《工业烧嘴冷却水管路阻力损失的计算》

《工业烧嘴冷却水管路阻力损失的计算》 工业烧嘴冷却水管路阻力损失的计算 牛苗任1 于广锁1 周志杰1 于遵宏1 刘强2 祝庆瑞2 孙永奎2(1.华东理工大学洁净煤技术研究所，上海200237;2.兖矿国泰化工有限公司，滕州277527) 2007-06-21 引 言 煤的气化技术是煤炭洁净、高效和综合利用的关键技术，尤其是高压、大容量气流床气化技术，具有良好的经济和社会效益，更是当前的发展趋势，是最清洁的煤利用技术。利用该技术，不仅减少空气污染，而且可生产出许多有价值的副产品，如高纯度硫、CO和无毒炉2渣。随着环境标准的日趋严格，它的优势将越来越突出。在国家“863计划”的支持下，华东理工大学和山东兖矿集团有限公司等共同开发成功四烧嘴对置式水煤浆气化技术，在煤的气化领域达到国际领先水平，并建成商业示范装置，且运行良好。 烧嘴是气化工艺的关键部件，其工艺目标是通过氧流股与煤浆流股的动量交换，达到雾化煤浆的目标，为炉内的气化与燃烧过程创造条件，它的运行状态和寿命直接决定着装置能否长周期、经济运行。为保护在高温下工作的烧嘴，烧嘴冷却水通过烧嘴端部的冷却盘管和水夹套连续循环流动，以冷却烧嘴，防止高温损坏。对烧嘴冷却水的阻力损失进行准确地预测计算是一项非常重要的工作，可以为烧嘴的 设计 领导形象设计圆作业设计ao工艺污水处理厂设计附属工程施工组织设计清扫机器人结构设计 和烧嘴冷却水泵选型等提供科学依据。只有烧嘴冷却水阻力损失计算准确，才能保证烧嘴冷却水达到合适的流量，才能真正保护好烧嘴。到目前为止，还未发现有关计算工业烧嘴冷却水管路阻力损失的资料。 1 烧嘴冷却水管路的结构 图1给出了烧嘴冷却水管路结构示意图，采用螺旋盘管式冷却。烧嘴通过法兰与气化炉连接，置于烧嘴室中，为使烧嘴免受高温影响，烧嘴的头部(向火面)采用水夹套冷却，冷却水从A处进入，沿烧嘴柱体经管路AB、BC，然后经CD旋转数周，进入向火面夹层DE，冷却向火面金属，自夹层出来的冷却水沿烧嘴螺旋盘管EF旋转数周，经管路FG、GH流出炉外。烧嘴端部的冷却盘管为螺旋管，螺旋管内的流动过程:在螺旋盘管内，流体除了沿轴向流动外，还要产生和轴向垂直的两个对称的涡流流动，称为二次回流。当流体在螺旋盘管内流动时，由于受到离心力的作用，流体从管子中心部分由螺旋盘管内侧流向外侧壁面，因而造成了螺旋盘管内侧的低压区。在压差作用下，流体从外侧沿着圆管的上部和下部壁面流回内侧。流体的这种二次回流与轴向的主流复合成螺旋式的前进运动。 2 阻力损失的计算方法 进行烧嘴冷却系统的设计需要根据设计流量、管径大小、管路长度、管件材料、管路附件等来确定管路系统的阻力。可以看出，影响 Opinions and suggestions on the party's mass line educational practiceAccording to the central and provincial, municipal unified deployment, according to municipal Party committee "about carrying out the party's mass line educational practice activity in the city's implementation opinions, the spirit of the party's mass line educational practice activities from 20** in January to 99 months, carried out at all levels of departments and directly affiliated institutions and grass-roots party organizations. According to my actual County, the county to carry out the education practice put forward the following implementation opinions.First, the overall requirementsCounty county education practice to the eighteen Party of eight, the spirit of the the third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee as the guidance, conscientiously implement the spirit of general secretary Xi Jinping book series of important speech, earnestly implement the Central Committee really, opinions and advice > < < >, < party implementing the guiding ideology of opinions to determine the objectives and requirements, step method, in accordance with the "" look in the mirror, dress up, wash bath, cure treatment, the general requirements of "for the people pragmatic honest people as the theme, in carrying forward the spirit of Zhuanglang Zhuang, improve their work style, service to the masses of the people, the foundation of consolidating grassroots, promote transformation across efforts, to further implement the central eight regulations and < The opposition party and government austerity waste regulations "," double section "provincial regulations, municipal provisions of the" twelve "plan and the implementation measures for < on improving the work style of close ties with the masses law, highlight style building, carry out the whole wind spirit, resolutely oppose formalism, bureaucracy, hedonism and wasteful extravagance to solve the problems, Party members and cadres of the style and the masses of people strong, the Ministry of Party members and cadres to further improve their thinking and understanding, to further change the style of the wind, the masses to close, honest and pragmatic people honest image to further establish the foundation to further reinforce the basic level. Style of the building of the new results to promote the construction of a powerful force of the county and the ecological culture of the county and county construction.In educational practice activities of the unit is mainly: the county and below county departments under the organs, enterprises and institutions directly under the township, street, and community, village, non-public economic organizations, social organizations and other grass-roots organizations. Agencies and branches, each single unit, follow the rules on internal institutions. Educational practice with step by step.To adhere to the county leadership, leadership and leading cadres to focus on outstanding catch to directly contact the service of the masses of law supervision departments and window units, service industry, educational practice, pay attention to grasp the heavy towns, streets and villages, community education activities and the masses of grassroots groups in close contact to strengthen, and the majority of Party members, cadres and the mass line line Marx doctrine view of the masses and the party's education.Always speak seriously as a basic attitude, adhere to positive education, to carry out criticism and self criticism group, adhere to the pragmatic, more emphasis on leadership, pay more attention to the layers of the demonstration, more focus on the four winds, solve the problem, pay more attention to open the door, the participation of the masses, pay more attention to the classification guidance. Orderly, pay more attention to the cooperation and cohesion driven, more strict requirements on injection, really supervision practice, ensure education practice is not empty is not empty is not partial, not as a mere formality.Two, the key point of the taskThe main task of the county's education practice is to seize against "four wind" this focus on centralized solve outstanding problems asked County, township leadership and leading cadres of the four winds, the disadvantages of the style, scale behavior to a large scale investigation, overhaul, cleaning greatly. At the same time, respond to the concerns of the masses, safeguard the interests of the masses, pay attention to solve practical problems, solve the people around the unwholesome tendencies especially on eat, take the card, Yong lazy luxury, extravagance and waste fees, privileges and other issues, timely and effective, without any discount to solve, to improve the style of real implementation of the requirements of real to the grassroots, real let group Benefit the public.