《欧洲文化入门》练习及参考答案

《欧洲文化入门》练习及参考答案 欧洲文化入门各章练习及答案 第一章 填空题: 1. The richness of European Culture was created by ________element and _________element. Greco-Roman Judeo-Christian 2. The Homer’s epics consisted of_________. Iliad and Odyssey 3. ________ is the first writer of “problem plays”. Euripides 4. __________ is called “Father of History”. Herodotus 5. ________is the greatest historian that ever lived. Thucydides 6. The dividing range in the Roman history refers to ________. 27 B.C. 7. “I came, I saw, I conquered.” is a famous saying by _______. Julius Caesar 8. The representation form of Greek Democracy is __________. citizen-assembly. 判断题 1. Euclid says “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world”. (×) Archimedes 2. Herodotus’s historical writing is on the war between Anthens and Sparta. (×) Greeks and Persians 名词解释: 1. Pax Romana 答:In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana 2. “Democracy” in ancient Greece 答: 1)Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”, but in Greece by “the whole people” the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens. 2) Women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy. 论述题: 1. How did the Greek Culture originate and develop? 1) Probably around 1200 B.C., a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics. 2) Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C. A. The successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century. B. The establishment of democracy. C. The flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writing in Athens. 3)The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta. 4) In the second half of the 4th century B.C., Greece was conquered by Alexander, king of Macedon. Whenever he went 1 and conquered, whenever Greek culture was found. 5) Melting between Greek culture and Roman culture in 146 B.C., the Romans conquered Greece. 2. What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development? 答: There has been an enduring excitement about classical Greek culture in Europe and elsewhere Rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries. 1) Spirit of innovation The Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy; They first wrote history as opposed to mere annals; They speculated freely about the nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fetters of any inherited orthodoxy. 2) Supreme Achievement The Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour: Philosophy, science, epic poetry, comedy, historical writing, architecture, etc. 3) Lasting effect A. Countless writers have quoted, borrowed from and otherwise used Homer’s epics, the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophanes’s comedies, Plato’s Dialogues,ect. B. In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics: Byron’s Isles of Greece, Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’s Ode on a Grecian Urn. C. In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses. 3. What is the similarity and difference between Greek culture and Roman culture? 答:1) similarities: A. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly. B. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified, and their myths to be fused. C. Their languages worked in similar ways, both being members of the Indo-European language family. 2) differences: A. The Romans built up a vast empire; the Greeks didn’t, except for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests, which soon disintegrated. B. The Romans were confident in their own organizational power, their military and administrative capabilities. 4. What is the Rome historical background? 2 答:1) The history of Rome divided into two periods: Before the year 27 B.C., Rome had been a republic; from the year 27 B.C., Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus and Roman Empire began. 2) Two centuries later, the Roman Empire reached its climax, marked by land area’s extension: Encircling the Mediterranean. 3) Strong military power: the famous Roman legions. 4) In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana. 5) Another important contribution made by the Romans to European culture was Roman Law. 6) The empire began to decline in the 3rd century. A. In the 4th century the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium.Renamed it Constantinople (modern Istanbul). B. After 395, the empire was divided into East (The Byzantine Empire) and West C. In 476 the last emperor of the West was deposed by Goths and this marked the end of the West Roman Empire. D. The East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453. 第二章 填空题: 1. ___________is by far the most influential in the West. Christianity 2. The Hebrews history was recorded in _________of the Bible. the Old Testament 3. The New Testament is about _________. the doctrine of Jesus Christ 4. The story about God’s flooding to the human being and only good-virtue being saved was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testament, the Bible, which was known as _________. Noah’s Ark. 5. The Birth of Jesus was recorded in ________. Matthew 6. The story about Jesus being pinned in the cross to death was known as _________. The Last Supper. 7. The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by _________. John Wycliff. 