学术英语写作总结

专业英语写作考点 总结 初级经济法重点总结下载党员个人总结TXt高中句型全总结.doc高中句型全总结.doc理论力学知识点总结pdf part ? academic english writing (专业英语写作)chapter 1 six considerations in academic writing 1、academic writing is a product of many consideration : audience, purpose, organization, style, flow and presentation. (学术写作六要素:写作对象,目的,组织结构,文体特征,表达连贯和宣讲或宣读)。 2、organization usually has the following four parts : 问题-解决方法包括四个部 分 (1) description of a situation (描述情况) (2) identification of a problem (甄别问题) (3) description of a solution (描述解决方法) (4) evaluation of the solution (评估解决方法) 3、formal grammar style:(正规的语法风格) (1) generally avoid contractions (一般来讲避免使用略缩词) 例:won’t改为will not (2) use the more appropriate formal negative forms (使用更为适宜的正规的否定 形式) 例:not...any改为nonot...much改为little not...many改为few (3) limit the use of “run-on” expressions, such as and so forth and etc. (限 制使用多个词连用的表达法) 例:句子内不能出现and so forth和etc.出现时应将省略的部分扩展出来。 (4) avoid addressing the reader as you(except, of course, if you are writing a textbook or other instructional materials).(避免向读者说“你”)例:you can see the results in table 1. 改为:the results can be seen in table 1. 改为: it is necessary to consider how costs may be lowered. 或者 we now need to consider how costs may be lowered. (6) place adverb within the verb. (将副词放于动词词组内)例:this model was developed by krugman originally. 改为:this model was originally developed by krugman. (7) consider whether you should split infinitives.(考虑是否该使用割裂不定式)例:we need to adequately meet the needs of those enrolled in the program. (8) aim for an efficient use of words. (目的是为了有效地使用词汇)例: there are some inorganic materials that can be used by bioengineers in the process of tissue engineering that have been shown to be very promising. 改为:some inorganic materials used in tissue engineering have shown great promise. 习题: (1)you can use this model to analyze the effects of several parameter changes. 错误:使用了you。 改为:this model can be used to analyze the effects of several parameter changes. (2)ok, what are the reasons that coffee prices have fallen? there’re a lot of possibilities. 错误:使用了口语ok;直接引语的使用;使用了缩略词there’re。 改为:coffee prices have fallen for many reasons. (3)you can see the difference between these two approaches to designing underground subway stations clearly. 错误:使用了you;将副词clearly放在了句尾。 改为:the difference between these two approaches to designing underground subway station can clearly be seen. 错误:使用了so far;使用了there be 结构;使用了not...any结构;使用了非正式的looking into。 (6)there are some studies that have concluded that bamboo could be used by builders more widely than it is now as a construction material. 错误:使用了there be 结构;副词widely 位置放错。 改为:some studies have concluded that bamboo could be more widely usedthan it is now as a construction material. (7)these special tax laws have been enacted in six states: illinois, iowa,ohio,etc. 错误:使用了etc。 改为:these special tax laws have been enacted in six mid western states: illinois, iowa, indiana, ohio, michigan, and minnesota. (8)there isn’t very much research on the use of oil palm shell as coarse aggregate in the production of concrete. 错误:使用了there be 结构;使用了not...very much。 改为:little research has been done on the use of oil palm shell as coarse aggregate in the production of concrete.chapter 2 two underlying structures in academic writing (专业写作的两个基本结构) 1、two underlying structures in academic writing:(专业写作的两个基本结构) (1) general-specific structure (泛论-特指(gs)结构) (2) problem-process-solution structure(问题-过程-解决方法) 2、gs texts usually begin with one of the following: (gs文本通常以下列一种形式开始) (1) a short or extended definition (简短或拓展定义) (3) a generalization or purpose statement (一般化或目标性陈述) (4) a statement of fact.