学姐包过版《英国文学史及选读》第二册期末复习讲义(绝对全)

学姐包过版《英国文学史及选读》第二册期末复习讲义(绝对全) 介绍一下，一共包括四分讲义，按顺序看，学姐没有看书，只看得讲义，复习了一个星期，考了90多分， 第一份:总体了解考点，大体了解就行(往下翻还有别的) English Literature ( Book II) Romanticis 1.Romanticism(名词解释)要对浪漫主义兴起的时间，根源，主要特点，主要代 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 作家都有所了解。 2.William Wordsworth要知道他的 “Lyrical Ballads”前言是英国浪漫主义时期开始的标志，也是宣言。Lake Poets(名词解释)。他 诗歌 诗歌26首倪柝声诗歌智慧书红色经典诗歌朗诵稿诗歌鉴赏术语怎样读懂古代诗歌 的主要两类题材:nature and common people’s lives。 写过的著名作品:I wandered lonely as a cloud; To the cuckoo; Lines composed a few miles above Tintern Abbey; The solitary reaper; We are seven 等等。 3. Samuel Taylor Coleridge两首名诗:The Rime of the Ancient Mariner; Kubla Khan主要写作supernatural题材。 4. George Gordon Byron，Byronic Heroes (名词解释); 著名作品:Child Harold’s Pilgrimage要知道大致 内容 财务内部控制制度的内容财务内部控制制度的内容人员招聘与配置的内容项目成本控制的内容消防安全演练内容 ，另外此诗用Spenserian Stanza写成;Don Juan要知道大致内容。 1 5. Percy Bysshe Shelley著名作品:Queen Mab; The Revolt of Islam; Prometheus Unbound(lyrical drama，要知道大致内容及此剧与古希腊的“被束缚的普罗米修斯”不同之处及其意义。)其它名作: Ode to the West Wind; To a skylark等等。 6. John Keats著名作品:Ode to Autumn; Ode to a Nightingale; Ode on a Grecian Urn”。注意Keats与Byron和Shelley的不同，Keats的诗歌没有两人那么强的革命性，他的诗歌主要是为了缔造一个唯美的世界，为了追求美而写作的。 7. Charles Lamb:The Essays of Elia (humorous, archaisms, quotations from other writers) 8. Walter Scott: founder and great master of the historical novel; his death marks the ending of Romantic Period in English literature; famous novels: Rob Roy, Ivanhoe; features of his novels. English Critical Realism 9. Critical Realism批判现实主义，要知道它兴起的时间，历史背景，主要代表人物及主要特点。 10. Charles Dickens主要作品: The Pickwick Papers (first novel); Oliver Twist; Dombey and Son; David Copperfield; A Tales of Two Cities等等，对这些主要作品除了第一部以外剩下的要对情节，主要人物形象，主题及其意义有所了解，另外要知道狄更斯的小说的特色。 11. William Makepeace Thackeray主要作品即Vanity Fair要知道这个题目出自John Bunyan的The Pilgrim’s Progress，另外小说的副标题 “A novel without a hero”的意思，小说的情节，主题，人物形象都要了解。 12. Jane Austen主要作品:Pride and Prejudice其它5部小说知道名字即可，对于《傲慢与偏见》简单看一下它的情节和主要人物。Austen的写作特点:thin plot, mostly everyday life of simple country society; good at writing young girls; modest satire; witty dialogues。 13. Charlotte Bronte主要作品Jane Eyre，要知道其情节和意义，另外简爱的人物形象也比较重要。 14. Emily Bronte主要作品Wuthering Heights，情节，人物形象及意义。勃朗特姐妹的小说虽然写作在批判现实主义时期，但其作品有明显的浪漫主义特色，比如包含的一些supernatural elements，特别体现在呼啸山庄中。 15. George Eliot主要作品: Adam Bede, The Mill on Floss. Prose-writers and poets of the mid and later 19th century 2 16. Alfred Tennyson主要作品: In Memoriam, The Idylls of the Kings;有名的短诗Break, Break, Break; Crossing the bar等，此人政治态度保守，作品追求形式上的完美，富于音乐性和色彩。 17. Robert Browning introduced dramatic monologue to poetry. His famous poems: “Home-thoughts from abroad” etc. Elizabeth Barrett Browning: “Sonnets from the Portuguese”. 18. Aestheticism唯美主义(名词解释)Oscar Wilde主要作品，写作特点及其意义简要了解。 Twentieth Century English Literature 19. John Galsworthy: 主要作品 “The Forsyte Saga”注意这是两个trilogy构成的，可不是一本小说，其中比较重要的是 “The Man of Property”就是书上介绍的那一部，要知道此部小说主人公的名字，以及这个主人公的性格，和小说主题。 20. George Bernard Shaw主要作品Mrs Warren’s Profession和Major Babara，对他作品的主要人物，情节，主题和意义要了解，他是比较重要的一个作家。 21. T. S. Eliot比较重要，特别是他的The Waste Land要知道包括哪几个部分，大概是什么情节，有什么象征意义，主题是什么，有什么写作特点。另外他著名的文章Tradition and the Individual Talent被认为是manifesto of modernist poetry. 22. Modernist fiction put emphasis on the description of the characters’ psychological activities under the influence of Austrian doctor Sigmund Freud’s theories. 23. D. H. Lawrence重点作品Sons and Lovers这个作品明显受到弗洛伊德影响，特别是其中体现的Oedipus complex，对其人物，主题要有了解;The Rainbow及其续篇Women in Love要有简单了解，特别是对其主题。Lady Chatterley’s Lover简单了解即可。劳伦斯的思想特点以及局限性要了解。 24. Stream-of-consciousness(名词解释) 25. James Joyce其它作品简单了解，但Ulysses非常重要，需要知道题目来源，题目的含义，小说的主人公和情节，以及主题。 26. Virginia Woolf重要的意识流作家，主要作品要指导。书上主要介绍的是Mrs. Dalloway，其实她的其它几部作品特别是To the Lighthouse也比较出名，需要了解一下。 3 第二份:课本对应版，很多细节题都在里面，不看课本直接背这个讲义我 这份是重点 考了90分， 《英国文学史及选读》第二册 复习提纲 Part VII. THE ROMANTIC PERIOD Introduction , Historical Background The political & social factors that gave rise to the Romantic Movement were the three revolutions – the American Revolution, the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution. , Intellectual background The shift in literature from emphasis on reason to instinct & emotion was intellectually prepared for by a number of thinkers in the later half of the 18th century. Representative thinkers are Rousseau, Edmund Burke and Thomas Paine. , Term – Romanticism (1) Romanticism is a literary trend fighting against the idea of Enlightenment. It prevailed in England during the period of 1798—1832. It begins with the publication of Lyrical Ballads by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge and ends with Sir Walter Scott‘s death. (2) Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit. (3) In essence, it designates a literary & philosophical theory, which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life & all experience. (4) It also places the individual at the center of art, making literature most valuable as an expression of his or her unique feelings & particular attitudes, & valuing its accuracy in portraying the individual‘s experiences. , Term – Lake Poets or The Lakers In English literature it refers to such romantic poets as William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey who lived in the Lake District. , Term—Gothic Novel 4 ththIt is a type of romance very popular in the 18 century and at the beginning of the 19 century. It emphasizes things which are grotesque, violent, mysterious, supernatural, desolate and horrifying. It was applied by Horace Walpole to his novel The Castle of Otranto. It has exerted a great influence over the writers of the Romantic period with its description of the dark, irrational side of human nature. Gothic novel has exerted a great influence over the writers of the Romantic period. Works like The Mysteries of Udolpho by Ann Radcliffe and Frankenstein by Mary Shelley are typical Gothic romance. , Romantic Authors in England (1) The glory of the age is in the poetry of Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley, Keats and Southy. (2) Of its prose works, those of Scott alone have attained very wide reading (3) The essays of Charles Lamb (4) The novels of Jane Austen and historical novels of Walter Scott William Wordsworth (1770-1850) ―. . . poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility…‖ (―Preface‖) 所有的好诗都是 炽烈情感的自然涌流，而这种情感又是经过在宁静中追忆的. ——quotation from William Wordsworth. , Major works from William Wordsworth Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集(I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud我好似一朵孤独的流云;Composed upon Westminster Bridge 写于威斯敏斯特桥上) Lucy Poems露西组诗 (She Dwett Among the Untrodden Ways 她走在人迹罕至的路边; To the Cuckoo杜鹃颂; The Solitary Reaper孤寂的割麦女); The Excursion远足 The Prelude序曲 , Analysis of William Wordsworth’s works (1) She Dwett Among the Untrodden Ways is one of his famous Lucy Poems, in which the lover tells that she lived unknown and died unknown. (2) Composed upon Westminster Bridge describes a vivid picture of a beautiful morning in London. (3) The Solitary Reaper describes vividly and sympathetically a young peasant girl working in the fields and singing as she works and shows that the girl‘s singing deeply moved the traveler and kept lingering in his heart. 5 (4) I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud is perhaps the most anthologized poem in English literature, and one that takes us to the core of Wordsworth‘s poetic belief. , Form This poem contains four six-lined stanzas of iambic tetrametre(四步抑扬格), with a rhyme scheme of ababcc in each stanza. , Theme The theme of this poem is the serene beauty of nature through vivid description of daffodils and the poet‘s respect for nature. , Content First Stanza –It shows a harmonious picture. The image of ―cloud‖ gives us the impression of the poet‘s pride and loftiness. But on seeing numerous daffodils, the poet descends from above to below. Second Stanza – In this stanza, the poet draws an analogy between stars and daffodils to emphasize the great number. ―Star‖ in this stanza echoes with ―cloud‖ in the previous stanza. Third Stanza –The poet draws an analogy between waves of water and waves of daffodils. The description of the scenery ends in the second line. Following that, the poet shifts his emphasis from scenery to emotion. Fourth Stanza – The glee of daffodils turns into happiness of the poet. As a result, the beauty of nature becomes the beauty of mind. The last two lines explain why daffodils had brought great wealth to me, because they had brought fresh inspiration, greater creativity and new capacity for imagination. New life has been brought to him by the memory. , Brief comment on William Wordsworth (1) He is the leading figure of English Romantic poetry, and he is regarded as a ―worshipper of nature‖. (2) His Lyrical Ballads, written with Coleridge, marked the beginning of Romanticism in English poetry. (3) He defined poetry as ―the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility.‖ (4) He was one of the ―Lake Poets‖. George Gordon Byron (1788-1824) Introduction , George Gordon Byron was as famous in his lifetime for his personality cult as for his poetry. He created the concept of the ―Byronic hero‖—a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. Byron‘s influence on European poetry, music, novel, opera, and painting has been immense. He was the most renowned English language poet of his day. 6 , Term – Byronic Hero This is a concept created by George Gordon Byron. It refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority in his passions and powers, this figure would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupted society, and would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies. , Term – Lyric Lyric is a short poem wherein the poet expresses an emotion or illustrates some life principle. Lyric often concerns love. ―My love is like a red, red rose‖ is Robert Burn‘s well-known lyric. , Major works Hours of Idliness 1807 English Bords and Scottish Reviewers 1809 Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage 1812 The Giaour 1813 The Corsair 1814 Lara 1814 Manfred 1817 Cain 1821 Don Juan (1819-1824) , Famous selected poems in our textbook: When We Two Parted; She Walks in Beauty; The Isles of Greece taken from Don Juan , Analysis of Byron’s works (1) Don Juan, Byron‘s masterpiece, is regarded as the great poem of the Romantic Age. It is a poem based on a traditional Spanish legend of a great lover and seducer of women. (2) When We Two Parted is a lyric poem of usual love between man and woman. The poem is alternately rhymed to show the poet‘s mental pain of love mingled with hate. The metrical movement of this poem is basically a combination of iambic and anapaestic (抑抑扬格) feet, with a rhyme scheme ababcdcd. (3) She Walks in Beauty is one of B‘s early love lyrics. 