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Chapter 7
Long-Term Debt-Paying Ability
TO THE NET
1. Walt Disney
Fiscal Year Ended September 30, 2001
a. SIC 7990 Services – Miscellaneous Amusement &
Recreation
b. Footnote 13 Commitments and Contingencies
“Management believes that it is not currently possible
to estimate the impact, if any, that the ultimate
resolution of these matters will have on the Company’s
results of operations, financial position or cash
flows.”
2. Good Year Tire & Rubber
a. Net periodic pension cost for the
year ended December 31, 2001 (A)
$ 138,200,000
Net Sales (B)
$14,147,200,000
(A?B)
b. Projected benefit obligation
$ 5,215,000,000
Plan assets
4,176,200,000
Projected benefit obligation in
excess of plan assets
$ 1,038,800,000
c. Accumulated benefit obligation
$ 3,959,000,000
Plan assets
3,183,900,000
Accumulated benefit obligation in
excess of plan assets
$ 775,100,000
3. Flowers
Ratio for the 52 weeks ended December 29, 2001
1. Times interest earned
160
($26,380,000),$36,466,000$10,086,000 ,,.28$36,466,000,$36,466,000
2. Debt Ratio
$186,214,000,$242,057,000,$49,783,000$478,054,000,,43.47% $1,099,691,000$1,099,691,000
3. Operating Cash Flow/Total Debt
$79,923,000 ,16.72%$186,214,000,$242,057,000,$49,783,000
4. Times interest earned and operating cash flow/total debt
are relatively low.
Debt ratio appears to be in a better position than the
other two ratios.
161
QUESTIONS
7- 1. Yes, profitability is important to a firm's long-term
debt- paying ability. Although the reported income does
not agree with cash available in the short run,
eventually the revenue and expense items do result in
cash movements. Because there is a close relationship
between the reported income and the ability of the
entity to meet its long-run obligations, the major
emphasis when determining the long-term debt-paying
ability is on the profitability of the entity.
7- 2. (1) Income statement.
(2) Balance sheet.
The income statement approach is important because in
the long run, there is usually a relationship between
the reported income that is the result of accrual
accounting and the ability of the firm to meet its
long-term obligations. The balance sheet indicates the
amount of funds provided by outsiders in relation to
those provided by owners of the firm. If a high
proportion of the resources have been provided by
outsiders, then this indicates that the risks of the
business have been shifted to outsiders.
7- 3. A relatively high, stable coverage of interest over the
years is desirable. A relatively low, fluctuating
coverage of interest over the years is not desirable.
7- 4. No. The auto manufacturing business is known for its
cyclical nature. The times interest expense, therefore,
would fluctuate materially. We would expect the auto
manufacturer to finance a relatively small proportion
of its long-term funds from debt.
7- 5. A telephone company has its rate of return and,
therefore, profits controlled by public utility
commissions. We would expect the times interest earned
to be moderate and relatively stable, which should be a
relatively favorable times interest earned ratio. This
stability allows for carrying a high portion of debt
financing.
7- 6. A firm must pay for the interest capitalized; therefore,
this interest should be included along with interest expense
in order to obtain total interest.
162
163
7- 7. To get a better indication of a firm's ability to cover
interest payments in the short run, the non-cash charges for
depreciation, depletion, and amortization can be added back
to the times interest earned numerator. The resulting income
can be related to interest earned on a cash basis for a
short-run indication of the firm's ability to cover interest.
7- 8. The financial statements are predominately prepared based
upon historical cost. Seldom is the market value or
liquidation value disclosed.
7- 9. No, the determination of the current value of the long-term
assets is very subjective. The best that can be achieved is
a reasonable relationship of long-term assets to long-term
debt, based on historical cost or estimates of current value.
7-10. The intent of this ratio is to indicate the percentage of
the assets that were financed by creditors. The ratio should
indicate a reasonably accurate picture of how the assets
were financed, but it will not be precise because all of the
liabilities have been included, while the assets are at book
value, which may be less than or more than their liquidation
value.
7-11. No, the debt ratio would not be as high as the debt/equity
ratio because the debt ratio relates total liabilities to
total assets, while the debt/equity ratio relates total
liabilities to shareholders' equity. The total asset figure
is equal to both the liabilities and the shareholders'
equity.
7-12. The balance sheet equation has assets = liabilities +
shareholders' equity. Given any set of figures that agree
with the basic balance sheet equation, the liabilities are
the same, whether they are related to assets or
shareholders' equity.