(事实陈述) 3、super ordinate-category word:technique, method, process, device, and system. (超级坐标词) 4、deletions(删除):在下列情况下,你可以减少限制性关系代词 a. 定语从句仅有关系代词、be动词、一个或多个介词短语 b. 定语从句由被动态动词加上一些额外的信息 c. 定语从句含有关系代词、以-ble结尾的形容词和额外的信息例题:p23 (1). metal that is often used —> metal often used (2). device that is capable of —> device capable of (3). roof which is on top of —> roof on top of (4). precipitation which results from —> precipitation resulting from (5). this sentence cannot be reduced. (6). flute that is pitched an octave higher ---> flute pitched an octave higher (7). a process that involves the selective transport—> a process involving the selective transport (8). a celestial body which has approximately the same mass —> a celestial body with approximately the same mass 5、考题类型:句子排序例题:p27 (1)比较定义基本上有两类: 1) 呈现一个概念是如何随着时间的流逝而变化的这样一种史实陈述。 2) 呈现对当代各位专家是怎样不同地看待此概念所做的一个全面性的评述。7、participle(分词) 例题:p39 (1)the oil is skimmed from the surface by using a boom and then pumped into a tank for recycling. (2)after being harvested, the grapes are crushed to release the pulp and seed and then fermented for three weeks. (3)first, the glass is cut to size and inspected to determine if it has any imperfections. it is then heated to over 600oc and cooled in a step known as quenching. 8、词和词型的变换 p23-p25 1、in many disciplines the data is displayed in a table, graph, figure, or some other kind of non-verbal illustration.(在许多学科中,数据信息都是以图表、图形、数据统计图或非口头图示的方式展示出来。) a、location elements and/or summary statements.(定位要素和/或总结陈述) b、highlighting statements.(强调陈述内容) 3、location elements and summaries.(定位要素和总结) c、verbs in indicative and informatives summaries.(用在陈述性和信息性总结中的动词) d、language focus:linking as-clause.(语言聚焦:连接词as引出的从句) chapter 4 summary and abstract writing(总结与摘要写作) 1、principle requirements for a good summary(一份良好的任务总结具备四个主要需求) (2) it should present the source material in an accurate and objective fashion. (它应以精确、客观的形式呈现来源材料) (3) it should condense the source material and be presented in the summary writer’s own words and avoid terminology.(它应凝缩来源材料并以总结写作者自己的文字呈现出来,而且要避免用专业术语) (4) provide an independently referential summary, and keep the length in control. (提供完全独立的参阅性总结,并能控制其文章长度) 2、写作总结的基本步骤 (1)快速略读文本,脑中注意小标题。若无小标题,试将文本分成几部分。 (2)考虑清楚为什么给了你这个文本。确定你在处理哪种类型的文本,即:来源文本类型 (3)读文本,标示重要的信息或者作笔记 (4)用你自己的词汇写下每一部分的要点。每一部分尽量写出一个一句话的总结。 (5)对每一个主要题目,写下关键的佐证点,但必要时也要包括小的细节。 (6)再次仔细检查这个过程,做些适当的变动。 3、basic structure of abstract writing(摘要写作的基本结构) (1)topic sentence(主题句) (2)supporting sentences(佐证句) (3)concluding sentence(结论句) 4、p70-p72的例句,写作时会用得上。 5、summary and abstract 两个词要会写,以及知道两者的区别,其中summary 要分 三段来写,abstract不分段。part ii basal english writing (基础英语写作) chapter 1 punctuation(标点符号) 2、the period(句号) 3、the semicolon(分号) 4、the colon(冒号) 5、the question mark(问号) 6、the quotation mark(引号) 7、the exclamation mark(感叹号) 8、the dash(破折号) 9、italics and underlining(斜体字和下划线) 10、练习题:p96-97 11、本节所有的例句都要仔细看※chapter 2 vocabulary(词汇) 1、levels of diction : formal and informal, abstract(抽象) and concrete(具体), and general(笼统) and specific(特指). it also includes how to appreciate theconnotative(引申含义) as well as denotative(字面含义,本义) meanings of words. 2、english words can be categorized as(分为) formal, informal and colloquial (口语的). 