7 , Background knowledge – On June 11, 1814, B attended a party where he for the first time net his young cousin, Lady Wilmot Horton, who was dressed in a black mourning gown. B was so struck by her beauty that, on returning home, he wrote this poem in a single night. , Theme – This lyric poem is a compliment to a lady and to celebrate the beauty of the woman. , Form – The poem contains three stanzas of iambic tetrameter, with a rhyme scheme ababab. th(4) The Isles of Greece is taken from Don Juan, Canto III, which is sung by a Greek singer at the wedding of Don Juan and Haidee. In the early 19 century, Greece was under the rule of Turk. By contrasting the freedom of ancient Greece and the present enslavement, the poet appealed to people to struggle for liberty. , Comments on Byron (1) Byron is the most excellent representative of English Romanticism. He was one of the most influential poets of his time. (2) He created the concept of the ―Byronic hero‖—a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. (3) His poems are favorites of the British workers & the laboring people of other countries. He opposed oppression & slavery, & had an ardent love for liberty. He praised the people‘s revolutionary struggles in his works. (4) He was the most renowned English language poet of his day. Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1827) Introduction , Shelley is one of the leading Romantic poets, an intense and original lyrical poet in the English language. Shelley drew no essential distinction between poetry and politics, and his work reflected the radical ideas and revolutionary optimism of the era. , Term – Ode It is a dignified and elaborately structured lyric poem of some length, praising and glorifying an individual, commemorating an event, or describing nature intellectually rather than emotionally. Originally they were songs performed to the accompaniment of a music instrument. John Keats wrote great odes. His Ode on a Grecian Urn is a case in point. , Term -- Terza Rima It is an Italian verse that consists of a series of three-line stanzas in which the middle line of each stanza rhymes with the first and third lines of the following stanza with the rhyming scheme aba, bcb, cdc, ded, etc.. It appeared first in Dante‘s The Divine Comedy. Besides, Shelley‘s Ode to the West Wind 8 is a case in point. , Major Works The Necessity of Atheism 《无神论的必要性》 Adonais 《阿多尼斯》 Queen Mab 1813《麦布女王》 The Revolt of Islam 1818《伊斯兰的反叛》 Prometheus Unbound 1820《解放了的普罗米修斯》 A Defence of Poetry《诗辩》 , Famous selected poems in our textbook: A Song: Men of England Ode to the West Wind Ozymandias To a Skylark The Cloud , Analysis of Shelley’s works (1) A Song: Men of England is one of Shelley‘s greatest political lyrics. It is not only a war cry calling upon all working people to rise up against their political oppressors, but an address to them pointing out the intolerable injustice of economic exploitation. The poet warns the working people that if they should give up their struggle, they would be digging graves for themselves with their own hands. (2) Ode to the West Wind is one of the most popular and best-known of Shelley's lyrics. Main Idea – Shelley eulogized the powerful west wind & expressed his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality. ―West Wind‖— in the poem symbolizes both destroyer of the old and preserver of the new. It destroys leaves/things/thoughts/ideas that are dead; it preserves new life or seeds that represent new life or new birth. Form—This ode consists of five stanzas, each a stanza formed of four units of terza rima (三行诗节) completed by a couplet. Famous lines—‖Wild Spirit, which art moving everywhere;/ Destroyer and Preserver; hear, O hear!‖ and ―I fall upon the thorns of life!‖ and ―If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?‖ (3) Prometheus Unbound is Shelley‘s greatest poetic drama. The drama celebrates man‘s victory over tyranny and oppression. (4) Queen Mab is a revolutionary poem condemning tyranny and exploitation and the unjust war waged by the rich to plunder wealth. 9 John Keats (1795-1821) , Romantic poets compared Wordsworth: beauty in simplicity Coleridge: beauty in the extraordinary and supernatural Byron: beauty in power and satire Shelley: exquisite beauty Keats: sensuous beauty(给人以美的享受的). On John Keats‘ tomb are carved, according to his own request, the words: ―Here lies one whose name was writ in water.‖ (此地长眠者，声名水上书) th, John Keats is one of the major English Romantists in the 19 century. He wrote best odes in English literature. He sought to express beauty in all of his poems. His leading principle is ―Beauty is truth, truth beauty‖. His poetry is distinguished by sensuousness and the perfection of the form. His ability to appeal to the senses through language is virtually unrivaled. , Major Works Long Poems Short Poems ―Endymion‖《恩底弥瓮》 ―Ode on a Grecian Urn‖《希腊古瓮颂》 ―Isabella‖《伊萨贝拉》 ―Ode on Melancholy‖《忧郁颂》 ―The Eve of St. Agnes‖《圣爱格尼斯之夜》 ―Ode to Autumn‖《秋颂》 ―Lamia‖ 《莱米亚》 ―Ode to a Nightingale‖《夜莺颂》 ―Hyperion‖ 《赫披里昂》 Sonnet: On First Looking into Chapman‘s Homer , Analysis of Keats’ works (1) Ode on an Grecian Urn shows the contrast between the permanence of art and the transience of human passion. Form—Each stanza is 10 lines long, metered in a relatively precise iambic pentameter, and divided into a two part rhyme scheme: the first 7 lines of each stanza follow an ABABCDE rhyme and the last 3 lines of which are variable. The famous line from this ode is ―Beauty is truth, truth beauty‖ and ―Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard/ Are sweeter‖. 10 (2) On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer is a Petrarchan or Italian sonnet with a rhyme scheme of abba abba cdc dcd. The octet (eight lines) describes Keats's reading experience before reading Chapman's translation and the sestet (six lines) contrasts his experience of reading it. (3) Ode to a Nightingale expresses the contrast between the happy world of natural loveliness and human world of agony. Walter Scott (1771—1832) , Walter Scott, a Scottish novelist and poet, is the father of the historical novel. His historical novel is his chief contribution to English literature. His historical novels concern the history of Scotland, English history and the history of European countries. His language is difficult with Scottish dialect. , Major Works of Walter Scott Poems 1802, Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border, 《苏格兰边区歌谣集》 1805, The Lay of the Last Minstrel,《最末一个行吟诗人》 1808, Marmion《玛密恩》 1810, The Lady of the Lake《湖上夫人》 Novels Of Scottish history Waverley 《威弗利》1814 Guy Mannering 《盖曼纳合》1815 Old Morality 《清教徒》1816 Rob Roy 1817 《罗布?罗伊》, the best of the group The Heart of Midlothian 1818《弥德洛西恩的心》 Of the English history Ivanhoe《艾凡赫》1820, is Scott‘s masterpiece. It is a novel of English subject covering the days after the Norman Conquest. Kenilworth, 《肯纳尔沃思堡》1821 11 The Fortunes of Nigel, 《尼格尔的家产》1822 Woodstock 《皇家猎宫》 Peveril of the Peak 《贝弗利尔?皮克》1823 Of the European countries Quentin Durward 《昆丁?达沃德》1823 Talisman 《惊军英雄记》1825 Count Robert of Paris《巴黎的罗伯特伯爵》1832 St. Ronan’s Wells《圣?罗南之泉》, the only one, dealing with his contemporary life , Features of Scott’s Novels (1) Scott has an outstanding gift of vivifying the past. (2) In his novels, historical events are closely interwoven with the fates of individuals. (3) In his historical novels, he concerns both the lives and deeds of the higher class and that of the ordinary people. (4) He is a romantic while a Tory, a conservative in politics. Jane Austen (1775-1817) Introduction thth, She was a woman novelist of the 18 century, thought she lived mainly in the 19 century for her works show clearly her firm belief in the predominance of reason over passion, the sense of responsibility, good manners and clear-sighted judgment over the Romantic tendencies of emotion and individuality. , Six Novels Emma《爱玛》 Persuasion《劝导》 Mansfield Park《曼斯菲尔德庄园》 12 Northanger Abbey《诺桑觉寺》 Pride and Prejudice《傲慢与偏见》 Sense and Sensibility《理智与情感》 , Analysis of Pride and Prejudice Pride & Prejudice which was originally drafted as First Impressions, mainly tells of the love story between a rich, proud young man Darcy and the beautiful and intelligent Elizabeth Bennet. In this novel, Darcy stands for Pride and Elizabeth represents Prejudice. In the end false pride is humbled and prejudice dissolved. Main Characters—Mr. Bennet and Mrs. Bennet with their daughters of Jane, Elizabeth, Mary, Catherine and Lydia, besides there are Charles Bingley and Fitzwilliam Darcy. Major Themes— Pride and prejudice Love and marriage Family Famous quotations from Chapter 1 ?―It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife‖. ——Opening sentence from Pride and Prejudice Explanations of the opening sentence—P & P begins with one of her most famous uses of irony. The first sentence takes a local attitude, to be exemplified in Mrs. Bennet, about the need of well-to-do men to marry, and transforms it, tongue-in-cheek, into a self-evident fact ―universally acknowledged.‖ ?―What is his name?‖ ―Bingley.‖ ―Is he married or single?‖ ―Oh! single, my dear, to be sure! A single man of large fortune; four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls!‖ ―How so? how can it affect them?‖ ―My dear Mr. Bennet,‖ replied his wife, ―how can you be so tiresome! You must know that I am thinking of his marrying one of them.‖ ——Conversations between Mr. and Mrs Bennet Explanations of this conversation—The conversation tells us that Mrs. Bennet is eager to marry one of his daughters to the mentioned young man, but 13 her husband does not care much. , Jane Austen’s contribution to English literature (1) Jane Austen is one of the most important Romantic novelists in English literature. She creates six influential novels such as Sense and Sensibility, Emma, Pride and Prejudice. (2) Her main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships. She makes trivial daily life as important as the concerns about human belief and career and salient social events. This is what make her important in English literature.(3%) (3) Jane Austen has brought the English novel, as an art of form, to its maturity because of her sensitivity to universal patterns of human behavior and her accurate portrayal of human individuals. (4) She describes the world from a woman‘s point of view, and depicts a group of authentic and common women. Charles Lamb (1775-1834) , Romantic prose writers th(1) The early 19 century is remarkable for the development of a new and valuable type of critical prose writing. (2) The leaders in this new and important development are William Hazlitt, Leigh Hunt, De Quincy and Charles Lamb. (3) These prose writers were much influenced by the French Revolution in politics and by the Romantic Movement in literature. (4) They freely expressed their own personality in their writings. (5) The best representative of these writers is Charles Lamb. , Major literary works First Period John Woodvil《约翰?