For example, assets ($100,000) = liabilities ($40,000) +
shareholders' equity ($60,000).
Debt Ratio = $ 40,000 = 40%
$100,000
$40,000,Debt/Equity Ratio = 66 2/3% $60,000
7-13. Industry averages tend to indicate the degree of debt that
is considered to be acceptable for an industry. The industry
164
average does not necessarily indicate the degree of debt
that an individual firm should have, but it is the best
indication of a reasonable amount outside of the individual
firm.
7-14. Operating leases simply require recording rent expense in
the income statement accounts. Under a capital lease, the
asset and related lease obligations are recorded on the
balance sheet of the lessee. The lessee then records
depreciation expense and interest expense as would be done
if the asset had been acquired with a loan.
7-15. If a firm has not capitalized, its leases, then its debt
ratios will be lower than those of a firm that has
capitalized leases. Also, its times interest earned will be
higher. These two factors overstate the debt position.
7-16. If leases are capitalized, then more interest expense must
be covered. This causes a decline in times interest earned.
7-17. Pension claims have the status of tax liens, which gives
them senior claim over other creditors.
7-18. When an employee is vested in the pension plan, she/he is
eligible to receive some pension benefits at retirement
regardless of whether they continue working for the employer.
ERISA has had a major impact on reducing the vesting time.
7-19. Under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act, a
contributor to a multiemployer pension plan may be liable,
upon withdrawal from or upon termination of such plan, for
its share of any unfunded liability.
7-20. An operating lease for a relatively long term is a type of
long-term financing. Therefore, a part of the lease payment,
in reality, is a financing charge called interest. When a
portion of operating lease payments is included in fixed
charges, it is an effort to recognize the true total
interest that the firm is paying.
7-21. The Employee Retirement Income Security Act contains a
feature that a company can be liable for its pension plan up
to 30% of its net worth. Also, the pension claims have the
same status as tax liens, which gives them senior claim over
other creditors.
7-22. Short-term funds in total become part of the total sources
of outside funds in the long run. Thus, short-term funds
should be included in the debt ratio. Another view is that
165
the debt ratio is intended to relate long-term outside
sources of funds to total assets, and short-term funds are
not a valid part of long-term funds. The approach that
includes short-term liabilities is the more conservative.
166
7-23. The bond payable account would represent a definite
commitment that must be paid at some date in the future.
This would be considered to be a "firm" liability. The
reserve for rebuilding furnaces does not represent a "firm"
commitment to pay out funds in the future,and when funds are
used for rebuilding furnaces,this will be at the discretion
of management. The reserve for rebuilding furnaces could be
considered to be a "soft" liability account.
7-24. The specific assets that caused the deferred tax will likely
be replaced by similar specific assets in the future and
also the firm may expand. The replacement assets are likely
to cost more than the original items. This would result in
an additional deferred tax. This is the total firm view of
deferred taxes and this view indicates that the deferred tax
amount may not result in actual cash outlays in the future.
In any specific year, there may be a cash outlay because the
firm may not have acquired sufficient assets in that year in
relation to the assets being expensed.
7-25. This tentatively indicates that this firm has higher risk in
terms of paying commitments than it did in prior periods and
in relation to competitors and the industry.
7-26. This would indicate an increase in risk as management will
more frequently be faced with debt coming due. It also
indicates that short-term debt is becoming a more permanent
part of the financial structure of the firm.
7-27. This statement would be correct. A footnote will disclose
the guaranteed bank loan. The overall potential debt
position will not be obvious from the face of the balance
sheet.
7-28. True. Significant potential liabilities may be described in
the contingency footnote. If a contingency loss meets one,
but not both, of the criteria for recording, and as a result
is not accrued, disclosure by footnote is made when it is at
least reasonably possible that there has been an impairment
of assets or that a liability has been incurred.
7-29. Instead of having a potential additional liability from a
pension plan, the plan may be overfunded. This may present
an opportunity for the company to cancel the pension plan by
paying off the pension obligations and transferring the
remaining money in the pension plan to the company.
167
7-30. Most firms must accrue or set a reserve for postretirement
benefits other than pensions. Firms can usually spread the
catch-up accrual costs over twenty years or take the charge
in one lump sum. This choice can represent a major problem
when comparing financial results of two or more firms.
7-31 Concentration of credit risk (lack of diversification) is
perceived as indicative of greater credit risk. Disclosure
in this area allows investors, creditors, and other users to
make their own assessments of credit risk related to
concentration.