(a) focus on solving the "four winds" outstanding issuesThe central and provincial requirements, the county leadership and leading cadres of key performance concept is not correct, do not dare to play, to engage in "image project", "political project", a leadership guide, a set of ideas, orders and prohibitions, and a policy, there are countermeasures county. The units directly under the heavy focus on solving Yung lazy drag, buck passing skin, work is not implemented, the service is not active. The dynamic problem of law enforcement and supervision departments and window units, service industry mainly solve the door hard, ugly face, something difficult, and arbitrary charges, fines, levies, and breach of privilege, chinakayao, not the problem of law. The township, street The collar of leading bodies and leading cadres to solve key does nottheir own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 管路系统阻力的因素很多，因此较难准确计算管路系统的阻力。由于水力学理论的局限性，单从理论方面还难以准确计算出管路系统阻力，一般使用半理论半经验法，从某种意义上讲，经验法计算的阻力值更接近真实值。 3 某工业装置烧嘴冷却水的工艺条件为:流量V=16.9m/h，出口压力P=0 Pa(表)，冷却水进、出口平均温度46?，求出冷却水进口压力2 P，即可得到整个烧嘴冷却管路总阻力损失?P。 1 以进水管内侧为截面1-1，出水管内侧为截面2-2，0-0′平面为基准水平面，在两截面间列柏努利方程式，即: 式中: Z、Z—截面1-1与截面2-2的中心至基准水平面0-0′的垂直距离，m; 12 u、u—流体分别在截面1-1与截面2-2处的流速，m/s; 12 p、p—流体分别在截面1-1与截面2-2处的压强(表)，Pa; 12 ?h—管路系统中的总能量损失，J/kg。 f 式中，Z=Z，u=u，p=0，所以p=ρ?h=?p。 121221f 由于冷却管路由若干直径不同的管段组成，各段的流速不同，故把整个烧嘴冷却管路分为6部分，用Matlab软件进行编程，分别计算 3-4每部分阻力，最后求和即为总阻力损失?p。查得46?下水的密度ρ=988.172 8kg/m，黏度μ=5.740 5×10Pa?s，取所有管件绝对粗糙度ε=0.3mm。 3 计算过程 3.1 进、出水管部分管路阻力损失?P(AB+GH段) 1 AB段和GH段是对称的。管路长度L=0.531m，管路内径d=0.0211 m，相对粗糙度ε/d=0.0142，管内水流速111 度 雷诺数 查文献，得摩擦系数λ=0.045 9;查文献，得90?弯管局部阻力系数ζ,0.175，所以，AB+GH段阻力损失为: 1 3.2 进、出水管与螺旋管相连的管路阻力损失?P (BC+FG)段 2 BC段和FG段是对称的。管路长度L=0.715m，管路内径d=0.020m，相对粗糙度ε/d=0.0150，管内水流速度222 雷诺数 Re 2= 查文献，得摩擦系数λ=0.046 6;所以，BC+FG段阻力损失: 2 3.3 进头部腔室之前螺旋管阻力损失?P(CD段) 3 Opinions and suggestions on the party's mass line educational practiceAccording to the central and provincial, municipal unified deployment, according to municipal Party committee "about carrying out the party's mass line educational practice activity in the city's implementation opinions, the spirit of the party's mass line educational practice activities from 20** in January to 99 months, carried out at all levels of departments and directly affiliated institutions and grass-roots party organizations. According to my actual County, the county to carry out the education practice put forward the following implementation opinions.First, the overall requirementsCounty county education practice to the eighteen Party of eight, the spirit of the the third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee as the guidance, conscientiously implement the spirit of general secretary Xi Jinping book series of important speech, earnestly implement the Central Committee really, opinions and advice > < < >, < party implementing the guiding ideology of opinions to determine the objectives and requirements, step method, in accordance with the "" look in the mirror, dress up, wash bath, cure treatment, the general requirements of "for the people pragmatic honest people as the theme, in carrying forward the spirit of Zhuanglang Zhuang, improve their work style, service to the masses of the people, the foundation of consolidating grassroots, promote transformation across efforts, to further implement the central eight regulations and < The opposition party and government austerity waste regulations "," double section "provincial regulations, municipal provisions of the" twelve "plan and the implementation measures for < on improving the work style of close ties with the masses law, highlight style building, carry out the whole wind spirit, resolutely oppose formalism, bureaucracy, hedonism and wasteful extravagance to solve the problems, Party members and cadres of the style and the masses of people strong, the Ministry of Party members and cadres to further improve their thinking and understanding, to further change the style of the wind, the masses to close, honest and pragmatic people honest image to further establish the foundation to further reinforce the basic level. Style of the building of the new results to promote the construction of a powerful force of the county and the ecological culture of the county and county construction.In educational practice activities of the unit is mainly: the county and below county departments under the organs, enterprises and institutions directly under the township, street, and community, village, non-public economic organizations, social organizations and other grass-roots organizations. Agencies and branches, each single unit, follow the rules on internal institutions. Educational practice with step by step.To adhere to the county leadership, leadership and leading cadres to focus on outstanding catch to directly contact the service of the masses of law supervision departments and window units, service industry, educational practice, pay attention to grasp the heavy towns, streets and villages, community education activities and the masses of grassroots groups in close contact to strengthen, and the majority of Party members, cadres and the mass line line Marx doctrine view of the masses and the party's education.Always speak seriously as a basic attitude, adhere to positive education, to carry out criticism and self criticism group, adhere to the pragmatic, more emphasis on leadership, pay more attention to the layers of the demonstration, more focus on the four winds, solve the problem, pay more attention to open the door, the participation of the masses, pay more attention to the classification guidance. Orderly, pay more attention to the cooperation and cohesion driven, more strict requirements on injection, really supervision practice, ensure education practice is not empty is not empty is not partial, not as a mere formality.Two, the key point of the taskThe main task of the county's education practice is to seize against "four wind" this focus on centralized solve outstanding problems asked County, township leadership and leading cadres of the four winds, the disadvantages of the style, scale behavior to a large scale investigation, overhaul, cleaning greatly. At the same time, respond to the concerns of the masses, safeguard the interests of the masses, pay attention to solve practical problems, solve the people around the unwholesome tendencies especially on eat, take the card, Yong lazy luxury, extravagance and waste fees, privileges and other issues, timely and effective, without any discount to solve, to improve the style of real implementation of the requirements of real to the grassroots, real let group Benefit the public.