商务背景知识1

商务背景知识1 Foreign trade 1. Favorable balance of trade（国际贸易差额）=trade surplus 贸易顺差 Unfavorable balance of trade=trade deficit 贸易逆差 2. Visible trade (goods and merchandise) Invisible trade (service between nations, like transportation, insurance, tourism, commission, salaries, immigrant remittances 外侨汇款 3. 外贸的方式 ● 国家之间签订Trade Agreement ● 双方the parties concerned签订的销售 合同 劳动合同范本免费下载装修合同范本免费下载租赁合同免费下载房屋买卖合同下载劳务合同范本下载 the contract of sale. barter trade 实物贸易 compensation trade 补偿贸易 processing trade委托加工贸易 consignment trade 寄售贸易 exclusive sales agreement 独家销售 agency arrangement 代理协议 ● 通过tender投标，auction拍卖, commodity exchange transactions大宗商品交易/期货交易, or at international fairs 国际博览会。 4. 贸易的步骤 Inquiry 询盘 Offer/quotation 出价/报价 Counter offer 还盘，还价 Acceptance 接受 Contract 合同 Letter of credit信用证 出口方： preparation of goods Obtaining export license 出口许可证 Inspection of commodity 商品检验 Reservation of shipping space (or chartering of vessel租用船舱) Insurance cover 保险范围 Customs clearance报关 Loading Shipping advice 装船通知 Documentation 制单 Negotiation of payment 议付货款against presentation of export document under L/C 出口单据export documents 包括： a draft 汇票 the relevant shipping documents装船单据, i.e. the Bill of landing/bill of lading, bill of loading提单 Commercial invoice商业发票 insurance policy保险单 买方 Obtain import license 进口许可证 Redemption of documents under L/C 赎单 Customs clearing of imports Taking delivery of goods against surrender of B/L 提货在递交提单之后 5. 价格 EXW—ex works/ex-factory/ex-mill 工厂交货价 FCA---free carrier 货交承运人 FAS---free alongside ship 船边交货价 FOB---free on board 船上交货价，离岸价 CFR—cost and freight 成本价运费 CIF---cost, insurance and freight 到岸价 CPT--- Carriage paid to 运费付至 CIP--- Carriage and insurance paid to 运费加保险付至 DES---delivered ex ship 目的港交货 DEQ---delivered ex quay 目的港码头交货 DDU---delivered duty unpaid 未完税交货价 DDP---delivered duty paid 完税交货价 DAF---delivered at frontier 边境交货价 6. 支付条款 payment terms ● Cash in advance 预付现金  ● Open account 赊账，往来账户 ● Consignment 寄售 consignor 寄售人 Consignee 代售人 ● Letter of credit & documentary drafts 跟单汇票 ● Foreign collection Three common modes of payment in International Trade 1.Remittance汇款 (telegraphic transfer T/T, 电汇 mail transfer M/T, 信汇 demand draft D/D即期汇票，票汇) 2. Foreign collection  3. letter of credit Cash with order 订货付现 Sight payment 即期付款 Foreign collection 国外代收，国外托收，出口托收 1. documentary collection 跟单托收[D/P documents against payment付款交单 (D/P at sight 即期付款交单,D/P after sight 远期付款交单)和D/A documents against acceptance 承兑交单） 2. clean collection 光票托收 国外托收中涉及的主要四方 Principal exporter/drawer/consignor 委托人，被代理人 A Remitting bank 委托行，托收行 B Collecting bank 代收行 C Drawee/payer/importer 付款人，受票人 D 信用证 L/C 信用证中涉及的各方 Applicant/opener/buyer 申请人 Issuing bank/opening back/originating bank 开证行 Advising bank/notifying bank/correspondent bank 通知行 Beneficiary/seller 受益人 Negotiating bank/ advising bank议付行，押汇银行 Paying bank/issuing bank 付款银行 Confirming bank 保兑银行 信用证中 规定 关于下班后关闭电源的规定党章中关于入党时间的规定公务员考核规定下载规定办法文件下载宁波关于闷顶的规定 的几点 1. 定义（kind, validity, due date, place of negotiation） 2. 货物的规格 specification of goods 3. Latest shipment date, ports of loading and destination, form of transportation, partial shipment 分批装船 or transshipment转运 allowed or not. 4. Evidence and documents for payment 5. Special requirements 6. Clauses covering responsibility of payment by issuing bank in favor of the beneficiary. 信用证的类别 Revocable& irrevocable L/C 可撤销/不可撤销 Confirmed and unconfirmed L/C 保兑/不保兑信用证 Transferable L/C 可转让信用证 sight L/C 即期信用证          usance L/C(time L/C) 远期信用证  usance L/C payble at sight 假远期信用证  revolving L/C 循环信用证 commercial letter of credit商业信用证 stand by letter of credit 备用信用证 deferred payment L/C 延期付款信用证 red clause letter of credit 红条款信用证 7. Marine insurance 海上保险 词汇 insurance premium 保险费 Insurance cover 保险范围 Total loss全损 Actual total loss实际全损 constructive total loss 推定全损 Partial loss 部分损失 particular average 单独海损  general average 共同海损 FPA = free of particular average insurance 单独海损不赔 WPA=with particular average insurance 单独海损责任险 All risk insurance 一切险，综合保险。 General extra risks 一般附加险 Special extra risks 特殊附加险 Warehouse to warehouse clause 仓至仓条款 Insurable value = cost+ amount of freight+ insurance premium + percentage of the total sum(10-30%) 8. 运输 Ocean carrier 远洋货轮 Liners 班轮 Tramps 不定期船 Tankers 油轮 Dry cargo carrier 干货船 General cargo vessel 杂货船 Bulk carrier 散装货船 Ore carrier 矿砂船 Timber carrier 木材船 Refrigerated vessel 冷藏船