伍德维尔》1802 Mr. H 《H君》1806 Second Period Tales from Shakespeare 《莎士比亚故事集》1807 cooperated with his sister Specimens of English Dramatic Poets Contemporary with Shakespeare《莎士比亚同时代英国戏剧诗人之范作》1808 14 Third Perid—series of essays Essays of Elia 《伊利亚随笔集》1823 Last Essays of Elia 《后随笔集》1833 Part VIII. The Victorian Age , Age Division The Victorian Age can be roughly divided into 3 periods: The Early Period (1832-1848): a time of social unrest. The Middle Period (1848-1870): a period of economic prosperity & religious controversy. The Last Period (1870-1901): a period of decay of Victorian values. , Features of Victorian novels (1) The plot is unfolded against a social background, which is broader than what it had been in previous novels. (2) The cause-effect sequence is much more striking than in previous novels. (3) Most of the Victorian novels first published in serial form, that is, by installment, before they were fully published in a single book. (4) The Victorian novels were tainted by the spirit of Puritanism of the Victorian age. (5) The Victorian novels were characterized by their moral purpose. Many writers wrote novels with a purpose to edify readers & to bring about reforms. , Victorian Poets Although the novel was the predominating genre of literature in the Victorian age, it does not follow that there were no prominent poets after the deaths of major Romantic poets. In fact, poets like Alfred Tennyson (1809-1892), Robert Browning (1812-1889), Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806-1861), & Matthew Arnold (1822-1888) were important in the sense not only that they wrote highly lyrical poems as the Romaticists did, but also that they in their poetry reflected the spiritual search which was characteristic of the age. , Terms—Critical Realism ththCritical Realism is a term applied to the realistic fiction in the late 19 and early 20 centuries. It means the tendency of writers and intellectuals in the period between 1875 and 1920 to apply the method of realistic fiction to the criticism of society and the examination of social issues. Charles Dickens is the 15 most important critical realist who applies this method. , Terms—Dramatic Monologue Dramatic Monologue, in literature, refers to the occurrence of a single speaker saying something to a silent audience. Robert Browning‘s My Last Duchess is a typical example in which the duke, speaking to a non-responding audience, reveals not only the reasons for his disapproval of the behavior of his former duchess, but some tyrannical and merciless aspects of his own personality as well. Charles Dickens (1812-1870) ―He was a sympathizer to the poor, the suffering, and the oppressed; and by his death, one of England's greatest writers is lost to the world.‖ ——The Epitaph of Charles Dickens , Charles Dickens is one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian Age. His works are intended to expose and criticize all the poverty, thinjustice, hypocrisy and corruptness of the 19 century England, particularly London. All his works are characterized by a mingling of humor and pathos. , Major works The First Period 1836 Sketches by Boz 《博兹随笔》 1837 The Pickwick Papers 《匹克威克外传》 1837-1838 Oliver Twist 《雾都孤儿》 criticizes the dehumanizing workhouse system and the dark, criminal underworld life. 1838-1839 Nicholas Nickleby 《尼古拉斯.尼科尔贝》 1840 The Old Curiosity Shop 《老古玩店》 The Second Period 1842 American Notes 《美国札记》 1843 Martin Chuzzlewit 《马丁.瞿述传》 1843 A Christmas Carol 《圣诞欢歌》(圣诞故事集) 1844 The Chimes 《钟声》(圣诞故事集) 1846 Dombey and Son 《董贝父子》 16 1849 David Copperfield 《大卫.科波菲尔》is about the debtor‘s prison. The Third Period 1852 Bleak House 《荒凉山庄》 attacks the legal system and practices that aim at devouring every penny of the clients. 1853 Hard Times 《艰难时世》 lashes the Utilitarian principle that rules over the English education system and destroys young hearts and minds. 1854 Little Dorrit 《小杜丽》 1859 A Tale of Two Cities 《双城记》 1860 Great Expectations 《远大前程》 expose the overwhelming social environment which brings moral degeneration and destruction to people. 1864 Our Mutual Friend 《我们共同的朋友》 , The characteristics of Charles Dickens’ works (1) As a novelist, Charles Dickens was first remembered for his sketches of characters and exaggeration. As a master of characterization, Dickens was skillful in drawing vivid caricatural sketches by exaggerating some peculiarities. (2) Dickens is well known as a humorist as well as a satirist. He sometimes employs humor to enliven a scene or lighten a character by making it (him or her) eccentric or laughable. (3) Dickens loved complicated and fascinating plot in his novels. He is also skillful at creating suspense and mystery to make the story fascinating. A plot formula in his novel is the happy ending. (4) As the greatest representative of English critical realism, Dickens made his novel the instrument of morality and justice. Each of his novels reveals a specific social problem. William Makepeace Thackeray (1811-1863) , William Makepeace Thackeray is one of the most important writers of the English critical realism. Through his masterpiece Vanity Fair, Thackeray sharply exposes the vices of his society: hypocrisy, money-worship, and moral degradation. , Major works The Book of Snobs 1846-47《势利人脸谱》《势利者集》 Vanity Fair 1847-48《名利场》 The History of Pendennis 1849-50《彭登尼斯》 The Newcomes 1853-55《纽克姆一家》 The History of Henny Esmond 《亨利•埃斯蒙德》1852 17 The Virginians 《弗吉尼亚人》1859 , The Analysis of Vanity Fair General Introduction—Vanity Fair is Thackeray's masterpiece. It was published in 1847-48 in monthly installments. The title— was taken from Bunyan's “Pilgrim's Progress‖. The sub-title —of the book, ―A Novel Without a Hero‖, suggests the fact that writer ' s intention was not to portray individuals, but the bourgeois and aristocratic society as a whole. Main idea—In this novel Thackeray describes the life of the ruling classes of England in the early decades of the 19th century, and attacks the social relationship of the bourgeois world by satirizing the individuals in the different strata of the upper society. It is a world where money grubbing is the main motive for all members of the ruling classes. The heroin— is Rebecca Sharp who is a perfect embodiment of the spirit of Vanity Fair as her only aspiration in life is to gain wealth and position by any means fair or foul. Sharp is charming and pretty, but she is ambitious. Driven by her ambition, she has become a merciless social climber. As her name suggests, Becky Sharp is determined to carve out a place for herself in Vanity Fair. She succeeds in establishing herself in Vanity Fair at the cost of lives of two men and the alienation of all her friends and family. But she enjoys the battle. , The characteristics of Thackeray’s novels (1) Thackeray is one of the greatest critical realists of the 19th-century Europe . (2) Thackeray is a satirist. He is noted for realistic depiction, the ironic and sarcastic tone and constant comment and criticism. (3) Thackeray is a moralist. His aim is to produce a moral impression in all his novels. (4) He is good at describing the life of the upper class, which he is familiar with. , The theme of Vanity Fair. (1) Vanity Fair describes the life of the upper society of England in the early 19th century, and exposes the craftiness, snobbishness and vanity of the ruling classes. (2) Life is portrayed in this novel as a vanity fair where everything can be sold and bought, and money-grubbing was the main motive for the members of the upper classes. (3) Becky Sharp is a perfect example of this money-grubbing instinct. She is a subtle embodiment of duplicity, ambition and selfishness. (4) When we discuss the theme of the novel, disillusionment is the key word. At the end of the novel, nobody is happy. 18 George Eliot (1819-1880) — Mary Ann Evans ―It was really George Eliot who started it all. It was she started putting action inside.‖ -- D.H. Lawrence‘ evaluation on George Eliot , Eliot’s Major Works Novels Remarkable ones: Adam Bede, 1859 《亚当.比德》---rural life The Mill on the Floss, 1860《弗洛斯河上的磨房》--moral problems Silas Marner, 1861《织工马南》 - psychological studies of characters Others: Romola, 1863 《罗慕拉》 --problems of religion &morality Felix Holt, the Radical, 1866《费力可斯.霍尔特》 Middlemarch, 1871–72《米德尔马契》 Daniel Deronda, 1876《丹尼尔.德龙达》 , The characteristics of Eliot’s literary works She wrote about rural life influenced by the industrial revolution. She shows a particular concern for the destiny of women. She leads in the direction of both the naturalistic and psychological novel. She shows the interest in the interior life of human beings, moral problems and strains. Religion is concerned in her novels. Bronte Sisters , The story of the three Bronte sisters, Charlotte (1816-1855), Emily (1818-1848), Anne (1820-1849), all literary, all talented and all dying young, is 19 one of the saddest pages in the history of English literature. They were the daughters of a poor clergyman in the little village of Haworth, Yorkshire, in northern England. Charlotte Bronte (1816-1855) , She is one of the three Bronte sisters. Her works are all about the struggle of an individual consciousness towards self-realization, about some lonely and neglected young women with a fierce longing for love, understanding and a full, happy life. Al her heroines‘ highest joy arises from some sacrifice of self or some human weakness overcome. , Major works ―The Professor‖ (1846, 1857) 《教师》 ―Jane Eyre‖ (1847) 《简?爱》 ―Shirley‖ (1849)《雪莉》 ―Villette‖(1853) 《维莱特》 , The Analysis of Jane Eyre (1) Jane Eyre is Charlotte‘s masterpiece, and also one of the most popular and important novels of the Victorian Age. (2) It is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing society, e.g. the religious hypocrisy of charity institutions such as Lowood School. (3) It traces the passionate love between Jane Eyre and Rochester. (4) The success of the novel is also due to its introduction to the English novel the first governess heroine, Jane Eyre. (5) Jane Eyre is an orphan child with a fiery spirit and a longing to love and be loved, a poor, plain, little governess who dares to love her master, a man superior to her in many ways, and even is brave enough to declare to the man her love for him. (6) In the novel Charlotte shapes a completely new woman image, a woman with the spirit of independence and self-dignity. (7) The novel is a song of women‘s struggle for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being. , Quotation explained ―Do you think I can stay to become nothing to you? Do you think I am an automaton?––a machine without feelings? And I can bear to have my morsel of bread snatched from my lips, and my drop of living water dashed from my lips? Do you think I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless? –– You think wrong! –– I have as much soul as you –– and full as much heart! And if God had gifted me with some beauty, and much wealth, I should have made it as hard for you to leave me, as it is now for me to leave you. I am not talking to you no through the medium of custom, 20 conventionalities, or even of mortal flesh: –– it is my spirit that addresses your spirit; just as if both had passed through the grave, and we stood at God‘s feet, equal –– as we are!