(a) focus on solving the "four winds" outstanding issuesThe central and provincial requirements, the county leadership and leading cadres of key performance concept is not correct, do not dare to play, to engage in "image project", "political project", a leadership guide, a set of ideas, orders and prohibitions, and a policy, there are countermeasures county. The units directly under the heavy focus on solving Yung lazy drag, buck passing skin, work is not implemented, the service is not active. The dynamic problem of law enforcement and supervision departments and window units, service industry mainly solve the door hard, ugly face, something difficult, and arbitrary charges, fines, levies, and breach of privilege, chinakayao, not the problem of law. The township, street The collar of leading bodies and leading cadres to solve key does nottheir own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 进水螺旋管的长度L=1.306 9m，进水螺旋管竖直距离h=0.2m，管路内径d=0.020m，管路半径R=0.010m，曲率半径Rc=0.104m，管路3333 5摩擦系数λ=λ=0.046 6，管内水流速度u=u=14.942 9m/s，雷诺数Re=Re=5.147 4×10，由文献可计算出，螺旋管摩擦系数323232 0.50.25λ=λ?[1+0.075Re(R/Rc)]=0.075 6，所以，CD段阻力损失: 43333 3.4 出头部腔室之后螺旋管阻力损失?P(EF段) 4 出水螺旋管的长度L4=4.121 8 m，管路内径d=0.020m，管路半径R=0.010m，曲率半径Rc=0.082m，管内水流速度u=u=14.942 9 m/s，44442 50.50.25雷诺数Re=Re=5.147 4×10，螺旋管摩擦系数λ=λ?[1十0.075Re(R/Rc)]=0.079 2，所以，EF段阻力损失: 4253444 3.5 头部腔室阻力损失?P(DE段) 5 -42 腔室截面积A=2.45×10m，腔室截面润湿周长L=0.066 2m，水利直径 ，腔室内径d=0.020，腔室半径R=0.010m，55曲率半径Rc=0.053m，相对粗糙度ε/de=0.020 2，腔室水流速度u= 雷诺数 2.443 9×105，55 由文献得， 0.250.5与腔室等直径的管路摩擦系数λ=0.0466，摩擦系数λ=λ?[1+0.075Re(R/Rc)]=0.0803，所以，腔室周长L5=0.333 0m，DE段阻力676555 损失: 3.6 进出头部腔室阻力损失?P 6 由文献得:突然扩大ζ=0.25，突然缩小ζ=0.25，105?弯头ζ=0.19 (2个)，管内水流速度u=14.942 9m/s，考虑局部阻力损失，1236可得进出头部腔室阻力损失 3.7 烧嘴冷却管路总阻力损失?P 66 烧嘴冷却管路总阻力损失?P=?P+?P+?P+?P+?P+?P=3.180 7×10Pa，即冷却水进口压力为3.180 7×10 Pa。 123456 所以，泵的最小压头 4 结果及分析 3 取某工业装置烧嘴冷却水的工艺条件:冷却水流量V=15.0m/h，进行计算检验，两种条件的计算结果见表1。由于冷却管路内水流速度 Opinions and suggestions on the party's mass line educational practiceAccording to the central and provincial, municipal unified deployment, according to municipal Party committee "about carrying out the party's mass line educational practice activity in the city's implementation opinions, the spirit of the party's mass line educational practice activities from 20** in January to 99 months, carried out at all levels of departments and directly affiliated institutions and grass-roots party organizations. According to my actual County, the county to carry out the education practice put forward the following implementation opinions.First, the overall requirementsCounty county education practice to the eighteen Party of eight, the spirit of the the third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee as the guidance, conscientiously implement the spirit of general secretary Xi Jinping book series of important speech, earnestly implement the Central Committee really, opinions and advice > < < >, < party implementing the guiding ideology of opinions to determine the objectives and requirements, step method, in accordance with the "" look in the mirror, dress up, wash bath, cure treatment, the general requirements of "for the people pragmatic honest people as the theme, in carrying forward the spirit of Zhuanglang Zhuang, improve their work style, service to the masses of the people, the foundation of consolidating grassroots, promote transformation across efforts, to further implement the central eight regulations and < The opposition party and government austerity waste regulations "," double section "provincial regulations, municipal provisions of the" twelve "plan and the implementation measures for < on improving the work style of close ties with the masses law, highlight style building, carry out the whole wind spirit, resolutely oppose formalism, bureaucracy, hedonism and wasteful extravagance to solve the problems, Party members and cadres of the style and the masses of people strong, the Ministry of Party members and cadres to further improve their thinking and understanding, to further change the style of the wind, the masses to close, honest and pragmatic people honest image to further establish the foundation to further reinforce the basic level. Style of the building of the new results to promote the construction of a powerful force of the county and the ecological culture of the county and county construction.In educational practice activities of the unit is mainly: the county and below county departments under the organs, enterprises and institutions directly under the township, street, and community, village, non-public economic organizations, social organizations and other grass-roots organizations. Agencies and branches, each single unit, follow the rules on internal institutions. Educational practice with step by step.To adhere to the county leadership, leadership and leading cadres to focus on outstanding catch to directly contact the service of the masses of law supervision departments and window units, service industry, educational practice, pay attention to grasp the heavy towns, streets and villages, community education activities and the masses of grassroots groups in close contact to strengthen, and the majority of Party members, cadres and the mass line line Marx doctrine view of the masses and the party's education.Always speak seriously as a basic attitude, adhere to positive education, to carry out criticism and self criticism