3、练习题:1/p102 4、练习题:p109-p113chapter 3 english sentence writing(英语句子写作) 1、types of sentences(句子的类型) p114 (1)according to structure (根据结构) ① simple sentences(简单句) (2)according to use(根据功能) ① declarative sentences (陈述句) ② interrogative sentences (疑问句) ③ imperative sentences (祈使句) ④ exclamatory sentences (感叹句) (3)according to rhetoric (根据修辞) ① loose sentences (松散句,主体部分放在前面) ② periodic sentences (掉尾句,主体部分放在最后)※ ③ balanced sentences (平行句) ④ long and short sentences (长、短句) 2、练习题(p121) 改为:he thought the painting was of little value, so he let me have it for only ten pounds.(或者he thought the painting was of little value and he let me have it for only ten pounds.) (2)i always take my raincoat whenever i go out these days.(periodic) 改为:whenever i go out these days, i always take my raincoat. 改为:when they were on holiday, their house was broken into and some valuable paintings were stolen. 改为:after the firemen fought for three hours, they finally managed to put out the fire. (6)the train is going to dalian. the train leaves at 20:15. (simple) 改为:the train to dalian leaves at 20:15. (7)in spite of the interruption, he was able to finish all his exercises before the class was over. (loose) 改为:he was able to finish all his exercises before the class was over in spiteof the interruption. (8)many people choose travel by air. it is fast. it offers convenience. it is not very expensive. (parallel structure) 改为:many people choose travel by air, because it is fast, convenient and not very expensive. 3、练习题 p121 (1)履历通常包括个人信息、教育背景、工作经历和过去的成就。 译: a resume generally consists of personal information, educational background, employment history and past achievements. (2)戴安娜在南京医科大学主修中医学。 译:diana is majoring in chinese traditional medicine in nanjing medicaluniversity. (3)请代我向你父母致以问候。 译:please send my best regards to your parents. (4)现代高等教育应该具有前瞻性,超越眼前的社会需求。 译:modern college education should be far-sighted and able to see beyond the immediate needs of the society. (5)这种细菌是引起现在流行病的原因吗? 译:is this bacterium responsible for the current epidemic? (6)经常回顾昨天,你就会珍惜今天,向往明天。 译:take a frequent and backward look at your yesterday, and you will valueyour today and look forward to your tomorrow. (7)中国传统知识分子认为:穷则独善其身,达则兼济天下。 译:traditional chinese intellectuals hold that one should refine his personal virtue when in poverty, and help save the world when in success. (8)就算我追求爱情,我也肯定不会只顾沉浸在爱河里而荒废学业。 译:if i did hunt for love, i certainly wouldn’t bathe myself in the river of love all the time, neglecting my studies.(9)学校倡导大学生改变就业观念,并 鼓励他们把自己的才华和天赋投入到西部大开发中去。 译:universities promote a change in the concept of employment among the graduates, encourage them to give their talents and genius to the western exploration. 4、sentence expansion (句子拓展)(各个位置的例句都要看)※句子拓展的 三种方法:addition(增添法),coordination(并列法), subordination(从属法)。重点题型,要会判断句子正误 (1)增添法:常见的修饰词有形容词、副词、数词、名词、名词性词组、 代词等(adjectives, adverbs, numerals, nouns, noun phrases and pronouns)。修饰 词通常在句中作定语或状语。 ①添加形容词(addiong adjectives) 单个形容词做定语一般放在被修饰词之前,但修饰由any ,every, no somebody, one 或thing构成的不定代词时,放在其后。 ②添加副词(adding adverbs) 如果句子里同时带有几个副词做修饰语时,其位置应按一下顺序排列:程度副词----- 方式副词------地点副词--------时间副词。 ③添加短语(adding phrases) 短语有8种:名词短语、动词短语、介词短语、非限定性短语(分词短语、动名词短语、 不定式短语)、同位短语、限定性短语。(noun, verb, prepositional; three kinds of verbal phrase(participial, gerund and infinitive), appositive and absolute) (2)并列法:包含三种方法 ① coordinating pronouns (并列连词) ② conjunctive adverbs (使用连接副词) ③ semicolon (运用分号连接) (3)从属法: 从句主要包括名词性从句(noun clause),状语从句(adverbial clause)和定语从句(attributive clause)。 