名词解释: 1. The Old Testament The Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the 3 agreement between God and Man. 2. Pentateuch The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy. 3. Genesis Genesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious account of the origin of the Hebrews people, including the origin of the world and of man, the career of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph. 4. Exodus Exodus is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious history of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt, the period when they began to receive God’s Law. Joshua brought the people safely back toCanaan. 5. The Book of Daniel The Book of Daniel belongs to The Old Testament of the Bible. It tells about the Hebrews being carried away into Babylon. 论述简答题: 1. What are the beliefs of Christianity? 答: Christianity based itself on two forceful beliefs which separate it from all other religions. 1)One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, and that God sent him to earth to live as humans live, suffer as humans suffer, and die to redeem mankind. 2)The other is that God gave his only begotten son , so that whosoever believes in him should not perish, but have everlasting life. 2. What are the different translation editions of the Bible? 答:1)The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as the Septuagint. And it is still in use in the Greek Church today. But it only translated the Old Testament. 2) The most ancient extant Latin version of the whole Bible is the Vulgate edition, which was done in 385-405 A.D. By St. Jerome in common people’s language. It became the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church throughout the world. 3) The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff. 4) After John Wycliff’s version, appeared William Tyndale’s version. It was based on the original Hebrew and Greek sources. 5) The Great Bible ordered by Henry ? in 1539 to be placed in all the English churches was in part founded on Tyndale’s work. 6) The most important and influential of English Bible is the “Authorized” or “King James” version, 4 first published in 1611. It was produced by 54 biblical scholars at the command of King James. With its simple, majestic Anglo-Saxon tongue, it is known as the greatest book in the English languages. 7) The Revised Version appeared in 1885, and the standard American edition of the Revised Version in 1901. 8) The Good News Bible and the New English Bible. 3. What is the great significance of the translations of the bible? 答:1) It is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English. 2) Miltion’s Paradise Lost, Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Byron’s Cain, up to the contemporary Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises, and Steinbeck’s East of Eden. They are not influenced without the effect of the Bible. 第三章 填空题: 1. In _______ a Germanic (日耳曼) general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government. 476 2. After 1054, the church was divided into _________ and _______. the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. 3. _______ is the one who translated into Latin both Old and New Testament from the Hebrew and Greek originals. St. Jerome 4. ______introduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative verse. 5. Both ___________are the best representative of the middle English. Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales 6. _________ paved the way for the development of what is the present-day European culture. the Middel Ages 名词解释 1. the Middle ages In European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages. The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific, from the 5th century to 15th century. 2. Feudalism Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding— a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land. 3. The Manor The centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. Manors were 5 founded on the fiefs of the lords. By the twelfth century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses. They came to be called castles. 4. Carolingian Renaissance Carolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture. 5. Gothic 1) The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of Western Europe. 2) It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other style in history. 3) The Gothic was an outgrowth of the Romanesque. 论述简答题: 1. Why is the middle ages is called Age of Faith, 答:1) During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church. 2) The Christian church continued to gain widespread power and influence. 3) In the Late middle ages, almost everyone in western Europe was a Christian and a member of the Christian Church. Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learningfor hundreds of years. 4) It shaped people’s lives. That is why the middle ages is also called the “Age of Faith”. 2. What is the great significance of the Crusades? 答:1) The crusades brought the East into closer contact with the West. And they greatly influenced the history of Europe. 