group, adhere to the pragmatic, more emphasis on leadership, pay more attention to the layers of the demonstration, more focus on the four winds, solve the problem, pay more attention to open the door, the participation of the masses, pay more attention to the classification guidance. Orderly, pay more attention to the cooperation and cohesion driven, more strict requirements on injection, really supervision practice, ensure education practice is not empty is not empty is not partial, not as a mere formality.Two, the key point of the taskThe main task of the county's education practice is to seize against "four wind" this focus on centralized solve outstanding problems asked County, township leadership and leading cadres of the four winds, the disadvantages of the style, scale behavior to a large scale investigation, overhaul, cleaning greatly. At the same time, respond to the concerns of the masses, safeguard the interests of the masses, pay attention to solve practical problems, solve the people around the unwholesome tendencies especially on eat, take the card, Yong lazy luxury, extravagance and waste fees, privileges and other issues, timely and effective, without any discount to solve, to improve the style of real implementation of the requirements of real to the grassroots, real let group Benefit the public.(a) focus on solving the "four winds" outstanding issuesThe central and provincial requirements, the county leadership and leading cadres of key performance concept is not correct, do not dare to play, to engage in "image project", "political project", a leadership guide, a set of ideas, orders and prohibitions, and a policy, there are countermeasures county. The units directly under the heavy focus on solving Yung lazy drag, buck passing skin, work is not implemented, the service is not active. The dynamic problem of law enforcement and supervision departments and window units, service industry mainly solve the door hard, ugly face, something difficult, and arbitrary charges, fines, levies, and breach of privilege, chinakayao, not the problem of law. The township, street The collar of leading bodies and leading cadres to solve key does nottheir own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 较高，所以整个冷却管路阻力损失较大。出头部腔室之后螺旋管阻力损失?P，即EF段阻力损失最大，约占整个管路阻力损失的56%;其4 次是进头部腔室之前螺旋管阻力损失?P，即CD段，约占整个管路阻力损失的18%，说明螺旋管的盘绕方式和几何因素对流动阻力的影响3 不可低估。 本文首次对工业烧嘴冷却水管路的阻力损失进行了计算，计算值与实测值符合较好，说明计算方法可用于烧嘴冷却水阻力损失的实际计算。研究结果为烧嘴的设计和烧嘴冷却水泵选型提供了科学依据。 淮化水煤浆加压气化装置运行及改进情况 许令奇 (安徽淮化集团有限公司,安徽 淮南 232038) 2004-07-16 淮化2000年建成投产的“18?30”工程是一套年产180kt合成氨，300kt尿素的生产装置。其中气化部分采用的是美国德士古公司水煤浆加压气化工艺，是国内继山东鲁南化肥厂、上海焦化有限公司、渭化化肥厂之后投运的第四套水煤浆加压气化装置。装置包括二套磨 3煤系统、三台气化炉系统及一套灰水处理系统。气化炉为二开一备，气化压力为4.0MPa，生产能力(H+CO)为1264km/d。 2 该工程于1992年立项，国家计委于1994年批准项目建议书和可行性研究报告，1994年批准该项目的初步设计。于1996年动工兴建，2000年建成，2000年8月开始试车，9月全系统一次开车成功，当年12月通过性能考核。至今已运行三年半时间，其间对系统进行了大小几百项的改造，并成功地进行了义马煤中配入华亭、北宿、新河煤及石油焦的试烧工作，并创造性地掺烧了淮南、关桥精煤，于2003年达到了设计能力。三年来运行显示该装置具有生产能力大，安全稳定，操作弹性大的优点。 1 制浆系统 自试车以来制浆系统操作简单、运行较平稳，对煤种变化的适应性强，完全能满足气化对水煤浆的要求，并在正常生产中对江苏南京、山东济南、浙江句容等几家水煤浆添加剂进行了成浆试验，取得了满意的效果。水煤浆输送设备高低压煤浆泵选用荷兰的“奇好”泵，该泵运行稳定，故障率少，但由于设计、煤质等方面的原因，泵的易损件损坏较频繁，制浆系统易损件消耗见表1。 几年来，由于工艺、设计等方面的原因，制浆系统的问题主要表现在以下两个方面:?磨机进口溜槽设计时采用普通碳钢板，由于磨损、腐蚀等原因泄漏频繁，检修工作量较大;?钢棒使用到后期，细棒、断棒在磨机中被磨成钢丝随煤浆带入煤浆泵,造成煤浆流量及烧嘴压差波动，给生产带来隐患。目前我们正准备针对以上出现的情况进行相应改造。 气化装置从2000年8月9日第一次投料起，至2004年4月，3台气化炉共投料近150次，投料成功率大于98%。单炉连续稳定运行时间为1154h。运行过程中，针对出现的问题，对装置进行了数百项技术改造，积累了较为丰富的经验，设备及备品、备件国产化率不断提高，德士古烧嘴、耐火砖、锁渣阀等关键设备已实现了国产化。原料使用上我们大胆尝试，分别于2000年11月进行了义马煤配入50%华亭煤的试烧、2002年3月配入20%石油焦的试烧、2002年5月配入30%北宿煤的试烧工作，皆取得了成功，并在2003年创造性地配入淮南、关桥精煤进行试烧，还在试验室中进行了数十种配煤的成浆试验，为进一步拓展德士古气化用煤打下了基础。三年来无论在经济运行、计划停车率及单炉稳定运行等方面都取得了长足进步，三年中气化炉停车情况见表2，气化炉运行具有代表性的技术经济指标见表3。 Opinions and suggestions on the party's mass line educational practiceAccording to the central and provincial, municipal unified deployment, according to municipal Party committee "about carrying out the party's mass line educational practice activity in the city's implementation opinions, the spirit of the party's mass line educational practice activities from 20** in January to 99 months, carried out at all levels of departments and directly affiliated institutions and grass-roots party organizations. According to my actual County, the county to carry out the education practice put forward the following implementation opinions.First, the overall requirementsCounty county education practice to the eighteen Party of eight, the spirit of the the third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee as the guidance, conscientiously implement the spirit of general secretary Xi Jinping book series of important speech, earnestly implement the Central Committee really, opinions and advice > < < >, < party implementing the guiding ideology of opinions to determine the objectives and requirements, step method, in accordance with the "" look in the mirror, dress up, wash bath, cure treatment, the general requirements of "for the people pragmatic honest people as the theme, in carrying forward the spirit of Zhuanglang Zhuang, improve their work style, service to the masses of the people, the foundation of consolidating grassroots, promote transformation across efforts, to further implement the central eight regulations and < The opposition party and government austerity waste regulations "," double section "provincial regulations, municipal provisions of the" twelve "plan and the implementation measures for < on improving the work style of close ties with the masses law, highlight style building, carry out the whole wind spirit, resolutely oppose formalism, bureaucracy, hedonism and wasteful extravagance to solve the problems, Party members and cadres of the style and the masses of people strong, the Ministry of Party members and cadres to further improve their thinking and understanding, to further change the style of the wind, the masses to close, honest and pragmatic people honest image to further establish the foundation to further reinforce the basic level. Style of the building of the new results to promote the construction