‖ These words are taken from chapter 23 of Jane Eyre. The speaker––Jane is trying to show Mr. Rochester that she must leave him because she doesn‘t want to become his accessory. She feels hurt because Mr. Rochester has not told her about his wife and in her mind he doesn‘t treat her as an equal being. Emily Bronte (1818-1848) , He was a poet and novelist, a more passionate and rebellious character than her sisters, most gifted. Emily Bronte wrote only one novel entitled ―Wuthering Heights‖ in 1847. , Wuthering Heights (1) Wuthering is Yorkshire dialect for ―weathering‖. (2) Wuthering Heights is a morbid love between Catherine and Heathcliff. (3) It is also the story about two families– the Earnshaw family and the Linton family, and an intruding stranger, Heathcliff, an orphan adopted by Mr. Earnshaw. (4) The novel is a bitter attack on the bourgeois marriage system. , Techniques The story is told in flashbacks. The narrators: Lockwood & Nelly Dean(most part) , Themes (1) A love that lingers in hatred of the past or totally governed by overpowerful passion can be extremely destructive to every one involved. (2) Forgiveness is the best way to make life happy. Anne Bronte (1820-1849) , She is a novelist and one of the three bronte sisters. , Agnes Grey《艾格尼丝?格雷》 21 Victorian Poets , Victorian Poetry The second half of the 19th century in England produced a number of outstanding poets such as Alfred Tennyson (1809-1892), and Robert Browning(1812-1889). Browning has paved the way for modern English poetry in the 20th century. (1) Victorian poetry developed in the context of the novel. Poets sought new ways of telling stories in verse. (2) All poets show the strong influence of the Romantics, but cannot sustain the confidence the Romantics felt in the power of the imagination. (3) Victorian poets often rewrite Romantic poems with a sense of belatedness. (4) Dramatic monologue – the idea of creating a lyric poem in the voice of a speaker ironically distinct from the poet is the great achievement of Victorian poetry. Alfred Tennyson (1809-1892) , His Major Poetical Works In Memoriam《悼念》1833—1850 Idylls of the King《国王之歌》1850—1885 Selected Poems in our textbook Tennyson’s Ulysses ―尤利西斯‖ Break, Break, Break” ―拍吧，拍吧，拍吧‖ Crossing the Bar ―穿过沙洲‖ , Break, Break, Break This short lyric is written in memory of Tennyson’s best friend, Arthur Hallam, whose death has a lifelong influence on the poet. Form—The poem contains four quatrains, with combined iambic & anapaestic抑抑扬格feet. Most lines have three feet & some four. The rhyme scheme is abcb. Themes Grief The main theme is bereavement丧友 , heartache, emptiness. In the narrator's dark hour of grief, the sun rises, children laugh, business goes on as usual. How could the world be so cruel and unfeeling? Preciousness of Youth 22 Tennyson's friend, Arthur Hallam, was only 22 when he died. The shock of Hallam's death impressed upon Tennyson how priceless youth is. To underscore this idea, and to express the agony he suffers at the loss of young Hallam, Tennyson presents images of youthful joy: the fisherman's son playing with his sister and the "sailor lad" singing in the bay. Indifference of Nature Nature continues to function according to its rhythms and cycles regardless of what happens, good or bad, to human beings. The temperature may plummet just when a poor family runs out of fuel. The sun may shine and the birds may sing in the middle of the bloodiest of battles. And the sea will rise and fall in a defiant, indifferent rhythm that refuses to acknowledge tragedy in the everyday life of average men. Tennyson laments this cold indifference in "Break, Break, Break." , Crossing the Bar This poem was written in the later years of Tennyson‘s life. We can feel his fearlessness towards death, his faith in God & an afterlife. In the poem, the poet compares Death to putting out to sea in the dusk, which vividly reflects his fearless attitude toward death, for in his opinion, he may achieve lasting peace & see God face to face after death. Robert Browning (1812-1889) , Robert Browning is an English poet and playwright whose mastery of dramatic verse, especially dramatic monologues, made him one of the foremost Victorian poets. , Robert Browning‘s contribution to literature: Dramatic monologue (戏剧独白):A dramatic monologue is a combination of the words dramatic and monologue (obviously). The ―dramatic‖ says that it could be acted out, and is a form of drama, while the ―monologue‖ defines it as a speech that one person makes, either to themselves or to another. , His Major Works My Last Duchess《我已故的公爵夫人》 Meeting at Night《月夜相会》 Parting at Morning《晨别》 The Ring and The Book《指环与书》 Home Thoughts from Abroad《异国相思》 23 , My Last Duchess Main Idea—In this poem, Browning creates a character of chilling coldness and cruelty. The speaker is a Duke who is conducting negotiations for a bride, a new duchess. He is talking with the representatives of potential father in law. Almost casually, he shows them the picture of the ?last‘ duchess whom he had killed because he could not dominate her. Form—My Last Duchess is written in heroic couplets(英雄体双行诗), but most of the lines being ―run-on‖ lines and the riming syllables(音节) often getting little or no stress, the metrical(有节奏的) effect of the poem almost resembles that of blank verse. Somewhere it was called rhyming pentameter(押韵的五音部). Part IX Twentieth Century Literature , Social Background Two main factors influencing literature 1. Imperialism 2. Widespread demand for social reform , Ideological Background Ideologically, the rise of the irrational philosophy and new science greatly incited modern writers to make new explorations on human natures and human relationships. 1. The theory of Scientific Socialism 2. The Social Darwinism 3. Freud‘s analytical psychology , The Poetry in England in the 20th century The modernist poets fought against the romantic fuzziness and self-indulged emotionalism, advocating new ideas in poetry-writing. They advocate to use the language of common speech, to create new rhythms as the expression of a new mood, to allow absolute freedom in choosing subjects, and to use hard, clear and precise images in poems. , Novels of the 20th century The development of 20th century fiction is characterized by two simultaneous but contrary tendencies. 24 The first of these tendencies is modernism, a movement deeply affected by psychoanalysis and existentialism and represented in fiction by stream of consciousness narration. The second tendency is a continuation of the tradition of realism inherited from the 19th century. Most critics today agree that the currents of 20th century fiction move like a pendulum swung between these two poles. , The Modernistic Drama The modern dramatist expressed their satire towards the upper-class people by revealing their corruption, their snobbery, and their hypocrisy. The English dramatic revolution developed in directions: the working-class drama and the Theater of Absurd. , Term—modernism (1) Modernism is an international movement in literature and arts, especially in literary criticism, which began in the late 19th century and flourished until 1950s. It is a reaction against realism. (2) Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base. (3) The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, alienated and ill relationships between man and nature, man and society, man and man, and man and himself. (4) The modernist writers concentrate more on the private than on the public, more on the subjective than on the objective. They are mainly concerned with the inner being of an individual. In their writings, the past, the present and the future are mingled together and exist at the same time in the consciousness of an individual. (5) James Joyce, T.S. Eliot, Virginia Woolf and William Faulkner are prominent modernist writers. , Term—The Angry Young Man (1) A group of young novelists and playwrights with lower-middle-class or working-class background in the mid-1950s and early 1960s. (2) They demonstrated a particular disillusion over the depressing situation in Britain and launched a bitter protest against the outmoded social and political values in their society. (3) Kingsley Amis was the first to start the attack on middle-class privileges and power in his novel Lucky Jim (1954). The term "The Angry Young Man" came to be widely. , Term—Stream of Consciousness (1) It is a method of story-telling in which the author tells the story through the freely flowing thoughts and associations of one of the characters. (2) It is used to depict the mental and emotional reactions of characters to external events, rather than the events themselves. 25 (3) As apposed to usages of conventional plot structure, description, and characterization, the action is presented in terms of images and attitudes within the mind of figures, often to get at the psychic nature of the characters at a level distinct from that of their expression of ordered, verbalized thought. (4) Among English writers, James Joyce and Virginia Woolf are two major advocates of this technique. Thomas Hardy (1840-1928) , Thomas Hardy is a great poet as well as a great critical and naturalistic novelist. He is famous for his depictions of the imaginary county "Wessex" . His principal works are the Wessex Novel. Hardy's work reflected historical pessimism and sense of tragedy in human life. , Major works Novels of Character & Environment Far Form the Madding Crowd 《远离尘嚣 》(1874); The Return of the Native 《还乡》(1878); The Mayor of Casterbridge 《卡斯特桥市长 》 (1886); Tess of the D'Urbervilles 《德伯家的苔丝 》 (1891); Jude the Obscure 《无名的裘德 》 (1895) , Tess of the D’Urbervilles tells the tragic life story of a beautiful, innocent peasant girl, Tess. It is a fierce attack on the hypocritical morality of the bourgeois society and the capitalist invasion into the country and destruction of the English peasantry towards the end of the century. The subtitle of the novel is ―A Pure Woman‖. It shows Hardy‘s deep sympathy for Tess. In Tess, man is portrayed as not being able to control his own fate. Oscar Wilde Wilde (1854 ---1900) , Oscar Wilde, a dramatist, poet, novelist and essayist, is a spokesman for the ―aesthetic movement‖ who advocated the theory of ―Art for Art‘s Sake‖. , Major works His only novel The Picture of Dorian Gray 《道林•格雷的画像 》is a story about a handsome young man and his selfish pursuit of sensual pleasures. Dramas: Wilde made his reputation in theatre world between the years 1892 and 1895 with a series of highly popular plays. Lady Windermere’s Fan 《温德米尔夫人的扇子》 26 A Woman of No Importance 《一个无足轻重的女人 》 An Ideal Husband 《理想的丈夫》 The Importance of Being Earnest 《埃耐斯特的重要性》 Fairy Tales The Happy Prince and Other Tales 《快乐王子故事集》 George Bernard Shaw: (1856-1950) , He is considered to be the best-known English dramatist since Shakespeare. Most of his plays can be termed as problem plays. Thematically speaking, he writes about the relations between men and women, husband and wife, and parents and children; the problems of conscience, character and disposition; the problems of individual and society. , Major Works Widowers? House 《鳏夫的房产》 Warren's Profession《华伦夫人的职业 》 Caesar and Cleopatra 《凯撒和克莉奥佩特拉》 Saint Joan《圣女贞德 》 Man and Superman《人与超人 》. Pygmalion 《匹格玛利翁 》 The Apple Cart《苹果车 》 D. H. Lawrence (1885-1930) th, He is one of the greatest English novelists of the 20 century, and , perhaps, the greatest from a working family. , Major Works The White Peacock《白孔雀》 (1911) 27 Sons and Lovers 《儿子与情人》(1913) The Rainbow 《虹》(1915) Women in Love 《恋爱中的女人》(1921) Lady Chatterley’s Lover 《查泰来夫人的情人》(1928) , The major concerns of his novels consists in the tracing of the psychological development of this characters and in his