名词性从句又分为主语从句(subject clause)、表语从句(predicative clause)、宾语 从句(object clause)和同位语从句(appositive clause)。 ①常见的状语从句有时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、比较、让步等。 5、几种短语拓展法: (1)介词短语进行拓展(expanding with prepositional phrases) 介词短语在句中可做表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。作定语时置于所修饰词之后,做状 语时位置比较灵活,可位于句首,也可位于句中或句尾,有时用逗号将其与句子的主体部分 隔开。 (2)不定式短语进行拓展(expanding with infinitive phrases) 不定式短语做名词时,可做主语、表语、宾语;做形容词时,在句中作定语;做副词时, 可以表示目的、原因、结果、状语等。 (3)动名词短语进行拓展(expanding with gerund phrases) 动名词为动词-ing形式,名词性可做主语、表语、宾语、定语和补足语。动词性可以带 宾语和状语。 (4)分词短语进行拓展(expanding with participial phrases) 分词短语有现在分词短语和过去分词短语两种形式。 6、effective sentences(有效句) (1)effective sentences have some or all of the following qualities : unity (一致性), coherence(连贯性), conciseness(简洁性), emphasis(强调性), and variety (多样性). (2)此节中的每个例子都要认真看。※ 7、练习题: p142 (2)the young man is honest and hardworking, and is a very reliable worker. 改为:the young man is an honest, hardworking and reliable worder.(the young worker is honest, hardworking and reliable.) (3)dufu was one of the best-known poets. 改为:dufu was one of the best-known poets in tang dynasty. (4)a man is judged not only by what he says but also by his deeds. 改为:a man is judged not only by what he says but also by what he does.(a man is judged not only by his words but also by his deeds.) (5)we thought she was charming, intelligent, and a very capable young woman. 改为:we thought she was charming, intelligent and capable. (6)to get ready for the trip, all the things she needed were put into a suitcase. 改为:to get ready for the trip, she put all the things he needed into a suitcase. (7)those who wish to take linguistics are expected to sign his name on this sheet of paper. 改为:those who wish to take linguistics are expected to sign their name on this sheet of paper. (8)when one thies hard enough, you can do almost anything. 改为:when one thies hard enough, he can do almost anything. (9)for years i have been attending summer camp and enjoyed every minute of it. 改为:for years i have been attending summer camp and enjoying every minute of it. (10)when i saw the grade on my report card, i was terribly disappointed , because i studied very hard. 改为:when i saw the grade on my report card, i was terribly disappointed , because i had studied very hard. (11)if i were rich and she was single, iwould marry her. 改为:if i were rich and she wrer single, iwould marry her. (12)they insisted that the money be collected and that a receipt be given in teturn. 此句正确。 8、练习题 p142 (1)tom and his sweetheart married in the early part of the month of october. 改为:tom and his sweetheart married in early october. (2)in 1979, there was a strike participated in by five thousand union workers. 改为:in 1979, five thousand unions participated in the strike. (3)the cause of the flood was due to heavy rain in late spring. 改为:the flood was due to heavy rain in late spring. (4)there are a number of students from our institute who are planning to join the expedition. 改为:a number of students are planning to join the expedition. (5)what i am trying to say is that in my opinion he is a very honest man.改为:in my opinion he is a very honest man. (6)i came to this institute because of many factors, but most of all of the fact that i want to be an interpreter. 改为:i came to this institute because i want to be an interpreter. (7)these watermelons are large in size and sweet in taste. 改为: these watermelons are large and sweet. (8)at the present time i am taking the course of world history and in addition a course in geography too.