of a powerful force of the county and the ecological culture of the county and county construction.In educational practice activities of the unit is mainly: the county and below county departments under the organs, enterprises and institutions directly under the township, street, and community, village, non-public economic organizations, social organizations and other grass-roots organizations. Agencies and branches, each single unit, follow the rules on internal institutions. Educational practice with step by step.To adhere to the county leadership, leadership and leading cadres to focus on outstanding catch to directly contact the service of the masses of law supervision departments and window units, service industry, educational practice, pay attention to grasp the heavy towns, streets and villages, community education activities and the masses of grassroots groups in close contact to strengthen, and the majority of Party members, cadres and the mass line line Marx doctrine view of the masses and the party's education.Always speak seriously as a basic attitude, adhere to positive education, to carry out criticism and self criticism group, adhere to the pragmatic, more emphasis on leadership, pay more attention to the layers of the demonstration, more focus on the four winds, solve the problem, pay more attention to open the door, the participation of the masses, pay more attention to the classification guidance. Orderly, pay more attention to the cooperation and cohesion driven, more strict requirements on injection, really supervision practice, ensure education practice is not empty is not empty is not partial, not as a mere formality.Two, the key point of the taskThe main task of the county's education practice is to seize against "four wind" this focus on centralized solve outstanding problems asked County, township leadership and leading cadres of the four winds, the disadvantages of the style, scale behavior to a large scale investigation, overhaul, cleaning greatly. At the same time, respond to the concerns of the masses, safeguard the interests of the masses, pay attention to solve practical problems, solve the people around the unwholesome tendencies especially on eat, take the card, Yong lazy luxury, extravagance and waste fees, privileges and other issues, timely and effective, without any discount to solve, to improve the style of real implementation of the requirements of real to the grassroots, real let group Benefit the public.(a) focus on solving the "four winds" outstanding issuesThe central and provincial requirements, the county leadership and leading cadres of key performance concept is not correct, do not dare to play, to engage in "image project", "political project", a leadership guide, a set of ideas, orders and prohibitions, and a policy, there are countermeasures county. The units directly under the heavy focus on solving Yung lazy drag, buck passing skin, work is not implemented, the service is not active. The dynamic problem of law enforcement and supervision departments and window units, service industry mainly solve the door hard, ugly face, something difficult, and arbitrary charges, fines, levies, and breach of privilege, chinakayao, not the problem of law. The township, street The collar of leading bodies and leading cadres to solve key does nottheir own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 2.2 原料使用情况、问题及改进 从纯理论角度上说，德士古气化对煤种的适应性较广，但在实际生产中，要保证系统长周期稳定经济运行，煤的质量是一个至关重要的因素。具体地说，煤的灰分、成浆性、灰熔点、粘温特性是影响德士古气化经济运行的几个重要指标。煤中的灰分虽不直接参加气化反应，但要消耗反应热，增加氧耗、煤耗。灰分多，渣量多，随渣而损失的碳也相应增加，且给锁渣系统及灰水处理系统的运行带来困难。成浆性能好的煤易制得较高浓度的煤浆，可降低制浆成本，煤浆浓度高，合成气中的有效气体成分(CO+H)将增加。德士古气化为液态排2 渣，灰熔点高，操作温度就高。在正常生产条件下，耐火砖表面有一层煤渣层，适当的渣层可以减缓气体和熔渣的冲刷，温度低时渣层较厚，温度高时渣层较薄，影响耐火砖的使用寿命，不利于系统的经济运行。煤的粘温特性也直接影响气化炉的操作温度，有时灰熔点低的煤，灰的粘性温度并不低，如义马煤其T温度一般小于1300?，但当温度在1400?以上时，灰粘度较小，而低于1400?，灰粘度急剧增大，4 流动性变差，故气化炉操作温度应综合考虑灰熔点和灰粘度。我厂设计用煤为义马煤，义马煤成浆性较好，但灰分、灰熔点较高，且煤质极不稳定，所以开车不久，我厂就在义马煤中掺入50%的华亭煤试烧并取得成功。进入2001年后，义马煤质逐渐恶化，灰分高时可达30%， ##灰熔点高达1400?，严重制约了气化正常运行，表现为1、3炉下降管烧结，气化炉炉砖蚀损严重，锁斗循环泵运行质量大大下降，捞渣机掉链频繁，灰水系统运行困难，给整个生产和管理带来极大的麻烦。为此我厂及时调运一批石油焦，掺入义马煤中，使整个原料的灰分下降到17%,20%，灰熔点在1250,1300?，逐渐使生产恢复正常。因此煤种的好坏对整个气化装置的经济运行影响很大。 德士古煤气化对原料煤的要求，使单一的原料煤种较难满足系统正常运行的需要，采用配煤技术，扩大气化用煤来源已成为国内现有德士古气化厂的共同之举。几年来我厂在义马煤中掺配石油焦、华亭煤、北宿煤、三河尖煤等，都取得成功，且掌握了一定的配煤经验。配煤不但可以使原不能用于气化的单煤、石油焦可以气化，并能保持系统的长周期稳定运行，降低煤耗、氧耗。配煤技术拓宽了德士古气化的原料来源。表4为淮化配煤前后的经济技术指标对比。 Opinions and suggestions on the party's mass line educational practiceAccording to the central and provincial, municipal unified deployment, according to municipal Party committee "about carrying out the party's mass line educational practice activity in the city's implementation opinions, the spirit of the party's mass line educational practice activities from 20** in January to 99 months, carried out at all levels of departments and directly affiliated institutions and grass-roots party organizations. According to my actual County, the county to carry out the education practice put forward the following implementation opinions.First, the overall requirementsCounty county education practice to the eighteen Party of eight, the spirit of the the third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee as the guidance, conscientiously implement the spirit of general secretary Xi Jinping book series of important speech, earnestly implement the Central Committee really, opinions and advice > < < >, < party implementing the guiding ideology of opinions to determine the objectives and requirements, step method, in accordance with the "" look in the mirror, dress up, wash bath, cure treatment, the general requirements of "for the people pragmatic honest people as the theme, in carrying forward the spirit of Zhuanglang Zhuang, improve their work style, service to the masses of the people, the foundation of consolidating grassroots, promote transformation across efforts, to further implement the central eight regulations and < The opposition party and government austerity waste regulations "," double section "provincial regulations, municipal