energetic criticism of the dehumanizing effect of the capitalist industrialization on human nature. He holds that human sexuality is the dominationg ―Life Force‖, and defiantly and frankly describes scenes of sex, which is the reason why Lawrence had been accused of pornographic writing. Virginia Woolf (1882-1941) , She is the most influential and probably the most widely studied woman writer in the twentieth century. , Major Works Mrs. Dalloway 《达洛维夫人》(1925) is about the life of a woman character‘s mind. To the Lighthouse 《到灯塔去》(1927) is much concerned with the nature of art and artistic creation. It is considered as her best novel. A Room of One’s Own 《一间自己的房间》(1929) The Waves 《海浪》(1931) is regarded as her masterpiece. It is her most experimental novel. It traces the lives of a group of friends from childhood to late middle age. James Joyce (1882-1941) , He is regarded as the most prominent novelist using the stream of consciousness technique. , Major Works Dubliners 《都柏林人》is a collection of 15 short stories, the first important work of Joyce‘s lifelong preoccupation with Dublin life. A portrait of the Artist as a Young Man 《青年艺术家的肖像》(1916) is Joyce‘s first novel. The novel can be regarded as a naturalistic record of the hero‘s bitter expedriences and his final artistic and spiritual liberation. Ulysses 《尤利西斯》(1922) has become a prime example of modernism in literature. It is such an uncommon novel that there arises th e question whether 28 it can be called a ―novel‖ at all; for it seems to lack almost all the essential qualities of the novel in a traditional sense: there is actually no story, no plot, almost no action, and little characterization in the usual sense. Finneganns Wake 《芬尼根守夜》(1939) Araby 《阿拉伯集市》is the fifteen stories in Dubliners. 29 第三份:锦上添花，背完第二份，补充第二份没有的内容 British Literature The Romantic Period (1798-1832) Age of Revolution. (social and economic revolutions.) 一. Time Span: extends from the late 18th century to the third decade of the 19th century. from the publication of Lyrical Ballads《抒情歌谣集》 by Wordsworth and Coleridge, second edition o by Wordsworth serves as the manifesto of Romanticism, in 1798, to the death Walter Scott in 1832 2,closely linked to the following social and intellectual events or figures: 1. The Industrial Revolution. 2. American Revolution 3. The French Revolution 4. Lyrical Ballads 《抒情歌谣集》 5. Jean Jacque Rousseau (1712 – 1778). 6. Edmund Burke & Thomas Paine(two great thinkers and writers ) 二,Romanticism and its features 1,Definition: Romanticism 浪漫主义 Romanticism, as a literary movement during most of the 19th century, appeared as a revolt against the bondage of neoclassicism which emphasized reason, order and “elegant wit”, Romanticism put emphasis on passion, emotion, imagination, intuition and natural beauty. and inspired many English writers and the desire for personal freedom and individual rights encouraged a more daring and imaginative approach to both life and literature. 2,characteristics: (1) an emphasis on feeling, imagination, intuition and all in all an subjectivism. (2) a love for nature (3) a belief in individuality and freedom (4) a glorification of the commonplace (5) an interest in the past, the unusual, the unfamiliar, the bizarre or the picturesque (6) a feeling of loneliness 三,Literary development in this period 1,emphasis on feelings, intuition, imagination and individuality brought about the flourish of poetry This is an age of poetry William Blake, and Robert Burns were the two notable forerunners of romantic poetry. works of William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, George Gordon Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats represented the highest achievements in romantic poetry. gained full momentum with the publication of Lyrical Ballads 2,The period is also a great age of prose. Charles Lamb, William Hazlitt, Thomas De Quincey and Leigh Hunt. 30 3,The only great romantic novelist of this period was Walter Scott, whose historical novels combined a romantic atmosphere with a realistic description of historical background and common people’s life. Scott marked the transition from romanticism to the period of realism which followed it. 作家 William Wordsworth (1770 – 1850) (p212-217) Romantic Period威廉 伍兹沃斯 I. His fame Poet Laureate(桂冠诗人): Poet officially appointed by the Royal Household in Britain to write poems for state occasions. III. His Works 1. Lyrical Ballads (p.213-214) 2. Poems on Nature and Country life (p.214) 3. His Sonnet 4. His Longer Poems (p.217) Comments on Wordsworth (1) Wordsworth is the representative of the first generation of Romantic poets, who expressed the deepest aspirations for English Romanticism. (2) Wordsworth’s poetry is distinguished by the simplicity and purity of his language. (3) His theory and practice in poetical creation started from a dissatisfaction with reality and tradition in society and in literature (4) Nearly all of his good poetry was written during the first decade of his literary career Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822) (p.232-243) Romantic Period雪莱 II. His Major Works 1. His longer poetical works include: Queen Mab《麦布女王》, The Revolt of Islam 《伊斯兰的反叛》; Prometheus Unbound《解放了的普鲁米修斯》, The Masque of Anarchy 《专制者的假面舞会》 2. His Short Lyrics on Nature and love (240-243) Shelley’s short poems on nature and love form an important part of his literary output. Comments on Shelley 1，Shelley is one of the leading romantic poets, an intense and original lyrical poet in English language., 2，Like Blake, he has a reputation as a difficult poet, his poetry is full of complex images and classical and mythological allusions. 3，His style abounds in personification and metaphor and other figures of speech which make his description vivid and moving. 4，Shelley is a revolutionary and idealist, a dedicated seeker of an ideal world where love and brotherhood of man would prevail. 5，What makes Shelley a great poet is the sheer music and matchless spontaneity of his verse. 31 Ode (颂诗): it is a lyric poem of some length, dealing with a lofty theme in a dignified manner and originally intended to be sung. Jane Austen (1775 – 1817) Romantic Period简 奥斯丁 Her major works: 6 novels,. Northanger Abbey《诺桑觉寺》, Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park《曼斯菲尔的庄园》, Emma《爱玛》 and Persuasion《劝导》 III. Pride and Prejudice 傲慢与偏见 (2)The theme tells us different attitudes toward marriage in Austen’s time. Elizabeth’s attitude, that marriage is not built upon wealth and social position but on spiritual understanding of each other, is praised by the author. Through the problem of marriage, the writer reveals the social position of women at that time. Austen has woven vivid pictures of everyday life of simple country society. Through the description of the daily talks and doings of young men and woman, she paints very real and interesting characters. She is at her best in writing about young girls, as she understands their hearts astonishingly well. Through Elizabeth, the writer shows women’s spirit of fighting for their independence, happiness and rights. Austen’s Writing features (1) Jane Austen is one of the realistic novelists. (2) Austen’s work has a very narrow literary field. She confines herself to small country parishes, whose simple country people become the characters of her novels (3) Her novels show a wealth of humor, wit, and delicate satire. English Literature in Victorian Period (1836 –1901)(English Critical Realism) 一 Critical Realism in novel (p 276) 1 Definition: In Victorian period appeared a new literary trend – critical realism. English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the early fifties. It found its expression in the form of novel. Most of the critical realists were novelists, they described with vividness and artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint. 2 Representative Writers: Charles Dickens( greatest English critical realist) William Makepeace Thackeray( a severe exposer of contemporary society.) Charlotte and Emily Bronte, Elizabeth Gaskell, George Eliot and Thomas Hardy. 3 Features (1) not only gave a satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling classes, but also show profound sympathy for the common people，Hence, humor and satire 32 abound in the English realistic novels of the 19th century. (2) Critical Realism revealed the corrupting influence of the rule of cash upon human nature. (3) But the critical Realists did not find a way to eradicate the social evils they knew so well. (4) The major contribution made by critical realists is their perfection of the novel. 19th century realistic novels “the Epic of the bourgeois society”. 二 Social Criticism in Prose . The important prose writers who criticized the evils of the capitalist society were Thomas Carlyle. John Ruskin and Mathew Arnold. They mainly wrote social criticism. 三 English Poetry in this period The Victorian Age was largely an age of prose, especially of the novel. However, the development of English poetry did not stop. concerned itself with the poet‘s purely personal tastes or spiritual questionings. most important poets of the age was Alfred Tennyson, next to him were Robert Browning and Mrs. Browning. Charles Dickens (1812-1870) (P277-302)查理斯 狄更斯 III. Oliver Twist (p.284-286) 1. The story 2. Comments on the novel This novel is a powerful exposure of the bourgeois society. shows the extreme brutality and corruption of the oppressors and their agents under the mask of philanthropy. offers vivid descriptions of the sufferings of the poor and oppressed. Dickens, while sympathizing with the miseries of the people, did not know what and who was responsible for such miseries and even cherishes illusion about the rich idle and benevolent people. He believed that the social problems would be solved if only every employer followed the example set by “good gentlemen” Features of Charles Dickens’s Novels (1) Dickens’s novels offer a most complete and realistic picture of the English society of his age. (2) Dickens is a petty bourgeois intellectual. He could not overstep the limit of his class. That’s why most of his novels have happy endings. (3) His novels tell much of the unhappy experiences of his own childhood. (4) Dickens is a great satirist and humorist. (5) He is a master story teller, a genius in story-telling. (6) His character-portrayal is the most distinguishing feature of his creation. Among his characters, there are both types and individuals.His success with children lies in his writing from a child’s point of view. 33 He is also famous for the characterization of horrible and grotesque figures such as Fagin and the broadly humorous or comical characters like Sam Weller/ Mr. Micawber. In a word, Dickens is able to portray a character with just a few words by highlighting or exaggerating some peculiar feature of his characters. William Makepeace Thackeray (1811-1863)(p.303-308)查克雷 II. Vanity Fair(名利场) 1. The story 2.Comments on the novel(p.307) describes the life of upper class of England in early decades of 19th century, and attacks the social relationship of the bourgeois world by satirizing the individuals in different strata of the upper society. It is a world where money grubbing is the main motive for all members of the upper class. Becky Sharp is a classic example of this money-grubbing instinct. Everyone wishes to gain something in Vanity Fair, and acts almost in the same manner as Becky. The Character Becky Sharp is drawn with admirable skill. Characteristics of Thackeray’s Novels 1,Just like Charles Dickens, Thackeray is one of the greatest critical realists of the 19th century England. 