小型搅拌器的设计-毕业论文外文文献翻译

小型搅拌器的 设计 领导形象设计圆作业设计ao工艺污水处理厂设计附属工程施工组织设计清扫机器人结构设计 -毕业论文外文文献翻译 文献翻译 1. Design of small mixer Abstract: Mixing equipment has a long history, a wide range of applications. Widely used in chemical industry, petroleum industry has, the construction industry and traditional industry. Mixing operation appears to be simple, but in fact, it involved are extremely complex. This paper introduces the basic ideas of small pulsator design and basic theory, analyzes the basic structure of stirrer and related contents of motion and power device. The basic equipment of stirrer description and references of its basic principle, function and operation, and design for the small mixer were reviewed. 1.1 The graduation project of the purpose, significance, current situation of domestic and foreign 1.1.1 graduation design topic research purpose, significance Agitator making chemical reaction is to make the role of the agitator in chemical production liquid mixing, chemical reaction can be carried out to meet the greatest degree of. The device can replace the manual stirring toxic to the human body or harmful chemical raw material, the skin has the advantages of simple structure, convenient use, wide application in chemical production. This paper designed a small mixer, about 500 liters in volume, stable and flexible, easy to use. This topic mainly relates to equipment design of agitator in chemical production, mainly to solve the problem of the design, the equipment in chemical production include: agitator selection, motor and reducer selection, support device design, shaft seal, selection and setting tank design, and draw the corresponding equipment 1.1.2 History and development status of agitator Mixing equipment is widely used as a kind of fluid machinery products, wide variety, suitable for chemical industry, metallurgy, medicine, food and feed industries. Mixing operation is an important link in the industrial process, which involves fluid mechanics, heat transfer, mass transfer and chemical reactions and other processes, and the stirrer is in order to make the mixing media device is suitable for the flow field and the input mechanical energy to it. The mixer is also called Mixer, or Agitator, Stirrer. Also includes the solid particles suspended in the solution or the solution into emulsion evenly stirred broad, it includes the disperser and homogenizer. Some stirrer can produce shear force greatly, to obtain refined particle colloid mill more than 10 times larger than the submicron suspension, therefore, can be used for fine food and chemical manufacturing, cosmetic cream, salad sauce. Petrochemical industry is commonly used in polyvinyl chloride alloy, CIS polybutadiene rubber in autoclave, autoclave, stripping vessel, collectively referred to as the mixing vessel (Agitatored Vessels, or Stirred Vessels).Stirrer and stirring container in device of economies of scale and diversification of varieties at the same time, it become more and more large. Since Hitachi production since 1949 the production of stirred tank reactor for terephthalic acid, polyvinyl chloride, styrene monomer, the polypropylene unit production of the stirred tank reactor near 4000, the maximum capacity of the container to 576m, maximum diameter of 7620 cylindrical part mm, the maximum length of making 44380 mm design pressure, maximum 28 the design of MPa, the highest temperature making 530 cI two, motor power up to 1100 kW. Based on the requirements of the development of energy saving, variable frequency motor, seal small shear resistance blade, with new sealing instead of mechanical seals and packing, with magnetic