provisions of the" twelve "plan and the implementation measures for < on improving the work style of close ties with the masses law, highlight style building, carry out the whole wind spirit, resolutely oppose formalism, bureaucracy, hedonism and wasteful extravagance to solve the problems, Party members and cadres of the style and the masses of people strong, the Ministry of Party members and cadres to further improve their thinking and understanding, to further change the style of the wind, the masses to close, honest and pragmatic people honest image to further establish the foundation to further reinforce the basic level. Style of the building of the new results to promote the construction of a powerful force of the county and the ecological culture of the county and county construction.In educational practice activities of the unit is mainly: the county and below county departments under the organs, enterprises and institutions directly under the township, street, and community, village, non-public economic organizations, social organizations and other grass-roots organizations. Agencies and branches, each single unit, follow the rules on internal institutions. Educational practice with step by step.To adhere to the county leadership, leadership and leading cadres to focus on outstanding catch to directly contact the service of the masses of law supervision departments and window units, service industry, educational practice, pay attention to grasp the heavy towns, streets and villages, community education activities and the masses of grassroots groups in close contact to strengthen, and the majority of Party members, cadres and the mass line line Marx doctrine view of the masses and the party's education.Always speak seriously as a basic attitude, adhere to positive education, to carry out criticism and self criticism group, adhere to the pragmatic, more emphasis on leadership, pay more attention to the layers of the demonstration, more focus on the four winds, solve the problem, pay more attention to open the door, the participation of the masses, pay more attention to the classification guidance. Orderly, pay more attention to the cooperation and cohesion driven, more strict requirements on injection, really supervision practice, ensure education practice is not empty is not empty is not partial, not as a mere formality.Two, the key point of the taskThe main task of the county's education practice is to seize against "four wind" this focus on centralized solve outstanding problems asked County, township leadership and leading cadres of the four winds, the disadvantages of the style, scale behavior to a large scale investigation, overhaul, cleaning greatly. At the same time, respond to the concerns of the masses, safeguard the interests of the masses, pay attention to solve practical problems, solve the people around the unwholesome tendencies especially on eat, take the card, Yong lazy luxury, extravagance and waste fees, privileges and other issues, timely and effective, without any discount to solve, to improve the style of real implementation of the requirements of real to the grassroots, real let group Benefit the public.(a) focus on solving the "four winds" outstanding issuesThe central and provincial requirements, the county leadership and leading cadres of key performance concept is not correct, do not dare to play, to engage in "image project", "political project", a leadership guide, a set of ideas, orders and prohibitions, and a policy, there are countermeasures county. The units directly under the heavy focus on solving Yung lazy drag, buck passing skin, work is not implemented, the service is not active. The dynamic problem of law enforcement and supervision departments and window units, service industry mainly solve the door hard, ugly face, something difficult, and arbitrary charges, fines, levies, and breach of privilege, chinakayao, not the problem of law. The township, street The collar of leading bodies and leading cadres to solve key does nottheir own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 2.3 烧嘴使用情况、问题及改进 德士古烧嘴是德士古煤气化工艺的核心设备，喷嘴运行初期，雾化效果好，气体成分稳定，系统工况稳定;运行到后期，喷嘴头部变形，雾化效果不好，这时气体成分变化较大，有效气成分下降，特别是发生偏喷时，使局部温度过高，烧坏热偶，严重时，发生窜气，导致炉壁超温。喷嘴的运行质量和使用寿命直接决定了气化长周期经济运行。开车初期，我厂使用的喷嘴由于煤质、烧嘴局部尺寸、煤浆质量等多方面原因，喷嘴使用平均寿命偏低，运行时间最长的不到2个月，最短时只有7天，且不同烧嘴运行稳定性较差，成为制约系统长周期运行的一大问题。经过长期摸索，我们发现多次烧嘴损坏拨出后都存在以下问题:?烧嘴头部端面有烧裂痕迹;?中外两套管管口龟缩在一起，造成氧气走偏流。针对以上情况，我们对烧嘴局部尺寸进行调整，不断改进后取得了长足进步，现每个烧嘴的使用寿命基本上都在30天以上，但仍存在部分烧嘴雾化效果不好，气体成分较差的情况。烧嘴的质量问题仍是我们下一步工作的主题。 2.4 锁渣系统运行情况、问题及改进 我厂用煤灰分设计值为14.78%，而实际运行值在20%左右。灰分增加，渣量随着增大，渣水温度高，给锁渣系统稳定运行带来诸多问题。几年来，遇到的问题主要有以下几个方面。?破渣机密封漏大。开车初期破渣机填料泄漏频繁，造成单炉停车，后把密封填料由聚四氟乙烯改为石墨填料，效果较好。在工况较稳定时，破渣机运行也较稳定，而当操作炉温较低或烧嘴异常，造成偏喷时，有大块渣落下，造成破渣机负荷波动大，损坏密封填料，造成轴封漏。?排渣阀(XV1310)漏大。自开车以来由于义马煤灰分一直都居高不下，渣量多，热负荷大，锁斗水温比设计值高40?左右，对排渣阀XV1310冲刷严重，造成XV1310密封面损坏，XV1310泄漏大，被迫单炉停车。现XV1310的使用寿命平均为6000h。?捞渣机掉链。捞渣机掉链是因为锁斗排渣直接冲击链条、负荷过大或是有大渣夹在导轮上，使链条受力不匀，导致掉链。掉链处理较为困难，要打开渣池仓门，人进去清除积渣，才能使链条复位，一般需1,2h，这时锁斗处于集渣状态，所以必须减负荷才行。 我厂因煤质原因，锁渣系统运行质量一直不太好，开车初期一年多来，先后有7次因锁渣系统故障而停车，占开停车总数的10%左右。经过不断摸索，我们对破渣机填料、捞渣机等进行相应改造并加强对锁渣系统运行的工艺管理，近两年运行情况大为好转，因锁渣系统故障的停车率大大降低。 2.5 耐火砖使用情况及改进 德士古气化炉耐火砖的使用寿命是至关重要的，换一次向火面耐火砖，拆卸、筑炉、烘炉、检查、试压用时近一个月，严重影响了备炉工作，所以必须选用较好的耐火砖，筑炉时严格把好质量关，在使用过程中严格控制气化炉操作温度，尽量延长耐火砖的使用寿命。