改为:at present i am taking world history and geography. (9)we planned to meet just before sunrise very early in the morning. 改为:we planned to meet before sunrise. (10)his attitude was of a puzzling nature. 改为:his attitude was puzzling. 9、练习题: p143 (1)he was selfless, hardwording and modest; that’s why he became a great scientest. 改为:he became a great scientist because he was modest, selfless, and hardworking. (2)as a clerk, john was honest, efficient and well-dressed. 改为:john was a well-dressed, honest, and efficient clerk. (3)jane walked out of his life, bursting into tears as she left the room. 改为:as she left the room, jane, bursting into tears, walked out of his life. (4)china has changed a great deal as a result of reform and the open policy duting the past 14 years. 改为:as a result of the reform and the open policy during the past 14 years, china has changed a great deal. (5)huang, the famous writer, was among his neighbors. 改为:huang, who was among his neighbors, was a famous writer. (6)social position, reputation, even life itself, and friends,were no longer interesting to him after he went bankrupt. 改为: after he went bankrupt, friends, social position, reputation, even life itself were no longer interesting to him. 10、常见的语法错误: p143书中每个正确的句子都要看※ (1)misused parts of speech(用错词性); (2)sentence fragments(残缺句); (3)run-on sentences(流水句); (4)misplaced modifiers & dangling modifiers(误置修饰与悬虚结构); (5)problem in agreement and reference(一致与指代问题)。 11、练习题 p146 修改残缺句 (1)after returning from the beach. the children were exhausted. 改为:after returning from the beach, the children were exhausted. (2)john neglecting his duties and spending time on independent research. 改为:john neglected his duties and spent time on independent research.(3)karen dropped calculus. which she had dropped severall times before. 改为:karen dropped calculus, which she had dropped severall times before. (4)working together to save our environment. we can leave the world a better place than wo found it. 改为:working together to save our environment, we can leave the world a better place than wo found it. (5)ellen returned the lost wallet to the man. proving that she is an honest person.改为:ellen returned the lost wallet to the man, which proved that she is an honest person. (6)some errors in writing are serious. for example, sentence fragments, and run-on sentences. 改为:some errors in writing are serious, for example, sentence fragments, andrun-on sentences. 12、练习题 p147 修改流水句 (1)some people say they care for the environment while they litter cigarette buts or fruit skins just about anywhere they happen to be. 改为:some people say they care for the environment, yet they litter cigarette buts or fruit skins just about anywhere they happen to be. (2)lili is not worried about paying for her college education, she has just received a full scholarship. 改为:lili is not worried about paying for her college education because she has just received a full scholarship. (3)we finished the work by nine o’clock in the evening then we went home. 改为:we finished the work by nine o’clock in the evening and then we went home. (4)at high noon a big and noisy party was going on next door, i could not take my usual nap. 改为:at high noon a big and noisy party was going on next door; i could not take my usual nap. 13、练习题 p147 改正句子 (1)the robber was a six-foot-man with a mustache weighing 150 pounds. 