drive instead of mechanical transmission. Reduce product cost, reduce the cost of the overall repair and maintenance and improve equipment repair requirements based on the average time interval, greatly improving the service life of equipments. To meet the health and reduce the cleaning and sterilization costs based on the requirements, implementation of the CIP (clean in place) and SIP (in situ sterilization), improve the level of automation, avoids human contact with the product, reduce manual operation and standby time, greatly improving the product's health level. The main types of 1.1.3 agitator and its development According to the stirrer shape can be divided into straight blade turbine type, open type, push type, disk turbine type, anchored, spiral, spiral type; according to the different liquid viscosity can be divided into low viscosity fluid mixer, medium high viscosity liquid agitator. Low viscosity fluid mixer, such as: trefoil push type impeller, blade paddle (2 to 60 percent off leaves), 6 straight blade turbine type, super hybrid impeller type (HR]O0, HV200),; high viscosity liquid mixer such as: anchored, screw impeller, double helical ribbon impeller type, super mixing agitator (MR205305) etc.. In order to achieve high precision, high quality requirements, in foreign countries, especially Japan developed a stirring device model, in order to meet the need of production of high viscosity products. Such as the inverted conical spiral wing type mixer, mixer, ultra high performance floating stirred tank, super vibration alpha type agitator. In the mixing operation to the material, the people hope to realize various agitation purpose, so to understand the characteristics of various stirrer impeller type, choose appropriate, design stirrer with flow characteristic is very important. In a stirred tank of liquid to flow characteristics of three-dimensional flow, in order to distinguish the stirring blade discharge, according to the main drainage direction, according to the cylindrical coordinate the typical blade into radial flow impeller and axial flow impeller. Tooth type, flat leaf pulp type, straight blade disk turbine type and the curved blade turbine type in Unbaffled Stirred Tank in addition to make the liquid to produce a rotating together with the impeller circumferential flow, also due to the centrifugal impeller is along the blade to the tank wall liquid injection, forming radial strong making strong flow, so these the impeller is a radial flow impeller. Radial flow impeller agitator rotates, the material is axial suction and radial impeller discharge, large power consumption, stirring speed, shear strength. As shown in Figure 3, shown in Figure 4, is a typical radial flow impeller. In the turbulent state, promote the impeller in addition to produce circumferential flow, also have a large number of axial flow, is typical of the axial flow impeller. The blade turbine impeller compared with straight blade turbine and curved blades impeller axial flow turbine, more components, used for axial flow. Ribbon and screw impeller made of high viscosity material produce axial flow, also is the axial flow impeller. Axial flow impeller agitator no partition cycle, unit power generation flow, shear rate is small and evenly distributed on the blade near a large range, with a strong maximum anti off current capability. As shown in Figure 5, Figure 6 shows, is typical of the axial flow impeller. Under normal circumstances, mixing equipment widely used in hybrid low viscous and solid-liquid suspension of operation, the impeller axial circular flow requirements can provide high with low