2,Thackeray is a satirist. 3,Besides being a realist and satirist, Thackeray is a moralist. 4,He is a conscientious writer. The Bronte Sisters: Charlotte & Emily布隆特 II. Charlotte Bronte’s Masterpiece Jane Eyre 1. The Story 2. Comments on the novel (1),Charlotte tells a great deal of her own experience, as the life at Charity school and life as a governess. One of the central themes of the book is the criticism of the bourgeois system of education. Another problem raised by Charlotte in the novel is the position of woman in society, through the mouth of Jane the writer maintains that woman should have equal rights and equal social position。 (2),Charlotte Bronte gives us realistic pictures of the social life of the 19th century . She attacks the evils in bourgeois society. But her realism is colored by the petty-bourgeois philanthropy. She believes that education is the key solution to all social problems and by the improvement of the social system, most of the social evils could be removed. 34 (3),Charlotte creates a new woman, Jane Eyre, independent, self-respected and generous. plain-looking but full of emotion. a rebellious woman character, striving for love, freedom and equal social position with man. So woman’s freedom and equal social status with man is one of the important themes of the novel. (4)Jane Eyre is a realistic novel with romantic elements as well as some Gothic elements. It is written in the first person narrative. The story is told by the heroine herself. III. Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights 1. The Story 2. Comments on the Novel (1) Theme: Love and revenge are two main themes of the novel. Through the tempestuous love story, the author seems to be telling the truth that love will overcome hatred. In the theme of revenge, we find the influence of racial discrimination and class discrimination. Heathcliff’s revolt and revenge is not his own , we may consider him to be one representative of those people in a lower position. (2) Characterization: Heathcliff is depicted successfully in that he is a round character(浑圆人物) with changes and development. He is of primitive vitality, he is like lightening, fire and rock to Catherine. After Catherine’s marriage, he becomes a conscious rebel and a spirit of revolt against injustice. Catherine, the heroine, is contradictory in herself: she loves Heathcliff the orphan but chooses to marry Edgar, who has social status but is like moon beam and frost. Thus her tragedy is caused by her own vanity. She betrays Heathcliff and kills herself. (3)Narration: The story is told in a perspective that is between the first and the third person. In this way, everything seems more believable and the structure of the book is complete. The two narrators are important: Nelly Dean, the maid servant, has seen the two generations’ growth and gives them warnings and suggestions every now and then. Mr. Lockwood, a tenant of Thrushcross, is a conservative gentleman. Both of them are of common people’s viewpoints and find it difficult to understand the love between Catherine and Heathcliff, they just tell us what they have seen and heard, and what has happened without any comment, this helps to show the main characters’ feelings. (4) This novel is also remarkable for its simple, naked statement of violent emotions such as Catherine’s dying farewell to Heathcliff, for its images of savagery and scenes of hysteria and drunkenness such as in the description of Hindley and Hareton. (5) This novel shows no remarkable conventional influence in either idea or form. Readers are especially struck by the apparent absence of social morality in the novel. In the novel, The writer shows with relentless truthfulness the weakness of Edgar, the silliness of his sister, Isabella; the brutality of Hindley, the egoism of Catherine, the cruelty of Heathcliff as well as their force, and pathos of the grief and the love. But all these are just taken for granted by the readers, there is no slightest comment from the author, from this we can also see the truthfulness and vitality of the novel. Victorian Poetry (P336) 1,Following the magnificent achievements of Romantic poetry, the Victorian poetry in many respects show a further development of themes and attitudes first explored by the Romantics. The two great Victorian poets, Alfred Tennyson and Robert Browning Tennyson’s early poetry was strongly influenced by Byron, Scott and Keats While 35 Browning’s chief model was Shelley. 2,Victorian period is mainly an age of novel, but the development of English poetry did not stop 3,Much Victorian poetry gives expression to optimism and progressive vitality of the age. 4,Taken as a whole , Victorian poetry is remarkably varied and diverse Alfred Tennyson (1806-1892) (P. 336)丁尼生 II. His Main Poetical Works 1. The Princess (1847)《公主》 2. Maud (1855) 《毛黛》 3. In Memoriam 《悼念》 4. Idylls of the King 《国王叙事诗》. 5. Tennyson’s Best-known short Poems “Break, Break, Break” “The Eagle” “Tears, Idle Tears” 《眼泪，无用的眼泪》 “Crossing the Bar”《过沙洲》 III. Characteristics of Tennyson’s poetry (1) Tennyson has a total mastery of the sounds and rhythms of the English language. (2) He has a genius for evoking moods and states of mind in his poems. He is able to create a sense of nostalgia, a wistful longing for remote experiences. (3) No English poet surpasses Tennyson at linking description of nature or setting to the state of mind of the speaker. (4) Some of his poems deal with the main political, religious and scientific issues of his day. His poems reflect his conservative ideas and idealization of the bourgeois social reality. Robert Browning (1812-1889) (P. 341)罗伯特布朗宁 II. Robert Browning’s Major Poetical Works 1. The Ring and the Book《环与书》2. My Last Duchess 《我的已故的公爵夫人》3. His best-known short poems “Home Thoughts from Abroad” 《海外乡愁》; “Meeting at Night”; “One Word More” “By the Fire”; “The Last Ride Together. III. Features of His Poetry 1,His great contribution to poetry are his dramatic monologues, i.e. poems in which a character or a situation is expressed by words put into the mouth of the speaker himself. He is realistic, much concerned with presenting facts and analyzing human psychology. He is optimistic and believes in the progress of mankind. 2,Dramatic Monologue(戏剧独白): A poem in which the voice of a historical or fictional character speaks, unmediated by any narrator to an implied though silent audience. Such as Tennyson’s “Ulysses”, Browning’s “My last Duchess”’ and T.s. Eliot’s “The Love Song of T. Alfred Prufrock”. 36 British Literature of the Early Twentieth Century (1900-1945) Thomas Hardy (1840-1928) (P378) 托马斯 哈迪 I. His Life II. his lierary Career: His groups of his novel 1) Novels of Character and Environment, which are also called Wessex novels 性格与环境小说 2) Romances and Fantasies; 浪漫与幻想小说 3) Novels of Ingenuity. 爱情阴谋小说 It is the first group that are of great significance.The Wessex novels take the southwest counties of England for their setting. They include: Under the Greenwood Tree 《绿荫树下》 Far from the Madding Crowd 《远离尘嚣》 The Return of the Native《还乡》 The Mayor of Casterbridge《卡斯特桥市长》 Tess of the D’Urbervilles 《苔丝》 Jude the Obscure 《无名的裘德》 II. Tess of the D’Urbervilles 1. The Story 2. Some Comments on the novel 1) Hardy tries to explain the tragic fate of the heroine under the influence some mysterious forces: a series of coincidence and chance. But the realistic unfolding of the story by Hardy actually points definitely to the disintegration of the English peasantry and hypocritical morality of bourgeois society as the obvious cause of her tragedy. That is to say, her tragedy is caused by the deterioration of economic conditions as well as the legal, moral and religious standard of the society. In this sense, this novel is a passionate accusation of capitalist society. 2) Hardy gives the novel a subtitle, “A Pure Woman Faithfully Portrayed”, we can see him defy the Victorian moral standard by calling Tess a pure woman. The character of Tess is well drawn, she is described as a victim of the society, she is a brave girl, hard-working, sweet-natured and innocent, but at the same time she is not free from the influence of social conventions and moral standard of the day such as her admission of her sin in her relation with Alec and her absolute obedience to Angel. III. Characteristics of Hardy’s novels 37 1) The underlying theme of his novels is the struggle of man against the mysterious force which rules the world, brings misfortune into man’s life and predetermined his fate. This fatalism is strongly reflected in his writings. 2) In his works the strong elements of naturalism is combined with a tendency towards symbolism, which spoil the main realistic effect of his art. In spite of that , Hardy is never far away from the real life and the existing society. 3) Hardy is not an analyst of human life, but a meditative story-teller. He tells good stories about interesting people but seldom stops to ask why. His heroes and heroines are all vividly and realistically depicted but he seldom explores the psychology of his characters. 4) He is a good painter of nature, in his hand, nature assumes the form of life and becomes a most powerful forbidding force with its own life and will, he puts emphasis on the symbolic meaning of the nature. 5) All of his works are noted for the rustic dialect and a poetic flavor which fit well into a perfectly designed architectural structure of the work. They are the product of a conscientious artist. Stream-of-Consciousness Novel:意识流小说 1，The term “Stream of Consciousness” which was coined by William James in Principles of Psychology (1890) is used to indicate a literary approach to the presentation of psychological aspect of characters in fiction. 2，Generally speaking, there are two levels of consciousness: “the speech level” and “the prespeech level”.The prepeech levels of consciousness are not censored, not rationally controlled or logically ordered. And stream-of-consciousness novel is generally concerned the prespeech level, i.e. with what lies below the surface., 3，Thus stream–of-consciousness novel can be defined as a type of novel in which the basic emphasis is placed on exploration of the prespeech level of consciousness for the purpose of revealing the psychic being of the characters and of studying human nature. Stream–of-consciousness novel is concerned with mental and spiritual experience, such as sensations, memories, imaginations, conceptions, intuitions, feelings and the process of association. 