影 Opinions and suggestions on the party's mass line educational practiceAccording to the central and provincial, municipal unified deployment, according to municipal Party committee "about carrying out the party's mass line educational practice activity in the city's implementation opinions, the spirit of the party's mass line educational practice activities from 20** in January to 99 months, carried out at all levels of departments and directly affiliated institutions and grass-roots party organizations. According to my actual County, the county to carry out the education practice put forward the following implementation opinions.First, the overall requirementsCounty county education practice to the eighteen Party of eight, the spirit of the the third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee as the guidance, conscientiously implement the spirit of general secretary Xi Jinping book series of important speech, earnestly implement the Central Committee really, opinions and advice > < < >, < party implementing the guiding ideology of opinions to determine the objectives and requirements, step method, in accordance with the "" look in the mirror, dress up, wash bath, cure treatment, the general requirements of "for the people pragmatic honest people as the theme, in carrying forward the spirit of Zhuanglang Zhuang, improve their work style, service to the masses of the people, the foundation of consolidating grassroots, promote transformation across efforts, to further implement the central eight regulations and < The opposition party and government austerity waste regulations "," double section "provincial regulations, municipal provisions of the" twelve "plan and the implementation measures for < on improving the work style of close ties with the masses law, highlight style building, carry out the whole wind spirit, resolutely oppose formalism, bureaucracy, hedonism and wasteful extravagance to solve the problems, Party members and cadres of the style and the masses of people strong, the Ministry of Party members and cadres to further improve their thinking and understanding, to further change the style of the wind, the masses to close, honest and pragmatic people honest image to further establish the foundation to further reinforce the basic level. Style of the building of the new results to promote the construction of a powerful force of the county and the ecological culture of the county and county construction.In educational practice activities of the unit is mainly: the county and below county departments under the organs, enterprises and institutions directly under the township, street, and community, village, non-public economic organizations, social organizations and other grass-roots organizations. Agencies and branches, each single unit, follow the rules on internal institutions. Educational practice with step by step.To adhere to the county leadership, leadership and leading cadres to focus on outstanding catch to directly contact the service of the masses of law supervision departments and window units, service industry, educational practice, pay attention to grasp the heavy towns, streets and villages, community education activities and the masses of grassroots groups in close contact to strengthen, and the majority of Party members, cadres and the mass line line Marx doctrine view of the masses and the party's education.Always speak seriously as a basic attitude, adhere to positive education, to carry out criticism and self criticism group, adhere to the pragmatic, more emphasis on leadership, pay more attention to the layers of the demonstration, more focus on the four winds, solve the problem, pay more attention to open the door, the participation of the masses, pay more attention to the classification guidance. Orderly, pay more attention to the cooperation and cohesion driven, more strict requirements on injection, really supervision practice, ensure education practice is not empty is not empty is not partial, not as a mere formality.Two, the key point of the taskThe main task of the county's education practice is to seize against "four wind" this focus on centralized solve outstanding problems asked County, township leadership and leading cadres of the four winds, the disadvantages of the style, scale behavior to a large scale investigation, overhaul, cleaning greatly. At the same time, respond to the concerns of the masses, safeguard the interests of the masses, pay attention to solve practical problems, solve the people around the unwholesome tendencies especially on eat, take the card, Yong lazy luxury, extravagance and waste fees, privileges and other issues, timely and effective, without any discount to solve, to improve the style of real implementation of the requirements of real to the grassroots, real let group Benefit the public.(a) focus on solving the "four winds" outstanding issuesThe central and provincial requirements, the county leadership and leading cadres of key performance concept is not correct, do not dare to play, to engage in "image project", "political project", a leadership guide, a set of ideas, orders and prohibitions, and a policy, there are countermeasures county. The units directly under the heavy focus on solving Yung lazy drag, buck passing skin, work is not implemented, the service is not active. The dynamic problem of law enforcement and supervision departments and window units, service industry mainly solve the door hard, ugly face, something difficult, and arbitrary charges, fines, levies, and breach of privilege, chinakayao, not the problem of law. The township, street The collar of leading bodies and leading cadres to solve key does nottheir own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 响耐火砖使用寿命的因素主要有以下几点。?煤质。煤中灰分含量高，渣多，对炉砖的冲刷大，在其他工艺条件相同的情况下，其使用寿命就短。?烧嘴。烧嘴运行质量对炉砖的影响很大，特别是烧嘴偏喷时，造成炉砖局部温度过高，局部砖蚀损相当严重。?操作温度。气化炉操作温度对耐火砖的寿命至关重要。在正常生产条件下，耐火砖表面有一层煤渣层，温度低时渣层较厚，温度高时砖层较薄，适当厚的渣层可以减缓气体和熔渣的冲刷。?开停车次数。开停车时，炉内温度有一个温度瞬间由低到高或由高到低的过程，温度变化太快、太大，对耐火砖非常有害，有时甚至会导致耐火砖因受力不匀而开裂损坏，故生产过程中应尽量做到减少开停车。 我厂三台炉砖原始开车使用的都为法国萨瓦公司生产的铬铝锆砖，效果较好，但进口砖价格昂贵，用国内砖替代进口砖已势在必行，几年来这方面的工作我们一直在做，先后在不同的炉子上试用了国内不同厂家的耐火砖，如洛阳洛耐院、洛耐厂和新乡耐火材料厂的耐火砖，几年来炉砖使用情况见表5。 2.6 碳洗塔带灰、带水及改进 德士古气化自开车以来一直存在着碳洗塔带灰、带水问题，表现为:?碳洗塔阻力上升较快(1个月左右阻力增至0.2MPa以上，只有单炉停车处理)，停车检查发现除沫器结灰严重，说明碳洗塔阻力上升主要是因为除沫器堵塞;?后工序变换炉之前煤气分离器的分离冷凝液量较大，灰随合成气带入变换炉后，影响变换催化剂的活性，降低了催化剂的使用寿命，且变换系统阻力上升较快，运行3个月时间阻力增加0.3MPa以上，迫使系统因阻力问题而停车，严重影响了系统的经济运行。通过分析我们知道我厂德士古气化装置设计运行灰分为14.78%，而自运行以来煤的灰分都在20%左右，煤灰分条件改变后，系统中影响洗涤因素的参数未作调整，使激冷室、碳洗塔洗涤水中的灰含量变大，影响了洗涤效果，合成气中的灰含量增大，造成碳洗塔、变换系统阻力上升。针对以上分析的原因，并根据工况的实际情况，我们做了以下两个方面的工作:?调整系统与洗涤有关的工艺运行参数;?对碳洗塔进行相应改造。改造后效果明显，基本上解决了带灰、带水问题。 3 灰水处理系统 我厂灰水系统采用二级闪蒸，流程简单，操作方便，且气化炉排黑水和碳洗塔排黑水分开进高压闪蒸罐，很好地解决了气化炉和碳洗塔共用同一黑水排放总管而使碳洗塔黑水管线堵的现象。但长时间运行时，闪蒸罐及管壁出现结垢，真空闪蒸除沫器堵塞严重，操作不稳定时，壁垢脱落堵塞管道或卡住阀门，导致闪蒸罐的液位高，满入换热器，使换热器效率变差，灰水质量下降，影响系统的稳定运行。