7-32. Off-balance-sheet means that the risk has not been recorded.
There is a potential accounting loss from these obligations
that is not apparent from the face of the balance sheet.
7-33. The disclosure of the fair value of financial instruments
could possibly indicate significant opportunity or
additional risk to the company.
168
PROBLEMS
PROBLEM 7-1
Recurring Earnings, Excluding Interest
Expense, Tax Expense, Equity Earnings,
and Minority Earnings Times Interets Earned,Interest Expense, Including
Capitalized Interest
Earnings before interest and tax:
Net sales $1,079,143
Cost of sales ( 792,755)
Selling and administration ( 264,566)
$ 21,822
$21,822a. TimesInterestEarned,,5.06timesperyear$4,311
b. Cash basis times interest earned:
$21,822,$40,000$61,822 ,,14.34timesperyear$4,311$4,311
PROBLEM 7-2
Recurring Earnings Excluding Interest
Expense, Tax Expense, Equity Earnings, a. Times Interest Earned = and Minority Earnings
Interest Expense, Including
Capitalized Interest
Income before income taxes $675
Plus interest 60
Adjusted income $735
Interest expense $ 60
Times Interest Earned = $735 = 12.25 times per year
$60
Recurring Earnings, Excluding Interest Expense
Tax Expense, Equty Earnings, and Minority
Earnings,Interest Portion of RentalsFixed Charge Coverage,b. Interest Expense, Including Capitalized
Interest,Interest Portion of Rentals
169
Adjusted income from (part a) $735
1/3 of operating lease payments
(1/3 x $150) 50
Adjusted income, including rentals $785
Interest expense $ 60
1/3 of operating lease payments 50
$110
Fixed Charge Coverage = $785 = 7.14 times per year
$110
PROBLEM 7-3
Recurring Earnings, Excluding Interest
Expense, Tax Expense, Equity Earning, a. Times Interest Earned = and Minority Earnings________________
Interest Expense, Including
Capitalized Interest
Income before income taxes and
extraordinary charges $36
Plus interest 16
(1) Adjusted income 52
(2) Interest expense $16
Times Interest Earned: (1) divided by (2) = 3.25 times per year
Recurring Earnings, Excluding Interest
Expense, Tax Expense, Equity Earnings,
and Minority Earnings + Interest Portion b. Fixed Charge Coverage = Of Rentals______________________________
Interest Expense, Including Capitalized
Interest + Interest Portion Of Rentals
Adjusted income (part a) $ 52
1/3 of operating lease payments
(1/3 x $60) 20
(l) Adjusted income, including rentals $72
Interest expense $16
1/3 of operating lease payments 20
(2) Adjusted interest expense $36
Fixed charge coverage: (1) divided by (2) = 2.00 times per year
170
PROBLEM 7-4
Total Liabilities$174,979,,41.2%a. Debt Ratio = Total Assets$424,201
Total Liabilities$174,979,,70.2%b. Debt/Equity Ratio = Stockholders' Equity$249,222
c. Ratio of Total Debt to Tangible Net Worth =
Total Liabilities = $174,979 = $174,979 = 70.9%
Tangible Net Worth $249,222 - $2,324 $246,898
d. Kaufman Company has financed over 41% of its assets by the
use of funds from outside creditors. The Debt/Equity Ratio
and the Debt to Tangible Net Worth Ratio are over 70%.
Whether these ratios are reasonable depends upon the
stability of earnings.
PROBLEM 7-5
Ratio
Times Total Debt/
Interest Debt Debt/ Tangible
Transaction Earned Ratio Equity Net Worth
171
a. Purchase of buildings
financed by mortgage - + + +
b. Purchase inventory on short-
term loan - + + +
c. Declaration and payment of
cash dividend 0 + + +
d. Declaration and payment of
stock dividend 0 0 0 0
e. Firm increases profits by
cutting cost of sales + - - -
f. Appropriation of retained
earnings 0 0 0 0
g. Sale of common stock 0 - - -
h. Repayment of long-term bank
loan + - - -
i. Conversion of bonds to
common stock + - - -
j. Sale of inventory at greater
than cost + - - -
172
PROBLEM 7-6
a. Times Interest Earned:
Times interest earned relates earnings before interest expense, tax, minority earnings, and equity income to interest expense. The higher this ratio, the better the interest coverage. The times interest earned has improved materially in strengthening the long-term debt position. Considering that the debt ratio and the debt to tangible net worth have remained fairly constant, the probable reason for the improvement is an increase in profits.
