（为工作）而迁移的人Migrantsoftenflytothesouthinwinter.MigrantlaborMigrantworkersMigrant&immigrant&emigrant5.Thensomeevilspellsettledonthecommunity:mysteriousdiseasesswepttheflocksofchickens;thecattleandsheepsickenedanddied.(para.3)Spell:wordsthatmakemagicalthingshappenNotetheuseofunitwordsinEnglish:aflockofchicken/sheep/tourists;aherdofcattle/elephantssickened:becameill—Then,asifbysomeevilpower,disasterfellonthecommunity:Strangediseasesquicklystruckdownlargenumbersofchicken;thecattleandsheepbecameillanddied.6.Thefeedingstationsinthebackyardsweredeserted.(para.4)feedingstation:adish-likecontainerfixedontopofapostwherepeopleregularlyleavesunflowerseedsorthelikeforpassingbirdstofeedon.Feedingstationsaregenerallyputupinthebackyards.(牲畜饲喂站）Deserted:forsaken;visitedbynobody(herebirds)abandonedA~street/islandNobirdscametofeedonwhatwasthereatthefeedingstations.7.Onthemorningsthathadoncethrobbedwiththedawnchorusofscoresofbirdvoicestherewasnownosound;(para.4)scoresofbird:manybirds—Themorningairusedtovibratewiththesingingofbirds,buttherewasnownosound.Thechorusofmanybirdscausedthemorningairtoshakerhythmically,givingtheplacelife.Analyzethestructureoftheabovesentence.ThrobVi(ofapartofthebody)tofeelaseriesofregularpainfulmovements身体部位有规律地抽动，抽痛；tobeatorsoundwithastrong,regularrhythm;ofaplacetohavealotoflife,energy昨晚我的腿很疼地抽筋。他兴奋得心直跳。广场上这么多人在跳舞，真有活力。Whydidtheauthorpaintsuchabeautifulpictureofanon-existenttown?Whatwasshetryingtoappealto?TextAnalysisDetailedAnalysisPartII:Discussion(Para7-9)StrickenworldStrike,struck,stricken：患病的，受挫的，受…侵袭的Flood-strickendistrictEarthquake-strickendistrictafamilystrickenbygeneticallyinheritedcanceraleu‘kemia-strickenchildSubstantial:largeinamount,valueorimportanceSubstance;substantialAsubstantialsumofmoneyAsubstantialchangeNatureDirection:environment→lifeSpeed:Character:adaptativeHumanDirection:life→environmentSpeed:Character:destructiveirrecoverableHowhasmanchangedtherelationbetweenorganismsandtheirsurroundingsinrecentyears?TextAnalysisDetailedAnalysisPartIII:Discussion(Para10-14)2.Inwhatwayhasman’spowerchangedincharacter？(para.11)3.Howdochemicalsaffectourlife?(para.11)“passingfromonetoanotherinachainofpoisoninganddeath”4.Whatarethetwoexamplesgivenbytheauthorasman’stamperingwithnature?(paras.11-13)5.Whyisman’schangeoftheworldparticularlydevastating?(paras.12-14)TextAnalysisDetailedAnalysisToalargeextentTosomeextentToacertainextentMold:vttostronglyinfluencethewaysb’scharacter,attitude,etc.developAgoodteachershouldalsohelpmoldthepositivelifevaluesofstudents.父母的关系对孩子性格的形成具有决定性的作用Vi发霉8.Consideringthewholespanofearthlytime,theoppositeeffect,inwhichlifeactuallymodifiesitssurroundings,hasbeenrelativelyslight.(para.10)PleaseanalyzethestructureofthesentenceSpan:跨度，范围lifespanModify:tochangesthslightly稍微改变，调整；缓和—Whenwethinkofthelonghistoryoflifeonearth,thedegree(orextent)thatlivingthingsaffecttheirenvironmenthasbeeninsignificantascomparedwiththeeffectoftheenvironmentonplantandanimallife.9.…butithaschangedincharacter.(para.11)…butthenatureofthispowertoaltertheenvironmenthaschanged.Inthepast,tosurvivehumansmadeuseofwhatnatureoffered,forexample,bycuttingdowntrees,dammingrivers;nowtheycreatethingsthatdidnotexist,suchaschemicalsandunnaturalradiation.Lesson11–SilentSpringWordStudyassaultvi,vt/n.violentphysicalorverbalattack(usuallyimplyingsudden,intenseviolence)Anassaulton/uponsthLaunchanassaultviolentassaultsMuggersoftenassaulttheirvictimsondarkstreets.In1941,JapanlaunchedasneakattackonPearlHarbour.10.Thispollutionisforthemostpartirrecoverable.(para.11)Recover----irrecoverableIrrecoverable:irreparable(notreparable);incurable;irremediableInmostcases,thepollutedair,soil,andriversandtheseacannotberestoredtotheiroriginalnaturalstate.11.Chemicalssprayedoncroplandsorforestsorgardenslielonginsoil,enteringintolivingorganisms,passingfromonetoanotherinachainofpoisoninganddeath.(para.11)Analyzethestructureofthesentencelielonginsoil:theystayinsoilforalongtimebecausetheydon’tbreakdownchemicallytherethechemicalsthatinsecticidescontainarelikelytoenterbirdsandanimalsinfood,andthenpassoutinwastematterfromtheirbodies,getintothesoilandareabsorbedbytheplantsthatgrowonit.Whenbirdsandanimalsandpeopleeattheplants,thesesubstancesagainaretakenintotheirbodies.Thisprocessgoesonandonendlessly,poisoningplantandanimallifealike.Inshort,thechemicalstendtobeendlesslyrecycledinthefoodchains.12.Giventime——timenotinyearsbutinmillennia——lifeadjusts,andabalancehasbeenreached.