energy consumption. Because the traditional push type blade for three-dimensional surface complex, can meet the requirements, but the manufacture is difficult, not easy to large scale. Therefore, to develop energy efficient, low cost and easy to large-scale second generation high performance axial flow agitator to become Mixing Equipment Company target. America lightnin company developed A310 and A315 series (as shown in Figure 7, figure 8). Professor Shen Huiping China et al Institute of petrochemical technology has developed a new high efficient and easy processing of axial flow impeller. It is a space warp sheet type blade, the blade tip, which is composed of many similar arches, and the radius, and blade angle, reasonable camber and leaf width. Model mixing equipment making Horizontal in recent years Europe and the Et developed many suitable for high viscosity and high viscous self-cleaning mixing equipment. The horizontal double phase (AllPhase) type mixer is a typical example. Figure 12 shows. In addition, the Beijing Yanshan Petrochemical Co., Ltd. Design Institute in large diameter, low speed, medium thick occasions, design of a composite type agitator, solves the motor can not be equipped with large power, problems existing in manufacturing, maintenance and installation difficulty. Composite structure of agitator is shown in figure l3. The making making making equipment intelligent design. According to the expert experience and knowledge, the mixing equipment and automatic control technique, using artificial intelligence technology in the mixing equipment selection and design (AJ) and knowledge based system (KBS), namely the mixing equipment selection and design of the intelligent. As is shown in figure 14,Mixing equipment design expert system using the total design task control in each stage of design task, task scheduling corresponding design knowledge and data, realize the organization method of expert system design of mixing equipment. Through careful analysis, attribution, intelligent design system prototype stage to realize the design process of mixing equipment, it can be said that the chain sequence for the design of a series of processes. Each stage of relatively independent and continuous to each other, wherein each design stage will be transferred to the successor structure design process of L6j. The system analysis and evaluation, from the selection of impeller of process design, mechanical design and economic, to the final mechanical drawing are given a intelligent computer aided design. It can be applied to the Newton fluid and non Newton fluid, liquid liquid system, solid a fluid system and a fluid system, and can be applied system processing volume more than 100 cubic meters. In twentieth Century 90 years, mixing equipment selection and design of the expert system has been few reported abroad. 图14 1.1.4 conclusion making Mixing operation is an important part of industrial reaction process, mixing equipment in the chemical industry plays a very important role. Modern chemical industry requires mixing technology better, it is necessary to improve the traditional stirring device, development of new mixing equipment; at the same time the use of LDV, PIV and EPT advanced measurement technique, using computational fluid dynamics knowledge, in-depth analysis of mixing mechanism of liquid flow in the reactor and micro mixing, safety and optimal design to improve the efficiency of the process, performance and reduce the risk of failure, and ultimately improve the reaction yield. In the promotion of the modern advanced technology, mixing technology will develop to a new stage. 