The times interest earned only indicates the interest coverage. It is limited in that it does not consider other possible fixed charges, and it does not indicate the proportion of the firms resources that have come from debt.
Debt Ratio:
The debt ratio relates the total liabilities to the total assets.
The lower this ratio, the lower the proportion of assets that have been financed by creditors.
For Arodex Company, this ratio has been steady for the past three years. This ratio indicates that about 40% of the total assets have been financed by creditors. For most firms, a 40% debt ratio would be considered to be reasonable.
The debt ratio is limited in that it relates liabilities to the book value of total assets. Many assets would have a value greater than book value. This tends to overstate the debt ratio and, therefore, usually results in a conservative ratio. The debt ratio does not consider immediate profitability and, therefore, can be misleading as to the firm’s ability to handle long-term debt.
Debt to Tangible Net Worth:
The debt to tangible net worth relates total liabilities to shareholders' equity less intangible assets. The lower this ratio, the lower the proportion of tangible assets that has been financed by creditors.
Arodex Company has had a stable ratio of approximately 81% for the past three years. This indicates that creditors have financed 81% as much as the shareholders after eliminating intangibles from the shareholders contribution--for most firms, this would be considered to be reasonable. The debt to tangible
173
net worth ratio is more conservative than the debt ratio because
of the elimination of intangible items. It is also conservative
for the same reason that the debt ratio was conservative, in
that book value is used for the assets and many assets have a
value greater than book value. The debt to tangible net worth
ratio also does not consider immediate profitability and,
therefore, can be misleading as to the firm's ability to handle
long-term debt.
Collective inferences one may draw from the ratios of Arodex,
Company:
Overall it appears that Arodex Company has a reasonable and
improving long-term debt position. The debt ratio and the debt
to tangible net worth ratios indicate that the proportion of
debt appears to be reasonable. The times interest earned appears
to be reasonable and improving.
The stability of earnings and comparison with industry ratios
will be important in reaching a conclusion on the long-term debt
position of Arodex Company.
b. Ratios are based on past data. The future is what is important,
and uncertainties of the future cannot be accurately determined
by ratios based upon past data.
Ratios provide only one aspect of a firm's long-term debt-paying
ability. Other information, such as information about
management and products, is also important.
A comparison of this firm's ratios with ratios of other firms in the same industry would be helpful in order to decide if the ratios are reasonable.
PROBLEM 7-7
Recurring Earnings, Excluding Interest a. 1. Times Interest Expense, Tax Expense, Equity Earnings,
Earned = and Minority Earnings_________________
Interest Expense, Including
Capitalized Interest
$162,000 = 8.1 times per year
$ 20,000
2. Debt Ratio = Total Liabilities
Total Assets
$193,000 = 32.2%
174
$600,000
3. Debt/Equity Ratio = Total Liabilities
Stockholders' Equity
$193,000 = 47.4%
$407,000
175
4. Debt to Tangible Net Worth Ratio = Total Liabilities
Tangible Net Worth
$193,000 = 49.9%
$407,000 - $20,000
b. New asset structure for all plans:
Assets
Current assets $226,000
Property, plant, and
equipment 554,000
Intangibles 20,000
Total assets $800,000
Liabilities and Equity
Plan A
Current Liabilities $ 93,000 $200,000,000/100 =
Long-term debt 100,000 2,000,000 shares
Preferred stock 250,000
Common equity 357,000 No change in net income
$800,000
Plan B
Current liabilities $ 93,000 $200,000,000/10 =
Long-term debt 100,000 20,000,000 shares
Preferred stock 50,000
Common stock 120,000
Premium on common stock 300,000
Retained earnings 137,000 No change in net income
$800,000
Plan C
Current liabilities $ 93,000 Operating Income $162,000
Long-term debt 300,000 Interest expense 52,000*
Preferred stock 50,000 110,000
Common equity 357,000 Taxes (40%) 44,000
$800,000 Net Income $ 66,000
* $20,000 + 16% ($200,000) = $52,000
1. Recurring Earnings, Excluding Interest Expense,
Times Interest Tax Expense, Equity Earnings, and Minority Earnings
Earned = Interest Expense, Including Capitalized Interest
176
Plan A Plan B Plan C
$162,000$162,000$162,0008.18.13.1,,, timestimestimes$20,000$20,000$52,000
2. Debt = Total Liabilities
Ratio Total Assets
Plan A Plan B Plan C
$193,000$193,000$393,000,24.1%,24.1%,49.1% $800,000$800,000$800,000
Total Liabilities3. Debt/Equity Ratio = Stockholders' Equity
Plan A Plan B Plan C
$193,000$193,000$393,000,31.8%,31.8%,96.6% $607,000$607,000$407,000
TotalLiabilities4. Debt to Tangible Net Worth = TangibleNetWorth
Plan A Plan B Plan C
$193,000$193,000$393,000 ,32.9%,329%,101.6%$407,000-$20,000$607,000-$20,000$607,000-$20,000
c. Preferred Stock Alternative:
Advantages:
1. Lesser drop in earnings per share than under the common
stock alternative.