2) During the wars while many of the feudal lords went to fight in Palestine, kings at home found opportunities to strengthen themselves. Thus among other things, Crusades helped to break down feudalism, which, in turn led to the rise of the monarchies. 3) Besides, through their contact with the more cultured Byzantines and Moslems, the western Europeans changed many of their old ideas. Their desire for wealth or power began to overshadow their religious ideals. 4) The Crusades also resulted in renewing people’s interest in learning and invention. By the 13th century, universities had spread all over Europe. Such knowledge as Arabic numerals, algebra , and Arab medicine were introduced to the West. 5) As trade increased, village and towns began to grow into cities. And the rise of towns and trade in western Europe paved the way of the growth of strong national governments. 6 3. How did learning and science develop in the Middle Ages? 答:1) Charlemagne and Carolingian Renaissance: A. He was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the pope in 800. B. Carolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture. 2) Alfred the Great and Wessex Centre of Learning: A. He promoted translations into the vernacular from Latin works. B. He also inspired the compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles. 3) St. Thomas Aquinas and Scholasticism: 4) Roger Bacon and Experimental Science: A. Roger Bacon, a monk, was one of the earliest advocates of scientific research. B. He called for careful observation and experimentation. His main work was the Opus maius. 4. How did literature develop in the middle ages? 答:1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics. 2) Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy: A. His masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of world literature. B. The poem expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed the spirit of Renaissance. C. Dante wrote his masterpiece in Italian rather than in Latin. 3) Geoffery Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales: A. The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work. B. Most of the tales are written in verse which reflects Chaucer’s innovation by introducing into the native alliterative verse the French and Italian styles. C. Chaucer is thus to be , regarded as the first short story teller and the first modern poet in English literature. D. Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales were representative of the Middle ages. 5. What is the difference between the vernacular language used in the National epics and the vernacular language used by Mark twain? 7 答:1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics. 2) The vernacular language used by Mark twain refers to both local and colloq language used in the Mississippi area, with a strong characteristic of that region. Mark twain used vernacular language not only in dialogue, but also in narration. 3) His representative works Life on the Mississippi. 6. What were the power and influence of the Roman Catholic church in the Medieval times? 1) With a highly centralized and disciplined international organization from priests to Pope, the Roman Catholic Church seemed to be the only unity across the western Europe of the Medieval times. It developed a civilization based on Christianity and helped to preserve and pass on the heritage of the classical cultures by the official language of Latin. 2) with the Pope as the supreme head of all the Christian Churches of the western Europe, the Catholic (meaning universal) church received heavy taxes from lay people and various supports from nobles and kings. Church could remove any opponents political rights or even emperors, with the powerful symbol of the Inquisition, the Church court to punish heresy. 3) The Medieval Church was the center of the Europeans’ daily life and almost everyone became a member of the Church. People turned to the Church for comfort and spiritual guidance; the Church also was the center of holy communion, recreation, trade and communal activity. 4) Clergy then was the only literate class, so kings and nobles used them to implement important secular governmental duties. 5) The Church took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning throughout the “Age of Faith”. For example, Romanesque and Gothic arts were predominantly religious; in learning, it influenced greatly the western thinking with the monks’ work on copying and translating ancient books, the Church Fathers’ philosophy, Monasticism, Scholasticism and Experimental science. 6) originally for regaining the holy city of Jerusalem, the Church launched 200-year Crusades, which helped to bread down feudalism and enhanced the cultural contact between the West and the East. 第四章 8 填空题: 1. Renaissance started in ________ and ________ with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture. Florence and Venice. 2. In Renaissance literature of Italy, _______ was the representative poet. Petrarch 3. At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of _________. the greatness of man. 4. The idea of the greatness of man is reflected in __________ literature. Shakespeare’s 5. The national religion established after reformation in England was called _______. The church of England or The Anglican Church. 6. It was under the reign of _______ that reformation was successful in England. Henry ?. 