4，James Joyce, Virginia Woolf and William Faulkner are usually regarded as the most prominent stream–of-consciousness novelists. They have opened up a new area of life for novel by adding mental functioning and psychic existence to fiction and by creating a novel centered on the core human experience. James Joyce (1882-1941)詹姆斯乔伊斯 II. His major works Joyce is not a commercial writer. In his lifetime, he writes altogether three novels, (A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man《青年艺术家的肖像》 , Ulysses《尤利西斯》, and Finnegans Wake《芬尼根的苏醒》); a collection of short stories Dubliners, two volumes of poetry and one play. All of them have the same setting – Ireland, especially Dublin, and the same subject – the Irish people and their life. 38 作者 作品 人物、地名 William 《Lines》,《she dwelt among the untrodden ways》, 《Lyrical Ballads》, 《Poems on Nature and Country life》,《I wandered longly as a Wordswortcloud》,《sonnet:composed on Westminster Bridge.》 h Percy 《Ozymandias》,《A song:Men of England》,《Ode to the West wind》,《The cloud》,《To a Sky-lark》,《Queen Mab》, 《The Revolt of Bysshe Islam 》;《 Prometheus Unbound》,《 The Masque of Anarchy》 Shelley Jane 《Northanger Abbey》《, Sense and Sensibility,》 《Pride and Bennet,(Bingley,Jane,Netherfield Park),(Darcy, Elizabeth),Caroline Austen Prejudice》, 《Mansfield Park》, 《Emma》 ,《Persuasion》 Bingley,(Lydia,Wickham) Charles 《Posthumous papers of The pick wick》,《Club》,《Oliver Oliver Twist,Old Sally,Bumble,Brownlow,Fagin,Monks,,Maylie Dickens Twist》 William Amelia Sedley,George Osborne,Dobbin,(Rebecca Sharp,Rawdon Crawley)Sir Makepeace 《Vanity Fair》 Pitt Crawley,Lord Steyne Thackeray Charlotte Jane Eyre,Mrs Reed,Lowood School,Miss Temple,Thornfield,Mr.Edward Jane Eyre Bronte Rochester,Grace Poole,St.John Mr.lockwood,Thrushcross Grange,Wuthering Emily Wuthering Heights Heights,Heathcliff.Catherine,Hindley,Earnshaw,Nelly Dean,Edgar Bronte Linton,Isabella 《Ulysses》《Break,Break,Break》《Crossing the bar》《The Princess 》《Maud》《In Memoriam》《Idylls of the King》.《The Eagle》《Tears, Alfred,Tenn Idle Tears》《Crossing the Bar》 yson 《The Ring and the Book》 《My Last Duchess》《Home Thoughts from Abroad》; 《Meeting at Night》《One Word More》 《By the Robert Fire》;《The Last Ride Together》 Browning 《Under the Greenwood Tree》 《Far from the Madding Crowd》 《The Return Tomas of the Native》,《The Mayor of Casterbridge》 《Tess of the D’Urbervilles》 Jack Durbeyfield,Stoke,Alec,Angel Clare, 《Jude the Obscure》《The Son‘s Veto》 Hardy James Joyce Araby 39 第四份:考前模拟练习题，查缺补漏。90以上真心没问题 《英国文学史及选读》第二册练习题 I. 浪漫主义时期 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the brackets. 1. English Romanticism is generally said to have begun with_____in 1798. A. the publication of Lyrical Ballads B. the death of Sir Scott C. the birth of William Wordsworth D. the passage of the first Reform Bill in the Parliament 2. The Romantic Period is first of all an age of_____. A. Novel B. poetry C. drama D. prose 3. Romanticism does not emphasize_____. A. the special qualities of each individual‘s mind B. the inner world of the human spirit C. individuality D. the features that men have in common 4._____ is not a Romantic poet. A. William Blake B. Sir Scott C. P. B. Shelley D. Lord Byron 5. _____ is a Romantic novelist but is impressed with neo-classic strains. A. Walter Scott B. Mary Shelley C. Jane Austen D. Ann Radcliff 6. _____ is not characteristic of William Blake‘s writing. A. plain and direct language B. compression of meaning C. supernatural quality D. symbolism 7. Wordsworth published Lyrical Ballads in 1789 with _____. A. Byron B. Coleridge C. Shelley D. Keats 8. Wordsworth thinks that _____ is the only subject of literary interest. 40 A. the life of rising bourgeoisie B. aristocratic life C. the life of the royal family D. common life 9. Don Juan is the masterpiece of_____. A. Lord Byron‘s B. P. B. Shelley‘s C. John Keats‘s D. Samuel Coleridge‘s 10. _____ is not a novel written by Jane Austen. A. Jane Eyre B. Sense and Sensibility C. Pride and Prejudice D. Emma II. Complete each of the following statements with a proper word or a phrase according to the textbook. 1. In essence, Romanticism designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the_____as the very center of all life and all experience. 2. For the Romantics, _____ is not only the major source of poetic imagery, but also provides the dominant subject matter. 3. Wordsworth is regarded as a ―worshipper of _____.‖ 4. According to the subjects, Wordsworth‘s short poems can be classified into two groups: poems about nature and poems about _____. 5. Coleridge‘s achievement as poet can be divided into two remarkably diverse groups: _____ and the conversational. 6. As a leading Romanticist, Byron‘s chief contribution is his creation of the ―_____.‖ 7. ―_____‖ is Shelley‘s representative work. 8. _____ are generally regarded as Keats‘s most important and mature work. 9. ―Beauty is truth, truth beauty‖ is a famous line in Keats‘s ―_____.‖ 10. _____is the most delightful of Jane Austen‘s work. III. Decide whether the following statements are true or false and write your answers in the brackets. ( )1. The Romantic period is also a great age of prose. ( )2. Romantics also tend to be nationalistic, defending their own literary heritage against the advocates of classical rules. ( )3. Coleridge has been rewarded as Poet Laureate. ( )4. Keats is one of the ―Lake Poets.‖ ( )5. Jane Austen is a typical Romantic writer. IV. Name the author of each of the following literary work. 1. ―The Rime of the Ancient Mariner‖ 2. Songs of Innocence 41 3. ―Ode to a Nightingale‖ 4. ―A Song: Men of England‖ 5. The Prelude V. Define the literary terms listed below 1. Romanticism 2. Ode VI. For each of the quotations listed below please give the name of the author and the title of the literary work from which it is taken and then briefly interpret it. 1….Be through my lips to unawakened Earth. The trumpet of a prophecy! O, Wind, If winter comes, can Spring be far behind? 2. For oft, when on my couch I lie In vacant or in pensive mood, They flash upon that inward eye Which is the bliss of solitude; And then my heart with pleasure fills, And dances with the daffodils. Keys: I. 1.A 2.B 3.D 4.B 5.C 6.C 7.B 8.D 9.A 10.A II.1.individual 2. human life 3.nature 4.human life 5.the demonic 6.Byronic hero 7. Ode to the West Wind 8. The odes 9. Ode on a Grecian Urn 10. Pride and Prejudice III. 1.T 2.T 3.F 4.F 5.F IV. 1.Coleridge 2. Blake 3. Keats 4. Shelley 5. Wordsworth V. 1. Romanticism is a movement that flourished in literature, philosophy, music and art in western culture during most of the nineteenth century, beginning as a revolt against classicism. There have been many varieties of Romanticism in many different times and places. The leading features of Romantic movements are Wordsworth, Shelley, etc. 2. Ode is a complex and often lengthy lyric poem, written in a dignified formal style on some lofty or serious subject. Odes are often written for a special occasion, to honour a person or a season or to commemorate an event. VI. 1. It is taken from Shelley‘s Ode to the West Wind. In this poem, Shelley eulogizes the powerful west wind and expresses his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality. In these last lines, the poet shows his optimistic spirit for the future. 42 2. It is taken from Wordsworth‘s ―I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud.‖ The poet thinks that it is a bliss to recollect the beauty of nature in his mind while he is in solitude. He expresses his strong affecting for nature in the poem. II.维多利亚时期 I. Each of the statement below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the brackets 1. The Victorian period roughly began at the enthronement of Queen Victoria in_____. A. 1835 B. 1836 C. 1837 D. 1838 2. The critical realists like Charles Dickens in the Victorian period wrote novels_____. A. representing the 18th century realist novel B. criticizing the society C. defending the mass E. all the above 3. _____is not a Victoria novelist. A. Charles Dickens B. George Eliot C. William Makepeace Thackeray D. D. H. Lawrence 4. _____ is not a work by Charles Dickens. A. Oliver Twist B. David Copperfield C. Middlemarch D. A Tale of Two Cities 5. Wuthering Heights is a masterpiece written by_____. A. Charlotte Bronte B. Emily Bronte C. Anne Bronte D. Branwell Bronte 6. _____ is not Thomas Hardy‘s work. A. The Mill on the Floss B. Tess of the D‘Urbervilles C. Jude the Obscure D. The Mayor of Casterbridge 7. ―My Last Duchess‖ is _____. A. a dramatic monologue B. a short lyric C. a novel D. an essay 43 8. Tennyson‘s ―Ulysses‖ gets its inspiration from the following works or writers except_____. A. Homer‘s Odessey B. Joyce‘s Ulysses C. Dante D. Greek Mythology 9. In the 19th century English literature, a new literary trend _____ appeared. And it flourished in the 1840s and in the early 1950s. A. romanticism B. naturalism C. realism D. critical realism 10. The title of the novel Vanity Fair was taken from_____. A. The Pilgrim‘s Progress B. Childe Harold‘s Pilgrimage C. Gulliver‘s Travels D. The Canterbury Tales II. Complete each of the following statements with a proper word or a phrase according to the textbook 1. The aestheticists such as Oscar Wilde in the Victorian period advocated the theory of ―_____.‖ 2. In the Victorian period, _____became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought. 3. Charles Dickens is one of the greatest _____ writers of the Victorian Age. 4. Tennyson‘s poem ―_____‖ is in memory of his bosom friend Arthur Hallam. 5. Robert Browning is famous for his _____. 6. George Eliot‘s _____ is one of the most mature works in English literature. 7. Tennyson‘s famous dramatic monologue based on the story in Greek Mythology is ―_____.‖ 8. _____ is Dickens‘ first child hero. 9. Jane Eyre represents those_____-class working women who are struggling for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being. 10. The most important poet of the Victorian Age was_____. Next to him were Robert Browning and his wife. III. Decide whether the following statements are true of false and write your answers in the brackets. ( )1. The Victorian period has been generally regarded as one of the most glorious in the English history. ( )2. Tennyson is famous for his aesthetic viewpoint of ―art for art‘s sake.‖ ( )3. Wuthering Heights is the masterpiece of Charlotte Bronte‘s. ( ) 4. Browning‘s ―Meeting at Night‖ and ―Parting at Morning‖ were originally one poem in dramatic monologue. ( )5. Naturalism has played an important part in Thomas Hardy‘s work. IV. Name the author of each of the following literary works. 1. The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club 44 2. The Tenant of Wildfell Hall 3. In Memoriam 4. The Mill on the Floss 5. The Return of the Native V. Define the literary terms listed below. 