2. Not the absolute reduction in earnings that accompanied
the debt alternative.
3. There would be an improvement in the Debt Ratio,
Debt/Equity Ratio, and Total Debt to Tangible Net Worth
Ratio.
4. Does not have the reduced times interest earned that
accompanied alternative of issuing long-term debt.
Disadvantages:
177
1. An increase in the fixed preferred dividend charge that
the firm must pay before any dividends can be paid to
common stockholders.
178
Common Stock Alternative:
Advantages:
1. No increase in fixed obligations.
2. There would be an improvement in the Debt Ratio,
Debt/Equity Ratio, and the Total Debt to Tangible Net
Worth Ratio.
3. Not the absolute reduction in earnings that accompanied
the debt alternative.
4. Does not have the reduced times interest earned that
accompanied alternative of issuing long-term debt.
Disadvantages:
1. Maximum dilution in earnings per share of the three
alternatives.
Long-Term Bonds Alternative:
Advantages:
1. Higher earnings per share than with common stock.
Disadvantages:
1. Material decline in Times Interest Earned.
2.A material increase in the Debt Ratio, Debt/Equity Ratio,
and Total Debt to Tangible Net Worth Ratio.
3. Absolute reduction in earnings.
4. Increase in the interest fixed charge that must be paid.
d. The 10% preferred stock increased the preferred dividends
which are not tax deductible; therefore, the cost of these
funds is the 10% amount. The 16% bonds are tax deductible
and, therefore, the after-tax cost is 9.6% (16% x (1-.40).
Note to Instructor: You may want to take this opportunity
to point out to the students that the alternative that
should be selected is greatly influenced by the change in
earnings and the specific debt structure. The conclusions
in this problem would not necessarily be true with changed
assumptions.
179
PROBLEM 7-8
Expense, Tax Expense, Equity
Earnings, and Minority Earningsa. Times Interest Earned = Interest Expense Including
Capitalized Interes
Earnings from continuing operations before
income taxes and equity earnings
(1) Add back interest expense (1) $ 74,780,000
(2) Adjusted earnings (2) $ 37,646,000
$112,426,000
Times interest earned: [(2) divided by (1)] 1.99 times
per year
b. Earnings from continuing operations
Plus:
(1) Interest $ 65,135,000
Income taxes 37,394,000
(2) Adjusted earnings $140,175,000
Times interest earned: [(2) divided by (1)] 3.72 times
per year
c. Removing equity earnings gives a more conservative times
interest earned ratio. The equity income is usually
substantially more than the cash dividend received from the
related investments. Therefore, the firm cannot depend on
this income to cover interest payments.
PROBLEM 7-9
Recurring Earnings, Excluding Interest
Expense, Tax Expense, Equity Earnings,
and Minority Earningsa. 1. Times Interest Earned = Interest Expense, Including
Capitalized Interest
$95,000$170,000 ,9.5 times ,5.3 times $10,000$32,000
Total Liabilities$160,000$575,000 2. Debt Ratio = ,,44.9%,58.4%Shareholders' Equity$356,000$985,000
TotalLiabilities$160,000$575,000,,81.6% 3. Debt Equity = ,140.2% Shareholders'Equity$196,000$410,000
180
4. Debt to Tangible Net Worth =
Total Liabilities$160,000 ,,86.5%Shareholders' Equity-Intangibles$196,000-$11,000
$575,000 ,147.4%$410,000,$20,000
b. No, Barker Company has a times interest earned of 5.3 times
while the industry average is 7.2 times. This indicates
that Barker Company has less than average coverage of its
interest. Also, Barker Company has a much higher than
average debt/equity, and debt to tangible net worth ratio.
c. Allen Company has a better times interest earned, debt
ratio, debt/equity, and debt to tangible net worth.