7. Montaigne was a French humanist known for his _______. “Essais”(Essays). 8. The representative novelist of Renaissance in Spain was __________ with his famous work_______, which marked European culture entry into a new stage. Cervantes Don Quixote 9. The Venus of Urbino is ___________ works. Titian 10. _______ translated the whole Bible with the vernacular language. Martin Luther 名词解释: 1. Renaissance Generally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. The word “Renaissance” means revival, specifically in this period of history, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance, in essence, was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities. 2. Reformation The Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement. It began as Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg his 95 thesis. This movement which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformists engaged themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues. 3. Counter-Reformation By late 1520 the Roman Catholic Church had lost its control over the church in Germany. The Roman Catholic Church did not stay idle. They mustered their forces, the dedicated Catholic groups, to examine the Church institutions and introduce reforms and improvements, to bring back its vitality. This recovery of power is often called by historians the Counter-Reformation. 9 论述简答题: 1. What are the Geographical Discoveries in the Renaissance? 答:The Renaissance was the golden age of geographical discoveries: by the year of 1600 the surface of the known earth was doubled. 1)Columbus: Columbus discovered the land of America. On his fourth voyage he explored the coast of Central America. 2)Dias: Dias was a Portuguese navigator who discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1487. 3)Da Gama: Gama was a Portuguese navigator, who discovered the route to India round the Cape of Good Hope between the years of 1497 and 1498. 4)Amerig:Amerigo was the Italian navigator on whose honour America was named. His discovered and explored the mouth of the Amazon and accepted South America as a new continent. 2. What positive influence does the reformation exert on world culture? 答:1)The Roman Catholic Church was never the international court to which all rulers and states were to be morally responsible for. 2)Economically, peasants all over Europe had no need to pay a good amount of their gains to the Pope. 3)In educational and cultural matters, the monopoly of the church was broken. 4)In religion, Protestantism brought into being different forms of Christianity to challenge the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church. 5)In language, the dominant position of Latin had to give way to the national languages as a result of various translations of the Bible into the vernacular. 6)In spirit, absolute obedience became out-moded and the spirit of quest, debate , was ushered in by the reformists. 3. What contribution did the Renaissance make to the world culture? 答:1、The Renaissance created a culture which freed man to discover and enjoy the world in a way not possible under the medieval Church’s dispensation. 2、The Reformation dealt the feudal theocracy a fatal blow. 第五章 填空题: 1. The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in ________. the 17th century 2. _________ formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newton’s discovery of the laws of gravitation. Kepler’s Laws 3. “Knowledge is power.” By _____. Francis Bacon 4. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. By _____. Francis Bacon 10 5. Leviathan is written by ________. Tomas Hobbes 6. The English Revolution is also called __________. Bourgeoisie Revolution. 7. In _______, the Bill of Rights was enacted by the English Parliament. 1689 8. There are two leaders in the English Revolution. _______ was the man of action and ________ the man of thought. Cromwell, Milton. 9. The best representative of French neoclassicism is ________. Molière 名词解释: 1. the laws of gravitation: the sun, the moon, the earth, the planets, and all the other bodies in the universe move in accordance with the same basic force, which is call gravitation. 2. Classicism Classicism implies the revival of the forms and traditions of the ancient world, a return to works of old Greek literature from Homer to Plato and Aristotle. But French classicism of the 17th century was not conscious of being a classical revival. It intended to produce a literature, French to the core, which was worthy of Greek and classical ideals. This neoclassicism reached its climax in France in the 17th century. 3. Baroque Art Baroque Art, flourished first in Italy, and then spread to Spain, Portugal, France in south Europe and to Flander and the Netherlands in the North. It was characterized by dramatic intensity and sentimental appeal with a lot of emphasis on light and colour. 论述简答 1. Why do we say the 17th century is a transitional period from middle ages to the modern times? 答:1) This advance began in science, in astronomy, physics and pure mathematics, owing to the work of Galileo, Kepler, Newton and Descartes. 2) The outlook of educated men was transformed. There was a profound change in the conception of men’s place in the universe. 