改为:the robber weighing 150 pounds was a six-foot-man with a mustache. (2)he sold the old car to the man with leather seats. 改为:he sold the old car with leather seats to the man. (3)tom bought an old car from a crooked dealer with a faulty transmission.改为:tom bought an old car with a faulty transmission from a crooked dealer. (4)unconcerned about his own life, the little girl drowning in the icy river was saved by a passer-by. 改为:unconcerned about his own life, a passer-by saved the little girl drowningin the icy river. (5)the puppy that mary’s dad picked up in the woods was returned to her owner.改为:the puppy that mary’s dad picked up in the woods was returned to his owner. (6)i was shocked to see a t-shirt in that fancy dress store which had a price tag of $2000. 改为:i was shocked to see in that fancy dress store a t-shirt which had a price tag of $2000. (10)the applicant’s list of credentials are rather long. 改为:the applicant’s list of credentials is rather long.chapter 4 english paragraph writing(英语段落写作) 1、paragraph structure (段落结构) (1)主题句(the topic sentence)具有三个重要功能: p149 ①通过明确陈述讨论中的一个要点进一步证明全文中心思想。 ②显示段落内容。 ③控制该段落内容。某一段中全部讨论——举例、细节列举以及解释都必 须与主题句直接相关并能进一步证明主题句。 (2)练习题: 1 / p151 精彩的正文段落应该围绕一个主题句展开:段落应该展开充分、前后统一而且衔接自然。具体地讲,一个很有说服力的正文段落必须满足四个要求。首先,该段落必须只讨论一个主体,即段中陈述和说明只能表现一个主题或内容的统一,主题思想通常用一个主题句表达;第二,它必须详细完整地写出有关一个论题读者需要了解的所有内容,即该段落语义必须完整;第三,段中句子排列必须表现出一定条理;第四,段中句子必须表现出连贯性:前后衔接自然,使读者能够轻易了解作者写作思路,而不是感到文中所阐述的观点相去甚远互不相关。 3、there are five important means of achieving coherence in your paragraphs: (写作连贯的段落有下列五种重要方法:) p160 (1)a natural or easily recognized order.(合理排序所有信息) (2)parallelism. (使用排比结构) (3)repetiton of key words and phrases , restatement and variation.(重复重述关键词和词组以及词的同义及词型转换) (4)substitution of pronouns for key nouns.(用代词替换主要名词) (5)transition words and phrases.(使用过渡词和词组) 4、合理排序 p161 (p161-p167例子全看) (1)general-to-specific order---deductive order (从一般到具体——演绎法) (2)specific-to-general order---inductive order (从具体到一般——归纳法) (3)emphativ order---order of importance (按照重要性排序) (4)spatial order---order of space (空间顺序) (5)chronological order---order of time (时间顺序) 考点:五种排序法的英文要会;要会进行排序 5、练习题:1/p180 3/p182(7-8-2-6-4-1-3-5)chapter 5 english essay writing (文章写作) 1、structure of english essays (文章结构) 一篇文章是具有完美连贯性、联系紧密的有机整体。文章中的所有内容都是为中心思想服务的。主题句出现在引言或开头段(introductory paragraph);然后是正文或主体段(body paragraph);最后是结尾段(concluding paragraph),重述文章主题和中心,首尾呼应,总结全文。 2、列提纲(outline)※考点 p199 (1)there are two types of outlines: the topic outline and the sentence outline.提纲分为两种形式:主题式提纲和句子式提纲。 (2)主题式提纲简洁明了,通常由名词及其修饰语组成,或由动名词短语、动词不定式短语组成;句子式提纲提供的是对文章较为详细的提要。 (3)下面以文章标题“骑自行车的乐趣”为例,列举两种不同的提纲:① topic outline: thesis: riding a bicycle is of great pleasure i. relatively inexpensive a. to buy b. to operate ii. healthy a. a lot of exercise b. no pollution iii. personally satisfying a. to enjoy the scenery iv. conclusion:very pleasurable and helpful ② sentence outline: thesis: riding a bicycle is of great pleasure i. riding a bicycle is relatively inexpensive a. it is relatively inexpensive to buy a bicycle. b. it is relatively inexpensive to operate a bicycle. ii. riding a bicycle is healthy. a. riding a bicycle can make us do a lot of exercise b. riding a bicycle causes no pollution.iii. riding a bicycle is personally satisfying. a. riding a bicycle can help us enjoy the scenery. iv. conclusion: riding a bicycle is very pleasurable and helpful. 3、there are four types of english essays: narration(记叙文),description (描写文), expositon(说明文) and argumentation(议 论文 政研论文下载论文大学下载论文大学下载关于长拳的论文浙大论文封面下载 )。