PROBLEM 7-10
a. 1. Times Interest Earned =
2004: $280,000 - $156,000 = 7.29 times per year
$17,000
2003: $302,000 - $157,000 = 9.06 times per year
$16,000
2002: $286,000 - $154,000 = 8.80 times per year
$15,000
2001: $270,000 - $150,000 = 8.28 times per year
$14,500
2000: $248,000 - $147,000 = 4.39 times per year
$23,000
181
Recurring Earnings, Excluding
Interest, Tax Expense, Equity
Earnings, and Minority Earnings +
2. Fixed Charge Coverage = Interest Portion of Rentals
Interest Expense, Including
Capitalized Interest + Interest
Portion of Rentals
2004: $280,000 - $156,000 + $10,000 = 4.96 times per year
$17,000 + $10,000
2003: $302,000 - $157,000 + $9,000 = 6.16 times per year
$16,000 + $9,000
2002: $286,000 - $154,000 + $9,500 = 5.78 times per year
$15,000 + $9,500
2001: $270,000 - $150,000 + $10,000 = 5.31 times per year
$14,500 + $10,000
2000: $248,000 - $147,000 + $9,000 = 3.44 times per year
$23,000 + $9,000
3. Debt Ratio = Total Liabilities
Total Assets
2004: $88,000 + $170,000 = 46.07%
$560,000
2003: $89,500 + $168,000 = 46.48%
$554,000
2002: $90,500 + $165,000 = 46.14%
$553,800
2001: $90,000 + $164,000 = 46.31%
$548,500
2000: $91,500 + $262,000 = 65.83%
$537,000
182
4. Debt/Equity = Total Liabilities
Shareholders' Equity
2004: $88,000 + $170,000 = 85.43%
$302,000
2003: $89,500 + $168,000 = 86.85%
$296,500
2002: $90,500 + $165,000 = 85.65%
$298,300
2001: $90,000 + $164,000 = 86.25%
$294,500
2000: $91,500 + $262,000 = 192.64%
$183,500
5. Debt to Tangible Net Worth = Total Liabilities
Shareholders' Equity -
Intangible Assets
2004: $88,000 + $170,000 = 91.49%
$302,000 - $20,000
2003: $89,500 + $168,000 = 92.46%
$296,500 - $18,000
2002: $90,500 + $165,000 = 90.83%
$298,300 - $17,000
2001: $90,000 + $164,000 = 91.20%
$294,500 - $16,000
2000: $91,500 + $262,000 = 209.79%
$183,500 - $15,000
b. Both the times interest earned and the fixed charge
coverage are good. The times interest earned is
substantially better than the fixed charge coverage because
of the operating leases. Both of these ratios materially
declined in 2004.
The debt ratio, debt/equity, and debt to tangible net
worth materially improved between 2000 and 2001. During
the period 2001-2004, these ratios were relatively steady
and appeared to be good. The debt to tangible net worth
ratio is not as good as the debt/equity ratio because of
the influence of intangibles.
183
184
CASES
CASE 7-1 EXPENSING INTEREST NOW AND LATER
(This case provides an opportunity to review capitalized interest.)
a.
2001 2000 1999
Income statement interest
expense $153,000,000 $204,000,000 $255,000,000
Capitalized interest 95,000,000 97,000,000 $ 84,000,000
Total interest $248,000,000 $301,000,000 $339,000,000
b.
2001 2000 1999
Interest expense on income
statement $153,000,000 $204,000,000 $255,000,000
c.
2001 2000 1999
Interest added to the cost of
property plant, and
equipment $ 95,000,000 $ 97,000,000 $ 84,000,000
d. It is capitalized in fixed assets and becomes part of the
depreciation expense when the fixed asset is depreciated.
e. In the period when interest is capitalized, income is
increased. Income is later decreased when the asset is
depreciated.
CASE 7-2 CONSIDERATION OF LEASES
(This case provides the opportunity to review the influence of operating and capital leases.)
a.1. Times Interest Earned
2. Fixed Charge Coverage $119,299-$93,438-$19,358$6,503
,,829. Times
185 $119,299-$93,438-$19,358+1/3 ($596)
,
$555 + $229$784
$555 + $229 + 1/3 ($596)
3. Debt Ratio
$6,503 + $198.7$6,701.7
$26,881 ,,, Times59.23%
4. Debt/Equity 6.82 $45,384
$26,881 ,14528%.
b. Debt ratio considering operating leases $555 + $229 + $198.7$982.7 $18,503
c. Debt ratio without operating leases 59.23%. $26,881+2/3 ($4,424)$29,830.32Debt ratio considering operating leases 61.72%.