3) The new science and philosophy gave a great push to the political struggle waged by the newly emerged class, the bourgeoisie, and other chasses. 4) The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in the 17th century. 2. What are the merits shared by the Great Scientists of 17th century, 答:During the 17th century, the modern Scientific method began to take shape. It emphasized observation and experimentation before formulating a final explanation or generalization. Copernicus、Kepler、Galileo、Newton and other scientists of the time shared two merits which favoured the advance of science. 1) First, they showed boldness in framing hypotheses. 2) Second, they all had immense patience in observation. 3) The combination of the two merits brought about fundamental changes in 11 man’s scientific and philosophical thinking. 3. What is Baconian Philosophical system? 答:1) The whole basis of his philosophy was practical: to give mankind mastery over the forces of nature by means of scientific discoveries and inventions. 2) He held that philosophy should be kept separate from theology, not intimately be blended with it as in Scholasticism. 3) Bacon established the inductive method. Induction means reasoning from particular facts or individual cases to a general conclusion.. Deductive method emphasized reasoning from a known principle to the unknown and from the general to the specific. 4) In a word, to break with the past, and to restore man to his lost mastery of the natural world. This was what Bacon called the Great Instauration. 4. What is the difference between Hobbes and Locke in terms of nature Law? 答:For Locke, Nature Law, therefore, means a universally obligatory moral law promulgated by the human reason. Whereas for Hobbes it means the law of power, force and fraud. 5. What is the different between Tomas Hobbes and John Locke in terms of Social Contract? 1) John Lock’s Social Contract consists of : A. Society is out of necessity, convenience and man’s own interest, and therefore, society is natural to man. B. The institution of political society and government must proceed from the consent of those who are incorporated into political society and subject themselves to government. C. Locke emphasized that the social contract must be understood as involving the individual’s consent to submit to the will of the majority and that the will of the majority must prevail. D. Locke also believed that the ruler of government is one partner of the social contract. If he violates the social contract, then government is effectively dissolved. This idea was welcomed by the Americans during the American Revolution and the bourgeoisie revolution in England. 2 Tomas Hobbes’ Social Contract consists of: A. It is necessary that there should be a common power or government backed by force and able to punish. B. Commonwealth, in Latin, Civitas. C. To escape anarchy, men enter into a social contract, by which they submit to the sovereign. In return for conferring all their powers and strength to the sovereign, men attain peace and security. D. The powers of the sovereign must be absolute, and it is only be the centralization of authority in one person that the evil can be avoided. 12 E. As to the form of government, Hobbes preferred monarchy. F. Government was not created by God, but by men themselves. 3) Although both Tomas Hobbes and John Locke used the term “social contract”, they differed fundamentally. A. Firstly, Hobbes argued men enter a social contract to escape the state of war, for, in his view, men are enemies and at war with each other. Locke argued men are equal and that they enter a social contract by reason. B. Secondly, Hobbes argued that individuals surrender their rights to one man, the sovereign whose power is absolute. Locke argued that the individuals surrender their rights to the community as a whole. According to him, by majority vote a representative is chosen, but his power not absolute. If he fails to implement the people’s will, the people have the right to overthrow him. 4. What is the great significance of the English Revolution? 1、It was the first time that capitalism has defeated absolute monarchy in history. 2、The English Revolution marked that the modern times are approaching. 3、After the English Revolution the constitutional monarchy has come into being as well as the Bill of Rights. The Bill of Right established the supremacy of the Parliament and put an end to divine monarchy in England. The Bill of Rights limited the Sovereign’s power in certain important directions. 6. What are the characteristics of French classicism? 1) In the French classical literature, man was viewed as a social being consciously and willingly subject to discipline. 2) Rationalism was believed to be able to discover the best principles of human conduct and the universal principles of natural laws. Here Descartes provided the philosophical foundation for the French neoclassicism. 3) French classicism was fond of using classical forms, classical themes and values. 