1. Dramatic Monologue 2. Critical Realism VI. For each of the quotations listed below please give the name of the author and the title of the literary work from which it is taken and then briefly interpret it. 1. That same evening the gentleman in the white waistcoat most positively and decidedly affirmed, not only that Oliver would be hung, but that he would be drawn and quartered into the bargain. Mr. Bumble shoot his head with gloomy mystery, and said he wished he might come to good; where—unto Mr. Gamfield replied, that he wished he might come to him---which, although he agreed with the beadle in most matters, would seem to be a wish of a totally opposite description. The next morning, the public were once more informed that Oliver Twist was again To Let, and that five pounds would be paid to anybody who would take possession of him. 2. Thus, neither having the clue to the other‘s secret, they were respectively puzzled at what each revealed, and awaited new knowledge of each other‘s character and moods without attempting to pry into each other‘s history. Every day, every hour, brought to him one more little stroke of her nature, and to her one more of his. Tess was trying to lead a repressed life, but she little divined the strength of her own vitality. Keys: I. 1.B 2.D 3.D 4.C 5.B 6.A 7.A 8.B 9.D 10.A II. 1. art for art‘s sake 2. the novel 3. critical realist 4. Break, Break, Break 5. dramatic monologue 6. Middlemarch 7. Ulysses 8. Oliver Twist 9. middle 10. Tennyson III. 1. T 2. F 3. F 4. F 5. T IV. 1. Charles Dickens 2. Anne Bronte 3. Alfred Tennyson 4. George Eliot 5. Thomas Hardy V. 1. Dramatic Monologue is a kind of narrative poem in which one character speaks to one or more listeners whose replies are not given in the poem. The occasion is usually a crucial one In the speaker‘s personality as well as the incident that is the subjects of the poem. An example of a dramatic monologue is ―My Last Duchess‖ by 45 Robert Browning. 2. Critical Realism is a literary movement in the 19th century. It sticks to the principal of faithful representation of the 18th century realistic novel and carries its duty forward to the criticism of the society and the defense of the mass. The representative figures are Dickens, the Bronte‘s, etc. VI. 1. It is taken from Charles Dickens‘s Oliver Twist. This part describes how Oliver is punished for asking for more to eat and how he is therefore sold at three pound ten to a notorious chimney-sweeper. It reveals that the pitiable state of the orphan boy and the cruelty and hypocrisy of the workhouse board. 2. It is taken from Thomas Hardy‘s Tess of the D‘Urbervilles. This part describes how Tess forgets about her past misfortune in the beautiful, pastoral dairy farm and unconsciously gives herself up to the attraction of Angel Clare. III. 现代时期 I. Each of the statement below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the brackets 1. Modernism takes_____as its theoretical base. A. the irrational philosophy B. the theory of psycho-analysis C. both A and B D. neither A nor B 2. Modernism rose out of_____. A. skepticism B. disillusion of capitalism C. irrational philosophy D. al the above 3. Modernism is, in many aspects, a reaction against_____. A .romanticism B. realism C. post-modernism D. all the above 4. _____is not a movement in the modern period. A. ―the Angry Young Men‖ B. ―the Beat Generation‖ C. ―the Lost Generation‖ D. ―the Theater of the Absurd‖ 5. _____ is not a representative figure in applying the technique of ―the stream of consciousness‖ in his/her writing. A. D. H. Lawrence B. James Joyce C. Virginia Woolf D. Dorothy Richardson 6. Waiting for Godot is regarded as the most famous and influential play of the Theater of Absurd. It is written by_____. A. George Bernard Shaw B. Samuel Beckett C. John Galsworthy D. Eugene O‘ Neill 7. The Waste Land is_____‘s most important single poem. A. Ezra Pound B. William Butler Yeats C. Alfred Tennyson D. T. S. Eliot 46 8. _____ is not D. H. Lawrence‘s work. A. Finnegans Wake B. Sons and Lovers C. Lady Chatterley‘s Lover D. The Rain Bow 9. _____ is not James Joyce‘s novel. A. Ulysses B. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man C. Dubliners D. Finnegans Wake 10. ―The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock‖ is written by_____. A. W. H. Auden B. D. H. Lawrence C. W. B. Yeats D. T. S. Eliot II. Complete each of the following statements with a proper word or a phrase according to the textbook 1.The French_____, appearing in the late 19th century, heralded modernism. 2. Modernism rejects_____, which is the theoretical base of realism. 3.In stimulating the technical innovations of novel creation, the theory of the Freudian and Jungian_____played a particularly important role. 4.Most of Bernard Shaw‘s plays are concerned with political, economic, moral, or religious problems, and, thus, can be termed as_____. 5._____is famous for his frank discussion of ―sex‖ in his works. 6.John Galsworthy‘s trilogy is named_____. 7._____, an American Poet, took English Citizenship in 1927, and became a devout member of Anglican Church. 8._____is Eliot‘s most important poetry, revealing the spiritual decadency and meaninglessness of life of the 20th century. 9.Most of Joyce‘s works are concerning the life of his hometown_____. 10.Joyce‘s ―Araby‖ is a short story in his collection_____. III. Decide whether the following statements are true of false and write your answers in the brackets. ( )1. The rise of modern poetry was, in some sense, a revolution against the conventional ideas and forms of the Romantic poetry. ( )2.Writers like E. M. Forster and D. H. Lawrence are still conventional writers, as in their works, old traditions are still there. ( )3.John Galsworthy has been awarded Nobel Prize for literature. ( )4.John Galsworthy is a conventional writer, inheriting the fine traditions of the great Victorian novelists of the critical realism such as Dickens. ( )5.James Joyce is a prolific writer, creating a great number of famous works. IV. Name the author of each of the following literary works. 1. Modernism 2. Angry Young Men V. Define the literary terms listed below. 47 1. Pygmalion 2. ―Sailing to Byzantium‖ 3. Woman in Love 4. Ulysses 5. The Man of Property VI. For each of the quotations listed below please give the name of the author and the title of the literary work from which it is taken and then briefly interpret it. 1. I will arise and go now, for always night and day I hear lake water lapping with low sounds by the shore; While I stand on the roadway, or on the pavements gray, I hear it in the deep heart‘s core. 2. Now she began to combat in his restless fretting. He still kept up his connexion with Miriam, could neither break free nor go the whole length of engagement. And this indecision seemed to bleed him of his energy. Moreover. His mother suspected him of an unrecognized leaning towards Clara, and, since the latter was a married woman, she wished he would fall in love with one of the girls in a better station of life. But he was stupid, and would refuse to love or even to admire a girl much, just because she was his social superior. Keys: I. 1.C 2.D 3.B 4.C 5.A 6.B 7.D 8.A 9.C 10.D II. 1. Symbolism 2. rationalism 3. psycho-analysis 4. problem plays 5. D. H. Lawrence 6. The Forsyte Saga 7. T. S. Eliot 8. The Waste Land 9. Dublin 10. Dubliners III. 1.F 2.F 3.F 4.T 5.F IV. 1.Modernism is a movement in the 20th century. It takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base and in many aspects is a reaction against realism. 2. Angry Young Men is a phrase applied to a number of British playwrights and novelists from the mid-1950s, who described various forms of social alienation and whose political views were radical and anarchic. V. 1. Bernard Shaw 2. W. B. Yeats 3. D. H. Lawrence 4. James Joyce 5. John Galsworthy VI. 1. It is taken from Yeats‘s ―The lake Isle of Innisfree.‖ In this poem, Yeats expresses his longing to escape from the city life and to live a secluded life by describing the peaceful, tranquil scene of the lake Isle of Innisfree, a legendary place for hermitage. 2. It is taken from D. H. Lawrence‘s Sons and Lovers. Paul has love affairs with two girls, Miriam and Clara. But he is so dependent on his mother‘s love and help that he 48 fails to achieve a fulfilling relationship with either girl. English Literature ( Book II) Romanticis 1.Romanticism(名词解释)要对浪漫主义兴起的时间，根源，主要特点，主要代表作家都有所了解。 2.William Wordsworth要知道他的 “Lyrical Ballads”前言是英国浪漫主义时期开始的标志，也是宣言。Lake Poets(名词解释)。他诗歌的主要两类题材:nature and common people’s lives。 写过的著名作品:I wandered lonely as a cloud; To the cuckoo; Lines composed a few miles above Tintern Abbey; The solitary reaper; We are seven 等等。 3. Samuel Taylor Coleridge两首名诗:The Rime of the Ancient Mariner; Kubla Khan主要写作supernatural题材。 4. George Gordon Byron，Byronic Heroes (名词解释); 著名作品:Child Harold’s Pilgrimage要知道大致内容，另外此诗用Spenserian Stanza写成;Don Juan要知道大致内容。 5. Percy Bysshe Shelley著名作品:Queen Mab; The Revolt of Islam; Prometheus Unbound(lyrical drama，要知道大致内容及此剧与古希腊的“被束缚的普罗米修斯”不同之处及其意义。)其它名作: Ode to the West Wind; To a skylark等等。 6. John Keats著名作品:Ode to Autumn; Ode to a Nightingale; Ode on a Grecian Urn”。注意Keats与Byron和Shelley的不同，Keats的诗歌没有两人那么强的革命性，他的诗歌主要是为了缔造一个唯美的世界，为了追求美而写作的。 7. Charles Lamb:The Essays of Elia (humorous, archaisms, quotations from other writers) 8. Walter Scott: founder and great master of the historical novel; his death marks the ending of Romantic Period in English literature; famous novels: Rob Roy, Ivanhoe; features of his novels. English Critical Realism 9. Critical Realism批判现实主义，要知道它兴起的时间，历史背景，主要代表人物及主要特点。 10. Charles Dickens主要作品: The Pickwick Papers (first novel); Oliver Twist; Dombey and Son; David Copperfield; A Tales of Two Cities等等，对这些主要作品除了第一部以外剩下的要对情节，主要人物形象，主题及其意义有所了解，另外要知道狄更斯的小说的特色。 11. William Makepeace Thackeray主要作品即Vanity Fair要知道这个题目出自John Bunyan的The Pilgrim’s Progress，另外小说的副标题 “A novel without a hero”的意思，小说的情节，主题，人物形象都要了解。 12. Jane Austen主要作品:Pride and Prejudice其它5部小说知道名字即可，对于《傲慢与偏见》简单看一下它的情节和主要人物。Austen的写作特点:thin plot, mostly everyday life of simple country society; good at writing young girls; modest satire; witty dialogues。 13. Charlotte Bronte主要作品Jane Eyre，要知道其情节和意义，另外简爱的人物形象也比较重要。 14. Emily Bronte主要作品Wuthering Heights，情节，人物形象及意义。勃朗特姐妹的小说虽然写作在批判现实主义时期，但其作品有明显的浪漫主义特色，比如包含的一些supernatural elements，特别体现在呼啸山庄中。 15. George Eliot主要作品: Adam Bede, The Mill on Floss. Prose-writers and poets of the mid and later 19th century 49 16. Alfred Tennyson主要作品: In Memoriam, The Idylls of the Kings;有名的短诗Break, Break, Break; Crossing the bar等，此人政治态度保守，作品追求形式上的完美，富于音乐性和色彩。 17. Robert Browning introduced dramatic monologue to poetry. His famous poems: ―Home-thoughts from abroad‖ etc. Elizabeth Barrett Browning: ―Sonnets from the Portuguese‖. 18. Aestheticism唯美主义(名词解释)Oscar Wilde主要作品，写作特点及其意义简要了解。 Twentieth Century English Literature 19. John Galsworthy: 主要作品 “The Forsyte Saga”注意这是两个trilogy构成的，可不是一本小说，其中比较重要的是 “The Man of Property”就是书上介绍的那一部，要知道此部小说主人公的名字，以及这个主人公的性格，和小说主题。 20. George Bernard Shaw主要作品Mrs Warren’s Profession和Major Babara，对他作品的主要人物，情节，主题和意义要了解，他是比较重要的一个作家。 21. T. S. Eliot比较重要，特别是他的The Waste Land要知道包括哪几个部分，大概是什么情节，有什么象征意义，主题是什么，有什么写作特点。另外他著名的文章Tradition and the Individual Talent被认为是manifesto of modernist poetry. 22. Modernist fiction put emphasis on the description of the characters‘ psychological activities under the influence of Austrian doctor Sigmund Freud‘s theories. 23. D. H. Lawrence重点作品Sons and Lovers这个作品明显受到弗洛伊德影响，特别是其中体现的Oedipus complex，对其人物，主题要有了解;The Rainbow及其续篇Women in Love要有简单了解，特别是对其主题。Lady Chatterley’s Lover简单了解即可。劳伦斯的思想特点以及局限性要了解。 24. Stream-of-consciousness(名词解释) 25. James Joyce其它作品简单了解，但Ulysses非常重要，需要知道题目来源，题目的含义，小说的主人公和情节，以及主题。 26. Virginia Woolf重要的意识流作家，主要作品要指导。书上主要介绍的是Mrs. Dalloway，其实她的其它几部作品特别是To the Lighthouse也比较出名，需要了解一下。 50