1.2 Working principle of mixer Usually the mixing device comprises a motor as the prime mover (electric, pneumatic or hydraulic), reducer output shaft connected with the pumping and stirring, and installed on the impeller shaft component slow body through a bracket or the bottom plate and the mixing vessel. When the vessel internal pressure, stirring shaft passes through the floor into the container shall have a common seal, packing seal or mechanical seal. Usually the motor and sealing are purchased, the focus of the study is the impeller. Stirring impeller performance as "pumping" and vortex ", which produce the fluid velocity and fluid shear, reflux, the former lead to full container medium translocation, prevent solid precipitation and generate heat exchanger heat tube (if any) erosion; shear is a high return in the micro mixing, the droplet can break the bubbles or insoluble, resulting in" uniform". 1.3 Mixing equipment in chemical reaction According to the impeller shape can be divided into straight paddle, open turbine type, push type, disk turbine type, anchored, spiral, spiral type} according to the processing liquid bull degree can be divided into low viscosity fluid mixer. Low viscosity fluid mixer, such as: trefoil propelled, folded leaf blade, 6 straight blade turbine type, super hybrid impeller type HR 100, HV 100,; high viscosity liquid mixer such as: anchored, screw impeller, double helical ribbon impeller type, MR 205305 super mixer etc.. 1.4 To adapt to the conditions and structure of chemical agitator 1.4.1 To adapt to the conditions of chemical agitator Stir to speed up the heat and mass transfer, widely used in chemical equipment. The chemical agitator in chemical production liquid mixing, chemical reaction can be carried out to meet the greatest degree, the device can replace the manual stirring toxic to the human body or harmful chemical raw materials to reduce the harm to human body skin, at the same time, driven by the motor shaft speed stirring, improve productivity. Stirring accelerated heat and mass transfer, widely used in chemical equipment. Agitation of the object can be liquid, solid and gas, where liquid is essential. The most common liquid is water, the viscosity is very low. The liquid may also very sticky, such as butter at room temperature for up to 000000 L, cP. Such as adding liquid in the solid, such as sediment, lose liquidity, become the. This kind of material can be stirred, but not in the scope of this paper. 1.4.2Tectonic chemical agitator In process of chemical production, agitator types usually use a paddle agitator, turbine type agitator, propeller type stirrer, anchor agitator, frame type stirrer, ribbon agitator etc.. Various types of mixer because of its structure, performance differences, which can be respectively applied to various chemical production in different conditions. Propeller type stirrer can be divided into straight blade and blade agitator two. The structure and processing of the stirrer are relatively simple. 1.5 design the Equipment and method of this research can be divided into the following steps 1: according to the requirement of design available D / T (the diameter of the wheel / tank diameter) value, and the mixing time, mixing degree requirements, select several different speed torque or power requirements 2: selected reasonable impeller mounting height, binding equipment, estimate the stirring shaft length; 3: estimate the motor power reasonable 4: according to the impeller power. The output shaft, bracket and so on, can meet the requirements of the agitator selection before three; 5: according to tip tangential speed conditions, determine the most appropriate speed, to optimize the design, according to the established conditions, checking and analysis of factors of power and strength of the shafting. 