第六章 填空题: 1. ________was the first of the great French men of letters associated with the Enlightenment Montesquieu 2. The theory of the separation of powers was put forward by Montesquieu in his work _________. The Spirit of the Laws. 3. _______ is named as “Father of the modern English novel”. Fielding 4. ________ and _______are the chief representatives of German classicism. Schiller and Goethe 13 5. Nebular hypothesis was proposed by _________. Kant 6. Messiah was composed by_________. Handel 7. ________ edited the famous Encyclopédie. Diederot 名词解释 1、Enlightenment Enlightement was an intellectual movement originating in France, which attracted widespread support among the ruling and intellectural classes of Europe and North America in the second half of the 18th century. It characterizes the efforts by certain European writers to use critical reason to free minds from prejudice, unexamined authority and oppression by Church or State. Therefore the Enlightenment is sometimes called the Age of Reason. 论述简答题: 1. What is the historical context for the Enlightenment to develop? 答:1) The American War of Independence of 1776 ended British colonial rule over that country and got victory in 1783 during which The Declaration of Independence was proclaimed. 2) The French Revolution broke out in 1789. The seizure of the Bastille. The first French Republic was born in 1792. the French Revolution gave birth to Declaration of the Rights of Man. 3) The Industrial Revolution the 1760’s — the 1830’s, beginning with the invention of the steam engine, rapidly changed the face of the world, and ushered in a completely new age. 2. What is the great significant of the Industrial Revolution? 答:1、The introdution of machines which reduced the need for hand labour in making goods. 2、The substitution of steam power for water, wind, and animal power. 3、The change from manufacturing in the home to the factory system. 4、New and faster method of transportation on land and on water. 5、The growth of modern capitalism and the working class. 第七章 填空题: 1. The literary and philosophical trend in the Romantic philosophy was represented by ________. Transcendentalism. 2. The theoretical groundwork for capitalism was Adam Smith’s _________. The wealth of Nations. 3. The sloganof French revolution was ___________. liberty, equality and universal brotherhood. 4. The Laker poets were _______, __________. Wordsworth, Coleridge 5. ___________ marked the beginning of the Romantic literature. Lyrical Ballads 6. ”If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?” was written in _________.Ode to the West Wind by 14 Shelly. 7. Shelly wrote a Lyrical drama _______ which is a parody written by Aeschylus. Prometheus Unbound 8. “Beauty is truth, truth beauty,”was written in ________. Ode on a Grecian Urn by Keats. 9. The death of _______ marked the end of Romanticism in England. 10. _______ was a best representative writer of Romanticism in France. Victor Hugo 11. The representative writers of Russia Romanticism were _________ and _____. Pushkin and Lermontov. 12. The most important contributions to the musical world by _______were in those musical forms associated with the growth of the sonata. Beethoven 13. Three B’s refers to ______, __________, and _________. Bach, Brahms, Beethoven. 14. Swan Lake was composed by _______. Tchaikovsky 名词解释: 1. Romanticism Romanticism was a movement in literature, philosophy, music and art which developed in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Starting from the ideas of Rousseau in France and from the Storm and Stress movement in Germany. Romanticism emphasized individual values and aspirations above those of society. As a reaction to the industrial revolution, it looked to the Middle Ages and to direct contact with nature for inspiration. Romanticism gave impetus to the national liberation movement in 19th century Europe. 2. Byronic hero Byronic hero was created by Byron in the Romantic period of the English literature. The Byronic hero is characterized by bravery and hard working spirit, such as Don Juan as the best representative of the Byronic hero. 3. Romantic Music The Romantic Movement in music dominated the period about 1830 to about 1900. It was merely part of a general movement, which, all over Europe, especially in Germany and France, affected all arts. The Romantic Music is divided into two periods: The early Romantic Music represented by Beethoven, Schubert, Chopin, Schumann, and the later Romantic Music represented by Brahms and Tchaikovsky. 论述简答题: 1. What is the historical background for Romanticism to develop? 答:1) The Enlightenment brought about two revolutions and they caused Romanticism to rise. 2) First, the French revolution which broke out in 1789, established bourgeois democracy with its slogans of liberty, equality and universal brotherhood. Individualism prevailed. 15 3) Second, the Industrial Revolution, made possible by technological advances such as James Watt’s invention of the steam engine in 1764, brought unforeseen changes to each individual and society as a whole. Man’s thinking was fundamentally affected. New economic ideas were put forward by Adam Smith in his book The Wealth of Nations laid the theoretical groundwork for capitalism. 第八章 改错题: 1. The Manifesto of the Communist Party was written by Karl Marx himself. (错) 2. The term the survival of the fittest by Darwin. (错) 名词解释 1. Social Darwinism For the term “natural selection” Spencer substituted the survival of the fittest. 