一般运行3个月必须停车对闪蒸系统清理，这已成为影响系统长周期运行的关键因素之一。后经过尝试，我们充分利用开工冷却器的处理能力，基本上做到了系统不停车直接清理闪蒸系统。开工冷却器只是在开、停车时使用，在气化炉温度、压力未正常之前，黑水由此冷却后直接排向沉降槽，正常后切向闪蒸，这样当灰水处理系统出现堵塞时，可把系统排放黑水全部导入开工冷却器，为灰水处理系统腾出检修清理时间，检修完毕后再把黑水重新切回。 Opinions and suggestions on the party's mass line educational practiceAccording to the central and provincial, municipal unified deployment, according to municipal Party committee "about carrying out the party's mass line educational practice activity in the city's implementation opinions, the spirit of the party's mass line educational practice activities from 20** in January to 99 months, carried out at all levels of departments and directly affiliated institutions and grass-roots party organizations. According to my actual County, the county to carry out the education practice put forward the following implementation opinions.First, the overall requirementsCounty county education practice to the eighteen Party of eight, the spirit of the the third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee as the guidance, conscientiously implement the spirit of general secretary Xi Jinping book series of important speech, earnestly implement the Central Committee really, opinions and advice > < < >, < party implementing the guiding ideology of opinions to determine the objectives and requirements, step method, in accordance with the "" look in the mirror, dress up, wash bath, cure treatment, the general requirements of "for the people pragmatic honest people as the theme, in carrying forward the spirit of Zhuanglang Zhuang, improve their work style, service to the masses of the people, the foundation of consolidating grassroots, promote transformation across efforts, to further implement the central eight regulations and < The opposition party and government austerity waste regulations "," double section "provincial regulations, municipal provisions of the" twelve "plan and the implementation measures for < on improving the work style of close ties with the masses law, highlight style building, carry out the whole wind spirit, resolutely oppose formalism, bureaucracy, hedonism and wasteful extravagance to solve the problems, Party members and cadres of the style and the masses of people strong, the Ministry of Party members and cadres to further improve their thinking and understanding, to further change the style of the wind, the masses to close, honest and pragmatic people honest image to further establish the foundation to further reinforce the basic level. Style of the building of the new results to promote the construction of a powerful force of the county and the ecological culture of the county and county construction.In educational practice activities of the unit is mainly: the county and below county departments under the organs, enterprises and institutions directly under the township, street, and community, village, non-public economic organizations, social organizations and other grass-roots organizations. Agencies and branches, each single unit, follow the rules on internal institutions. Educational practice with step by step.To adhere to the county leadership, leadership and leading cadres to focus on outstanding catch to directly contact the service of the masses of law supervision departments and window units, service industry, educational practice, pay attention to grasp the heavy towns, streets and villages, community education activities and the masses of grassroots groups in close contact to strengthen, and the majority of Party members, cadres and the mass line line Marx doctrine view of the masses and the party's education.Always speak seriously as a basic attitude, adhere to positive education, to carry out criticism and self criticism group, adhere to the pragmatic, more emphasis on leadership, pay more attention to the layers of the demonstration, more focus on the four winds, solve the problem, pay more attention to open the door, the participation of the masses, pay more attention to the classification guidance. Orderly, pay more attention to the cooperation and cohesion driven, more strict requirements on injection, really supervision practice, ensure education practice is not empty is not empty is not partial, not as a mere formality.Two, the key point of the taskThe main task of the county's education practice is to seize against "four wind" this focus on centralized solve outstanding problems asked County, township leadership and leading cadres of the four winds, the disadvantages of the style, scale behavior to a large scale investigation, overhaul, cleaning greatly. At the same time, respond to the concerns of the masses, safeguard the interests of the masses, pay attention to solve practical problems, solve the people around the unwholesome tendencies especially on eat, take the card, Yong lazy luxury, extravagance and waste fees, privileges and other issues, timely and effective, without any discount to solve, to improve the style of real implementation of the requirements of real to the grassroots, real let group Benefit the public.(a) focus on solving the "four winds" outstanding issuesThe central and provincial requirements, the county leadership and leading cadres of key performance concept is not correct, do not dare to play, to engage in "image project", "political project", a leadership guide, a set of ideas, orders and prohibitions, and a policy, there are countermeasures county. The units directly under the heavy focus on solving Yung lazy drag, buck passing skin, work is not implemented, the service is not active. The dynamic problem of law enforcement and supervision departments and window units, service industry mainly solve the door hard, ugly face, something difficult, and arbitrary charges, fines, levies, and breach of privilege, chinakayao, not the problem of law. The township, street The collar of leading bodies and leading cadres to solve key does nottheir own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development.