(para.12)Millennium:millennia;millenniaofyears:thousandsofyearsGiventime:ifitisgiventimePastparticipleusedasadverbialofconditionsEg:Givenopportunity,hewillfindhisplaceinthecircleofIT.CookedinDonganstyle,thechickentastedmoredelicious.Cf:adjust/adapt：adjust调整的幅度小些，侧重过程，可用于调整角度、高度；adapt修改或改变以适应新条件，强调某人某物的可塑性、灵活性、适应性等13.Butinthemodernworldthereisnotime.(para.12)Butinthemodernworld,lifehasnotimetoadjustitselftothechangeofenvironment,forman’spowertotamperwithnaturehasbecometoogreat.(Manissoeagertochangenatureforshort-termbenefits,hedoesnotthinkofthelong-terminterestofhisownspecies.)14.Therapidityofchangefollowstheimpetuouspaceofmanratherthanthedeliberatepaceofnature.(para.13)impetuousa.impulsiveandpassionate(forcefulimpulsivenessorimpatience);=reckless;rashExamples:Impetuouswaves；animpetuouspromise/decisionDeliberate:vdeliberateon/uponadj故意的；深思熟虑的intentional;arisingfromormarkedbycarefulconsiderationItlookedlikeadeliberateandplannedattack.Cf:deliberate/reflect/meditate/ponderRapid,drasticpaceofmanVSslow,carefulpaceofnatureParaphrase:>Manischangingnaturerapidlywhilenatureadjuststothechangesslowly.Thereforeadjustmentcanneverkeepupwithchange,andanewbalancebetweenlivingthingsandtheirenvironmentcanhardlybereached.15.Radiationisnowtheunnaturalcreationofman’stamperingwiththeatom.(para.13)——Inthepast,radiationwasonlysentoutfromradioactivesubstancesincertainrock;todaymancreatessuchharmfulraysbysplittingthenucleusoftheatomofsuchsubstanceasradium.Lesson11–SilentSpringWordStudytampervi.瞎弄；篡改；捣乱；干预a.tointerfereinaharmfulmannerb.totinkerorhandlewithrashlyorfoolishlyExamples:Hetriedtotamperwiththedecedent'swill.Don'ttamperwithmyfeelings.Humanbeingsshouldnottamperwithnatureblindly.16.Thechemicalsarethesyntheticcreationsofman’sinventivemind,havingnocounterpartsinnature.(para.13)Synthetic:artificial——Naturedoesnotproducesuchthingsaschemicals.Theyareman-made,i.e.theresultofman’screativepower.Andeventhis,wereitbysomemiraclepossible,wouldbefutile,forthenewchemicalscome…Wereitbysome…:unrealconditionalclauseinwhich“were”isplacedatthebeginningoftheclause.IfitwerebysomemiraclepossibleEveniflifedidadjusttothechemicalsbysomemiracle,itwouldbeuseless,becausethenewchemicalsarecontinouslycreatedinourlab.1.Whyarepesticidesnotagoodsolution?(3reasons)2.Whatdoesthe“endlessspiral”referto?(para.17)3.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsman’suseofchemicals?TextAnalysisDetailedAnalysisPartIV:Discussion(Para15-19)a.Theykillindiscriminately,reducingbiodiversity.(para.16)b.Theycontaminatetheentireenvironment.(para.16)residualeffectc.Theycouldn’tsolvethepestproblem.(para.17)resistancetochemicalsresurgenceinducedbypesticidesTextAnalysisDetailedAnalysis17.Amongthemaremanythatareusedinman’swaragainstnature.(para.15)man’swaragainstnature:Thisreferstothedoctrineof“conqueringnature”Question:Howdoyoulookatnature?Canhumanbeingsconquernaturereally?Natureisinnocent,manisapartofnatureandisblessedbynature.Wehumanbeingsshouldfollownature’slawandfeelgratitudefornature’sblessings.Onlyinthiswaycanweestablishahappyhomeland.ManandNature18.…andotherorganismsdescribedas“pests”;andtheyaresoldunderseveralthousanddifferentbrandnames.(para.15)describedas“pests”:referredtoas“pests”thatharmordestroyfoodsuppliesforman.ThequotationmarksshowthatCarsondoesnotregardthesocalledpestsasthatharmful.Anyspecies,whenitspopulationiskeptundercontrol,formsapartofnature.Wipingaspeciesoutwoulddestroythebalancebetweenlifeandtheenvironment.19.Thesechemicalsarenowappliedalmostuniversallytofarms,gardens,forests,andhomes…(para.16)applysthto:toputorspreadsthonthesurfaceof,e.g.Shenevergoesoutwithoutapplyingsuncreamto/onherfaceandneck.Beappliedtosth:beusedtosth新的技术将会用到节能中。捐款将用到希望工程中。20.…tostillthesongofbirdsandtheleapingoffish,tocoattheleaveswithadeadlyfilm,andtolingeroninsoil…(para.16)Tostill,tocoat…:adverbialofresults…tokillthebirdsandfish,tocovertheleaveswithathinlayerofdeath-causingchemicalsandstayinsoilforalongtime…21.Thewholeprocessofsprayingseemscaughtupinanendlessspiral.(para.17)becaughtupin:tobecomeinvolvedin,oftenagainstyourwishes,Manyinnocentpeoplegotcaughtupinthewar.许多政府官员被卷入到了反腐运动中。anendlessspiral:anever-ending,continuousupwardmovement,e.g.Ifthegovernmentdoesn’ttakeeffectivemeasures,thecountryisindangerofgettingintoaninflationaryspiral.Paraphrase:Themoreinsecticidesaresprayed,thelesseffectivetheywil