2. Darwin’s theory of evolution Darwin’s theory of evolution contains four major arguments: A. new species appear. B. those new species have evolved from older species. C. The evolution of species is result of natural selection. D. The natural selection depends on variations and the maintenance of variations in spite of the tendency of natural selection to eliminate unfit variants. 论述简答题: 1. What are the three sources of Marxism? 答:1) German Classical Philosophy and Marxist Philosophy: Hegelian dialectics and Feuerbach’s materialism 2) English Classical Political Economy and Marxist Political Economy 3) Utopian Socialism and Scientific Socialism Utopian was representative by Owen, Saint-Simon, and Fourier. 2. In what historical background did Marxism rise? 答:1) The Industrial Revolution beginning in the 18th century in Britain resulted in the rapid development of modern capitalism as well as the growth of the working class as a powerful independent political force. 2) The first economic crisis occurred in the 1820s, intensifying class conflict. 3) The working class movement developed from the early stage of destroying machines to mass strikes, political demonstrations and armed uprising. 3. t is the great significance of Darwinism? 答:1) On Biology: Darwin’s influence on the development of biology has been immeasurable. The 16 immediate effect of the publication of On the Origin of Species was to stimulate research in different branches of knowledge.. Thomas Huxley 2) On Theology: Darwinism had a great impact on European Christian theologians. Evolution and Ethics was translated in Chinese by Yan Fu and published under the title. 3) On Social Science: Herbert Spencer For the term “natural selection” Spencer substituted the survival of the fittest. A. Individual members of any species vary somewhat one from another in manifold characteristics, both structural and behavioural. B. Individual variation is to some degree hereditary. C. The Malthusian principle that organisms multiply exceeds the environment to carry them, with the consequence that many must die. 第九章 1. “A novel is a mirror walking along the road”is said by ______. Stendhal. 2. The novels contented in _________ mark the beginnings of French realism. the Human Comedy 3._ _____ has been called “the French Dickens” . Balzac 4. ________ is called “the first French realist” Flaubert 5. ______ was the founder of the naturalist school. Zola 6. In the French realism, _________ was the only short story teller. Maupassant 7. The first novel on the study of criminal psychology in the European literature is _____________ written by Dostoyevsky. Crime and Punishment 8. __________ are viewed as the fountainhead of much modern drama. Ibsen’s plays 9. ________ is of local colorism, based on the Mississippi. Mark Twain 10. ____________ is called “the Lincoln of American literature”and “Father of the American Novel”. Mark Twain 名词解释 1. Realism In art and literature the term realism is used to identify a literary movement in Europe and the United States in the last half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th century. But the practice of realism is very old and can be traced back to ancient times. This is fundamentally the difference between romanticism and realism. In Europe, the Realist movement arose in the 50s of the 19th century and had its origin in France. It centred in the novel and lay emphasis on fidelity to actual experience. 2. characteristics of Naturalism: 17 1) the naturalistic novel is not only a record of men and manners. 2) to the naturalists the novel is a demonstration of social law. 3) the language used by naturalists must be the actual language used by people. 3. Impressionism Impressionism was a form of artistic expression in the 19th century. It was most pervasive in painting, but it was also found in literature and art. The term “impressionism”first appeared in 1874 in a newspaper review of an exhibition held in the studio by a group of young painters. It was taken directly from the title of Monet’s Impression: Sunrise. 4. Post-Impressionism During the 2nd half of the 19th century, French impressionism created a dramatic break with the art of the past, and created a form of art that was to affect nearly every ambitious artist in the Western world. Van Gogh reacted against impressionism by using colour to suggest his own emotion and temperament. 论述简答题: 1. What is the historical background of Realism? 答:1) The realism movement was greatly influenced by the development of science in the 19th century. The age of realism was age of technological inventions. 2) The 19th century is the century of greatest change in the history of Western civilization. Germany and Italy, achieved their unification. 3) The Profound social dislocation and urbanpoverty brought about by the social and economic changes created severe problems to which the political and intellectual leaders of the 19th century reacted in a number of ways. One group was the liberals. Another group was the nationalists, A third group was the socialists. 第十章 填空题: 1. Greatest creative renaissance of the 20th century refers to _________. modernism. 2. The Waste Land is one of the representative works of _________. T. S. Eliot. 