2 Design of stirred vessel According to the design requirements, requirements of agitator about 500 liters in volume, viscosity of liquid 0.3Pa.s, liquid density ρ =1500kg/m3, speed of 40r/min, v=5m/s. Combined with the actual conditions, this paper selects cylinder agitator. The shell design of agitator into the cylindrical, agitator rotation, transmitting mechanical energy to the fluid, high turbulent mixing region is formed in the stirrer, and generates a high speed jet flow, the fluid pressure head high, push the liquid circulation flow in stirred vessel. In the guidance of cylinder, medium from the simplified top and bottom into the barrel, the completion of a cycle, make medium high speed radial flow and axial flow, and increase the medium flow rate, medium flow more uniform. 3. To determine the overall design scheme and dynamic component selection 3.1 The overall design scheme In process of chemical production, agitator types usually use a paddle agitator, turbine type agitator, propeller type stirrer, anchor agitator, frame type stirrer, ribbon agitator etc.. Various types of mixer because of its structure, performance differences, which can be respectively applied to various chemical production in different conditions. Agitator is the low viscosity, low speed, liquid - liquid mixed small power equipment, the volume is 500L, according to the agitator requirements of these factors, this design selects the helical agitator. Inclined paddle agitator structure, blade and the stirring shaft installation angle < 90 ?, the rotary stirring, resistance to alkali; on the other hand, inclined blade rotation can make the liquid material in the container to form a vortex, good stirring effect, especially when the shaft rotates in the forward direction, can precipitate agitation. Turn, pretty good on the stirring effect material; when the shaft rotates in reverse, and the suspension stirred to the bottom, stirring of liquid with suspended matter is favorable. But by the compound effect of shaft torque and bending moment, the strength, to cut the degree requirements and installation of the higher, more for low speed, low viscosity, small power (= 30~40r / min) Comply with the design requirements. 3.2 Design and calculation of stirrer and transmission device etc 3.2.1 Select agitator According to the technical requirements, selection of diameter 800mm, agitator shaft diameter Φ 55mm, mark symbol for selection 800 - 55 3.4.2 motor According to the installation mode structure and motor stirrer, we use Y series V1 type vertical motor, motor model Y132S - 4 synchronous speed making making 1500 r/min rated power making making 5.5KW full speed making making 1440r/min maximum torque making making 2.2 quality making making making making 68Kg The structure dimensions refer to "mechanical design course design manual" table 12 - 5. 3.2.2 reducer selection device According to the present situation in China, vertical speed reducer used in the reactor are mainly, cycloid pin wheel reducer, two gear reducer, V reducer, worm reducer, the reducer is several, several industrial departments concerned have standard series, according to the design and check the manual, we choose the cycloid pin wheel reducer, as shown below. According to the "single fulcrum frame" (HG21566 - 95) standard in the appendix has the commonly used "kettle gearing reducer model and technology" to choose the reducer models according to the nominal diameter