The influence of operating leases on the debt ratio was
less than 5%. Many would consider this to be immaterial.
,,.72%
d. The amounts would be the same at the time of the initial 61entry. Subsequent to the initial entry the asset is
depreciated, while the liability is reduced as payments are
made.
CASE 7-3 LOCKOUT
$45,384+2/3 ($4,424)$48,333.32(This case provides an opportunity to review an interesting commitments and contingencies footnote of the Boston Celtics.)
The footnote must be subjectively incorporated into the analysis. This is part of the art of analysis.
To quote form the footnote:
“Although the ultimate outcome of this matter cannot
be determined at this time, any loss of games as a
result of the absence of a collective bargaining
agreement or the continuation of the lockout will
186
have a material advance effect on the partnership’s
financial condition and its results of operations.”
In the long run the lockout may be positive as aggregate salaries may be reduced .
187
CASE 7-4 MANY EMPLOYERS
(This case provides an opportunity to review a multi-employer pension plan. Consider assigning the related case “Play It Safe.”)
a.
2001 2000 1999
Contributions (a) $ 158,000,000 $ 154,000,000 $ 144,000,000
Sales (b) $34,301,000,000 $31,976,900,000 $28,859,900,000
Contributions/Sales (a?b) .46% .48% .50%
Contributions appear to be immaterial in relation to sales,
but it should be noted that Safeway is in an industry that
has relatively low profit margins.
b. The total liability cannot be determined. To quote from
the case:
“These plans are generally defined benefit plans; however,
in many cases, specific benefit levels are not negotiated
with or known by the employer – contributors.” …
“The information required to determine the total amount
of this contingent obligation, as well as the total amount
of accumulated benefits and net assets of such plans, is
not readily available. During 1988 and 1987, the Company
sold certain operations. In most cases, the party
acquiring the operation agreed to continue making
contributions to the plans. Safeway is relieved of the
obligations related to these sold operations to the extent
that the acquiring parties continue to make contributions.”
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CASE 7-5 PLAY IT SAFE
(This case provides an opportunity to review a pension footnote. In this case the fair value of plan assets is materially more than the benefit obligation. Consider assigning the related case “Many Employers”. The related case indicates that significant pensions were under multi-employer plans.)
a.
2001 2000 1999
Pension expense (A) Net pension Net pension Net pension
income income income
Operating revenue (B) $34,301,000,000 $31,976,000,000 $28,859,900,000
Pension expense/
Operating revenue (A?B)
There was a net pension income of $27,300,000 in 2001,
$77,300,000 in 2000 and $35,100,000 in 1999.
b.
2001 2000 1999
Pension expense (A) Net pension Net pension Net pension
income income income
Income before income
taxes (B) $2,095,000,000 $1,866,500,000 $1,674,000,000
Pension expense/ Income
before income taxes (A?B)
There was a net pension income of $27,300,000 in 2001; $77,300,000 in 2000 and $35,100,000 in 1999.
c. Benefit obligation $1,286,900,000
Fair value of plan assets $1,782,800,000
Overfunded $ 495,900,000
There is significant overfunding. The overfunding has
resulted in net pension income in 2001, 2000, and 1999.
d. Discount rate used to determine the projected benefit
obligation.
2001 2000 1999
Combined weighted average rate 7.4% 7.6% 7.7%
The discount rate was approximately the same as the rate
cited by Accounting Trends & Techniques in this chapter.
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(A lower discount rate results in a higher benefit obligation.
The lowering of the discount rate results in a higher benefit obligation.)
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Expected return on plan assets
2001 2000 1999
United States Plans 9.0% 9.0% 9.0%
Canadian Plans 8.0% 8.0% 8.0%
These rates are slightly lower than the rate cited by
Accounting Trends & Techniques cited in this chapter.
Note that there was no change in the rate between 1999
and 2001.
Rate of compensation increase
2001 2000 1999
United States Plans 5.0% 5.0% 5.0%
Canadian Plans 5.0% 5.0% 5.0%
The rates used were reasonable in relation to the
rates cited in Accounting Trends & Techniques, as cited in
the chapter. (Safeway rates are slightly higher.)
A decrease in the rate of compensation projected would
decrease the projected benefit obligation. An increase in
the rate of compensation projected would increase the
projected benefit obligation.