3. _________was the only women writer of stream of consciousness in British modernist literature. Virginia Woolf 4. ________ was named as the greatest poet of 20th century. W. B. Yeats 5. _________was the best representative of the Imagist movement. Ezra Pound 6. _________is of local colorism base on American South. William Faulkner 7. With the publication of _______, Hemingway became the spokenman for what Gertrude Stein had called “a lost generation”. The Sun Also Rises 名词解释 18 1. Modernism Modernism was a complex and diverse international movement in all the creative arts, originating about the end of the 19th century. It provided the greatest creative renaissance of the 20th century. It was made up of many facets, such as symbolism, surrealism, cubism, expressionism, futurism, ect. 2. Oedipus Complex Oedipus Complex is a Freudian term originating from a Greek tragedy, in which King Oedipus unknowingly killed his father and married his mother. Oedipus Complex was established by Freud. 3. The Lost generation The Lost generation refers to a group of young intellectuals who came back from war, were injured both physically and mentally. They lived by indulging themselves in the Bohemian way of life. Their American dream was disillusioned. The best representative of the lost generation was Ernest Hemingway. 4. The Beat Generation The Beat Generation in America refers to a group of American youngsters who refused to accept “respectability” and conventional social behaviour and who cultivated a rootless manner of living. The distinctive features of the Beat Generation is that they used a special slang language and loved jazz. The Beat Generation was represented by Ginsberg’s Howl and Jack Keroual’s on the road. 5. Angry Young Men Angry Young Men was a term referring to a group of English writers who found themselves to be social misfits. They felt they were socially stateless. Even though they were university graduates. They were very sensitive to the undesirable things of the society. Angry Young Men was represented by John Osborne’s play Look Back in Anger and Amis’ novel Lucky Jim. 6. Existentialism Existentialism is a philosophy that became a self-conscious movement in the 20th century. Its basic concern is human existence. A key concept of existentialism is that man is only what he makes of himself. Existentialism in literature was represented by Bernard Shaw’s problem plays. And Sartre’s Being and Nothingness. 7. The Theatre of the absurd The Theatre of the absurd is a term referring to the works of some European, particularly French, playwrights of the 1950s and 60s. The word “absurd” originated from the works of Camus. The play writers of the Theatre of the absured employed many techniques used by the popular theatre such as: acrobatics. Their 19 language is very often dislocated, with plenty of jargon, clichés and repetitions. The Theatre of the Absurd of represented by Beckett’s waiting for Godot. 8. Black Humour Black Humour is a term derived from Black Comedy. Its origin can be traced back to Shakespeare’s time. But now the term is usually used to refer to some Western, especially American Post-World War? writers. Black humour is kind of desperate humour. In Black humour, man’s fate is decided by incomprehensible powers. Black humour was represented by Joseph Heller’s Catch-22. 9. Expressionism Expressionist art is marked by the expression of reality by means of distortion to communicate one’s inner vision. The artists of this school used bright colours to bring out their pessimistic views on life. They showed a world of subconsciousness. 10. Futurism The works of futurism portray the dynamic life of the 20th century. They glorify war, danger, machine age and attack museums and academies. They are interested in expressing the speed, progress and even the violence of modern live. 11. Dadaism Dadaism created works that were anti-war, anti-modern life, and indeed, anti-art. When they held exhibitions the Dadaists sometimes encouraged the public to destroy their displays. They thought that the world had become insane and art too serious. One of the most important ideas to develop out of the movement was automatism—the automatic production of art. 12. Surrealism Surrealism was a which combined the Dada idea of automatism with the psychology of Sigmund Freud. The surrealists felt that the job of the artist was to show an unconscious world. 论述简答 1.What are the Characters of modernism? 1) Modernism was a complex and diverse international movement in all the creative arts, originating about the end of the 19th century. It provided the greatest creative renaissance of the 20th century. It was made up of many facets, such as symbolism, surrealism, cubism, expressionism, futurism, ect. 2) Any break-away with the tradition can be classified into modernism. 3) Modernism looks at the men’s position in a fresh new way. 2. What are the specialties of modernism? 20 1) Modernism has been called “the tradition of the new”. It was characterized by a conscious rejection of established rules, traditions and convention. 2) Modernism has also been called the “dehumanization of art”. It pushed into the background traditional humanistic notions of the individual and society. 21