and the stirring shaft speed. We use the BLD3 - 1 - 29Q type reducer. The installation size reference "chemical equipment design basis" table 18 - 12 (a) 3.2.3 Bearing selection Bearings are important parts of the machine, its function is mainly a supporting shaft and shaft parts, and the shaft rotation accuracy, reduce the friction between the shaft and the bearing and wear. Work normally, friction resistance of rolling bearing sliding bearing is small, the power loss is small, easy to start, lubrication and maintenance is simple, and the rolling bearing is standard, by the specialized factory mass production, convenient selection. It is widely used in various mechanical equipments. So the design of the rolling bearing. Rolling bearings are usually composed of four components, namely, the outer ring, inner ring, rolling body 1 3 and 4 2 holder, as shown below. The outer ring and the inner ring raceway are of a certain shape, so as to ensure the accurate operation of the rolling body in the meantime. The rolling body is spherical, cylindrical, conical, needle shaped, the holder of the rolling body spaced apart from each other and uniformly distributed along the inner ring raceway, usually assembled in the shaft neck, rotates with the shaft; the outer ring is arranged in the bearing seat does not rotate. Because the contact area of rolling body and inner ring, outer ring is very small, the contact stress is large, they are made of alloy steel, after heat treatment the hardness reaches above 60HRC, cage multi-purpose mild steel stamping, useful also steel alloy, plastic and other materials. According to the size, direction and character of bearing load, we use a deep groove ball bearing, mainly bear radial load, also can withstand the axial load. Its structure as shown below, the code is 6211. The installation size reference "machine design" (Mechanical Industry Press) table 12.1. Lubrication of the bearings with grease, seal with a felt ring seal. 3.2.4 choice of coupling Vertical mixing coupling reactor used mainly JQ type shell type shaft coupling, block type coupling GT type and TK type elastic flange coupling. According to the relevant requirements, we use the elastic block coupling. This coupling is suitable for the work temperature of 20 ? +60 ?, connect the variable load etching medium and oil, acid or alkaline conditions, and can ease a part of impact, and the compensation amount of axis deviation. Block type flexible shaft coupling has been used as chemical equipment vertical reducer HG standard accessories, widely used. The structure of elastic block coupling as shown below. With the reduction of convex connected above the shaft coupling half, there are 4 - 12 pieces of the arc-shaped convex block. And the stirring shaft is connected below the concave half coupling is provided with a groove, can accommodate a corresponding number of elastic block and a convex semi coupling bump. The coupling and shaft with screw and keying. When the driving shaft rotates, the convex semi coupling with elastic block to drive the concave half coupling rotation. 3.3 The frame transmission device The reaction kettle vertical transmission device is arranged on the base of the reactor head on the frame, the upper end of the machine frame and the reducer assembly, the lower end is and the base assembly. In the frame is usually needed to accommodate couplings, shaft seal device and install the control needed space. In accordance with the "stirring transmission device system combination" HG21563 - 95 standard series in the selected frame. When used, first consider the above requirements, then according to