CASE 7-6 RETIREMENT PLANS REVISITED
(This case provides an opportunity to review the influence of pension plans.)
a. Defined contribution
b. 1. Pension expense to operating revenue.
1996 1995 1994
$3,200,000$3,500,000$3,700,000 $1,031,548,000$992,106,000$869,975,000
.31% .35% .43%
2. Pension expense to income before income taxes.
1996 1995 1994
191
Pension expense $3,200,000 $3,500,000 $3,700,000
(A)
Income before $50,925,00$59,663,00$69,870,00
income taxes (B) 0 0 0
[A?B] 6.28% 5.87% 5.30%
Opinion: The pension costs do not appear to be material
in relation to operating revenue. Pension costs
would possibly be considered to be material in
relation to income before income taxes.
c. "The company has a retirement plan which covers most
regular employees and provides for annual contributions at
the discretion of the board of directors."
The board appears to be exercising its discretion, since
pension expense has declined in 1995 and 1996.
CASE 7-7 FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
(This case provides an opportunity to review fair value of financial instruments.)
Two of the financial instrument liabilities have an estimated fair value greater than the carrying value.
Carrying Estimated
Amount Fair Value
Notes payable to shareholders $24,178,000 $24,442,000
Subordinated notes payable, including
current portion $ 9,185,000 $11,867,000
Based on estimated fair value the liabilities are more than the booked amount.
192
CASE 7-8 COMMUNICATIONS
(This case provides an opportunity to view a five year period
using vertical common-size.)
a. 1.
Andrew Corporation R
Consolidated Balance Sheet
Vertical Common-Size (In Part)
September 30
2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 Liabilities and Stockholders Equity Current Liabilities Notes payable 5.1 5.6 .5 2.0 2.1 Accounts payable 6.9 7.2 6.5 4.8 5.4 Restructuring reserve -- -- 1.8 .0 .3 Accrued expenses and other liabilities 2.9 2.3 3.2 2.5 2.7 Compensation and related expenses 3.0 3.7 3.3 4.7 4.2 Income taxes -- .7 -- 2.3 2.4 Liabilities and related to discontinued
operations -- -- -- -- .5 Current portion of long-term debt 3.0 1.9 1.2 .7 .7 Total current liabilities 20.9 21.3 16.5 17.1 18.4 Long-term Debt, less current position 4.4 3.1 2.8 2.1 1.5 Minority interest 4.7 8.1 7.3 5.6 5.2 Stockholders’ equity 0 1.1 .8 .8 1.3 Common stock .1 .1 .2 .2 .1 Additional paid-in capital 7.7 7.8 8.4 7.8 7.5 Accumulated other comprehensive income <5.2> ( 4.4) ( 3.3) ( 1.1) ( .7) Retained earnings 95.9 93.1 102.3 95.3 79.2 Treasury stock at cost <28.5> <30.3> <34.9> <27.7> <12.5> Total stockholders’ equity 70.0 66.4 72.7 74.5 73.7 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
2. - Notes payable increased materially
- Current portion of long-term debt increased materially
- Deferred liabilities increased materially
- Minority interest was eliminated
- Accumulated other comprehensive income increased
materially
b. 1. Debt ratio
2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 Total liabilities $257,082 $274,252 $182,000 $174,125 $182,031 Total assets $857,732 $817,197 $666,090 $682,903 $691,154
30.0% 33.6% 27.3% 25.5% 26.3%
2. Debt/Equity
2001 2000 1999 1998 1997
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Total liabilities $257,082 $274,252 $182,000 $174,125 $182,031
Total assets $600,650 $542,945 $484,010 $508,778 $509,123
42.8% 50.5% 37.6% 34.2% 35.8%
c. The Andrew Corporation has relatively low debt. The relative R
debt increased 1997 and 2000, and then declined somewhat in 2001.
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TMTHOMSON ANALYTICS
1. This Thomson Analytics exercise provides for a comment on the
trend in selected debt ratios for the Boeing Company.
2. This Thomson Analytics exercise provides for a comment on the
trend in selected debt ratios for Anheuser-Busch and Adolph Coors.
-It also requires a comparison between the debt ratios of Anheuser
Busch and Adolph Coors.
3. This Thomson Analytics exercise provides for a comment on the
trend in selected debt ratios for Gateway Computer, Apple Computer,
Dell Computer, and Hewlett-Packard. It also requires a comparison
of the debt ratios of these four firms.
195