the output shaft of the selected reducer size and frame the structure size matching the appropriate location. According to the above conditions, the J - A55 type single fulcrum rack, nominal diameter frame 300mm. 3.4 Design base In order to ensure the base not only with the speed reducer connected through the shaft seal device and the stirring shaft running smoothly, seal device and gear rack installation requirements when there is a certain degree of concentricity, the general will be the positioning of the two mounting surface on the same block base. According to the "stirring transmission device system combination, selection and technical requirements" (HG21563 - 95), a base, we choose the following: 3.5 Design of agitator blade 3.5.1 Selection of agitator blade 3.5.2Design of diameter agitator Inclined paddle blender plasma diameter and diameter (D1 / D) ratio of 0.3~0.6, known as D=0.8m, so D1=0.24m, blade width (0.1~0.25) of D1, we take b=0.15D1=0.04m. θ =30 ?. The general blade height from H1 at the bottom of the barrel for (0.5~1) D1, the design of H1= D1=0.24m. Because of H/D=2, so the single layer spacing, stirrer for (1~1.5) D1. Conclusion 1. On one hand we can according to the operation, operation condition, operation method, material and product characteristics, security primary impeller type; on the other hand also need according to the use performance and application of various impeller, experience, considering the option of agitator. 2. Design of agitator, in addition to the use of experience and the formula to calculate the required parameters of power, rotation number, also need to small and medium-sized simulation test as a benchmark, amplification, in line with actual operation to achieve the desired effect. 3. We must improve the existing stirrer and design of a new type of mixer, mixing liquid flow state to appropriate, to adapt to all kinds of viscosity stirring needs and meet the requirements of product performance, the final realization of efficient, energy saving device. 小型搅拌器的设计 摘要 搅拌设备使用历史悠久，应用范围广。在化学工业、石油工业、建筑行业等等传统工业中均有广泛的使用。搅拌操作看来似乎简单，但实际上，它所涉及的因素却极为复杂。本文介绍了小型搅拌器设计的基本思路和基本理论， 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 了搅拌器的基本结构及其相关内容阐述了搅拌器的运动及其动力装置。通过对搅拌器的基本设备的描述和对其基本工作原理、作用和功能等相关文献的参考，从而对小型搅拌器的设计加以综述。 关键词:传动装置，联轴器，支承装置，电动机，减速器。 搅拌器的设计 前言 1.1 毕业设计课 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 的目的、意义、国内外现状 1.1.1 毕业设计课题的目的、意义 化工反应中搅拌器的目的是借助搅拌器的作用使化工生产中的液体充分混合，以满足化学反应能够最大程度的进行。该设备可以代替手动搅拌对人体有毒或对皮肤有伤害的化工原料，结构简单，使用方便，在化工生产应用比较广泛。本课题要求设计一个小型搅拌器，容积在500升左右，工作平稳灵活，使用方便。本题目主要涉及化工生产中搅拌器的设备设计，主要解决的问题是化工生产中该设备的设计，包括:搅拌器的选择、电动机及减速器的选型、支撑装置的设计、轴的选择及密封设置、搅拌容器的设计，并画出相应的设备图。 1.1.2 搅拌器的发展史及现状 搅拌混合设备是一种应用广泛、品种繁多的流体机械产品，适用于化工、冶金、医药、食品和饲料等领域。搅拌操作是工业反应过程的重要环节，它的原理涉及流体力学、传热、传质及化学反应等多种过程，而搅拌器是为了使搅拌介质获得适宜的流动场而向其输入机械能量的装置。因此搅拌器也叫做Mixer，或叫做Agitator,Stirrer。广义的搅拌还包括将固体微粒分散悬浮在溶液里面或将溶液变成均匀的乳化液，因此它包括分散器和均质机。某些搅拌器能产生极大的剪切力，以获得细化的粒子比胶体磨大10倍以上的亚微米悬浮体，因此，可用于制造色拉酱、美容乳之类的精细食品和化学品。石化工业常用于聚氯乙烯合金、顺丁橡胶合釜、反应釜、汽提釜等统称为搅拌容器(Agitatored Vessels，或Stirred Vessels)。 近年来，搅拌器和搅拌容器获得飞速发展的同时，正面临着满足合理利用资源、节能降耗和对环境保护要求的严峻挑战。搅拌器和搅拌容器在服从装置规模经济化和品种多样化的同时，正日趋大型化。日立制作所自1949年生产搅拌反应釜以来已为聚氯乙烯、对苯二甲酸、苯乙烯单体、聚丙烯等装置生产了搅拌反应釜近4000台，容器的最大容量达576m ，最大直径达7620 mm，圆筒部分最大长度达 44380 mm，设计压力最大 28 MPa，设计温度最高 530 cI二，电机最大功率达 1100 kW。基于节能的要求，开发出变频调速电机、小剪切阻力桨叶、以新型密封代替机械密封和填料密封，以磁力驱动代替机械传动。基于降低产品总体成本、减少维修保养成本和提高设备平均维修间隔时间的要求，大大提高了设备运行寿命。基于满足卫生和降低清洗和杀菌成本的要求，实现了CIP(就地清洗 ) 和 SIP(就地杀菌)，提高了自动化水平，避免了人与产品的接触，减少了人工操作和待机时间，大大提高了产品的卫生水平。 1.1.3 搅拌器的主要类型及其发展概况 根据搅拌器的形状可以分成直叶浆式、开启涡轮式、推进式、圆盘涡轮式、锚式、螺带式、螺旋式等;根据不同液体的粘度可以分为低粘度液搅拌器、中高粘度液搅拌器。低粘度液搅拌器，如:三叶推进式叶轮，折叶浆式 (2,4折叶)，6直叶涡轮式，超级混合叶轮式 (HR]O0，HV200)等 ;中高粘度液搅拌器如:锚式、螺杆叶轮式，双螺旋螺带叶轮型，超混台搅拌器 (MR205，305)等。为了达到成品高精度、高品质化要求，国外，特别是日本开发了新型的搅拌装置 ，以满足高粘度产品的生产需要。如倒圆锥形螺带翼式搅拌器、超混合搅拌器、高性能浮动搅拌槽、超振动α型搅拌器等。 在对物料的搅拌操作中，人们希望实现多种搅拌目的，因此了解各种搅拌器的特点，选择适宜的叶轮型式，设计出符合流动状态特性的搅拌器是非常重要的。搅拌槽内的液体进行着三维流动，为了区分搅拌浆叶排液的流向特点，根据主要排液方向，按圆柱坐标把典型浆叶分成径向流叶轮和轴向流叶轮 。齿片式、平叶浆式、直叶圆盘涡轮式和弯曲叶涡轮式在无挡板搅拌槽中除了使液体产生与叶轮一起回转的周向流外，还由于叶轮的离心力是液体沿叶片向槽壁射出，形成强 大有力的径向流，故称这些叶轮为径向流叶轮。径向流叶轮搅拌器旋转时，将物料由轴向吸入再径向排出，叶轮功率消耗大，搅拌速度较快，剪切力强。如图3、图4所示，是典型的径向流叶轮型式。 在湍流状态下，推进式叶轮除了产生周向流动外，还产生大量轴向流动，是典型的轴向流叶轮。折叶涡轮式叶轮与直叶圆盘涡轮和弯曲叶涡轮式叶轮相比，轴向流成分较多，多用于轴向流的场合。螺带式和螺杆式叶轮使高粘度物料产生轴向流动，也属轴向流叶轮型式。轴向流叶轮搅拌器不存在分区循环，单位功率产生的流量大，剪切速率小且在浆叶附近较大范围内分布均匀，具有较强的最大防脱流能力。如图5、图 6所示，是典型的轴向流叶轮型式。新型轴向流叶轮，在通常情况下，大量的搅拌设备用于低粘物系的混合和固一液悬浮操作，要求叶轮能以低的能耗提供高的轴向循环流量。由于传统的推进式叶轮叶片为复杂的立体曲面，虽能满足要求，但制造却很困难，亦不易大型化。因此竞相开发节能高效 、造价低廉且易于大型化的第二代高效轴流搅拌器成为混合设备公司的目标。美国莱宁公司开发了 A310和A315系列(如图7，图8所示) 国内如北京化工大学和华东理工大学等也分别开发了CBY轴流浆和翼型浆;中国石油化工学院的沈惠平教授等人还研制开发了一种新型高效易于加工的轴流式搅拌叶轮。它是一种空间扭曲板材型浆叶，从叶片端部看，它由许多相似的拱组成，与其所处半径有关，且具有合理的叶片倾角、拱度及叶片宽度。 新型搅拌混合设备 近年来欧洲和Et本开发了很多种适用于高粘和超高粘物系的卧式自清洁搅拌设备。瑞士卧式双轴全相(AllPhase)型搅拌机就是典型的一例。如图 l2所示。 另外，北京燕山石油化工有限公司设计院针对在大直径、低转速、介质较粘稠的场合，设计了一种复合式搅拌器，很好地解决了无法配备大功率的电机，存在制 造、检修 以及安装的困难等问题。复合式搅拌器的结构如图 l3所示。 设备设计智能化的实现 根据混合专家的经验和常识，将搅拌混合设备与自动控制技术相结合，在混合设备选型和设计中运用人工智能技术(AJ)和基于知识的系统(KBS)，即实现了混合设备选型和设计的智能化。 如图 l4所示，搅拌设备设计专家系统采用总设计任务控制各阶段设计分任务，分任务调度相应的设计知识和数据，实现混合设备的专家系统设计的组织 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 。通过仔细的分析、归属，用智能化设计系统原型阶段性地实现混合设备的设计过程，可以把其表示为一系列的设计过程的链式序列。各阶段相对独立又相互连续，其中每一个设计阶段都将设计结构传递给后继设计过程L6j。该系统从搅拌叶轮的选型、过程设计、机械设计和经济分析评价，到最终机械绘图的全过程的都给出了智能化的计算机辅助设计。它可应用于牛顿流体和非牛顿流体，液一液体系、固 一液体系和气 一液体系，并且可以处理容积超过上百立方米的应用体系。20世纪90年代以来，有关搅拌设备选型和设计的专家系统在国外已有少量报道。如 1994年美国 Chemineer公司报道了该公司有一个用于涡轮式搅拌设备设计 的知识库软件 AgDesign，据称该公司90,顶伸人搅拌器的设备均已用此软件进行设计。芬兰的Lappeenranta工业大学在1994年发表了有关混合设备初步设计的知识库系统的论文。在国内，浙江大学也正与大型石化企业合作开发搅拌槽式反应器的智能化辅助选型和设计软件。 1.1.4结束语 搅拌操作是工业反应过程的重要环节，搅拌混合设备在化学工业中担当着非常重要的角色。现代化学工业要求有更高更好的搅拌混合技术，因此必须改进传统搅拌装置、研制新型混合设备;同时使用 LDV、PIV和 EPT等先进量测技术，运用计算流体动力学知识，深入分析搅拌反应器内的流体流动机理和微观混合，安全和优化设计、提高过程效率性能和降低失败风险，并最终提高反应产率。在这些现代先进技术的推动下，搅拌混合技术一定会向一个更新的阶段发展。 1.2 搅拌器的工作原理 通常搅拌装置由作为原动机的马达(电动、风动或液压)，减速机与其输出轴相连的搅拌抽，和安装在搅拌轴上的叶轮组成 减速机体通过一个支架或底板与搅拌容器相连。当容器内部有压力时，搅拌轴穿过底板进入容器时应有一个密封装置，常用填料密封或机械密封。通常马达与密封均外购，研究的重点是叶轮。叶轮的搅拌作用表现为“泵送”和 涡流”，即产生流体速度和流体剪切，前者导至全容器中的回流，介质易位，防止固体的沉淀并产生对换热热管束 (如果有)的冲刷;剪切是一种大回流中的微混合，可以打碎气泡或不可溶的液滴，造成“均匀”。 1.3 化工反应中的搅拌设备 根据搅拌器叶轮的形状可以分成直叶桨式、开启涡轮式、推进式、圆盘涡轮式、锚式、螺带式、螺旋式等}根据处理的掖体牯度不同可以分为低粘度液搅拌器。低粘度液搅拌器，如:三叶推进式、折叶桨叶，6直叶涡轮式、超级混合叶轮式 HR 100，HV 100等;中高粘度液搅拌器如:锚式、螺杆叶轮式、双螺旋螺带叶轮型，MR 205，305超混合搅拌器等等。 1.3.1 化工搅拌器的适应条件 搅拌加速传热和传质，在化工设备中广泛运用。化工搅拌器的作用使化工生产中的液体充分混合，以满足化学反应能够最大程度的进行，该设备可以代替手动搅拌对人体有毒或对皮肤有伤害的化工原料减少对人体的危害，同时通过电动机带 动轴加速搅拌，提高生产率。 搅拌加速传热和传质，在化工设备中广泛运用。搅拌的对象可以是液体 、固体和气体，其中液体是必不可少的。最常见的液体是水，其粘度很低。液体也可能很粘，如黄油在室温下可达 l，000，000 cP。液体中如加入过多的固体，如泥沙，会失去流动性，成为泥团。这种物料也可搅拌，但不在本文叙述的范围内。 1.3.2 化工搅拌器的构造 化工生产过程中，通常用到的搅拌器种类有桨式搅拌器、涡轮式搅拌器、推进式搅拌器、锚式搅拌器、框式搅拌器、螺带式搅拌器等。各类搅拌器由于其构造，性能等差异，使其能够分别适用于化工生产中各种不同的工况。桨式搅拌器又可分为平直叶和折叶搅拌器两种。这类搅拌器的结构和加工都比较简单。搅拌器直径 d与釜径 D之 比d,D为 0(35,0(8，其运转速度为 10,100r,min，为大型低速搅拌器，适用于低、中等粘度物料的混合及促进传热，可溶固体的混合与溶解等场合。涡轮式搅拌器又可分为开启涡轮式和圆盘涡轮式两类，每类又可分为平直叶、折叶、后弯叶三种。涡轮式搅拌器外形结构上与桨式搅拌器类似，只是叶片较多。搅拌器直径 d与釜径 D之比d,D为0(17,0(5，转速为30,500r,min。旋转时有较高的局部剪切作用，能得到高分散度微团，适用于气液混合及液液混合或强烈搅拌的场合，常用于低中等粘度物料 (μ<5×10 cP)。就一开启式和圆盘式相比较而言，其构造上差异造成开启式比圆盘式循环流量更大，轴向混合效果更好。推进式搅拌器也常被称为旋桨式搅拌器。顾名思义，其 d与釜径 D之比 d,D为 0(2,叶片形式类似于轮船上的螺旋桨。搅拌器直径 0(5，转速较高，为 100,800r,min。运转时产生较大的轴向循环流量，宏观混合效果较好，适用于均相液体混合等搅拌不是非常强烈的以宏观混合为目的的搅拌场合，常用于低粘度料液 (μ<2000cP)的混合。框式搅拌器的搅拌外缘与釜壁间隙很小，d,D为 0(9,0(98，此特点使得搅拌时物料不易产生死区。转速为 1,100r,min，为低速搅拌器，只产生切线流，剪切作用小，无轴向混合，适用于高粘度物料的搅拌。如精细化工产品涂料油漆、化妆品的生产过程中常用到此类搅拌器。螺带式搅拌器是把一定螺距的螺旋形钢带固定在搅拌轴上，螺带外缘很接近釜壁。搅拌时，物料沿釜壁上升，沿轴向下运动。适用于高粘度料液的混合。 结论 1(一方面我们可以根据操作,操作条件,操作方法,材料和产品特点、安全主叶轮类型;另一方面还需要根据使用性能和应用各种叶轮、经验,考虑到搅拌器的选择。 2. 搅拌器的设计,除了使用经验和公式来计算所需的参数,旋转数,还需要中小模拟测试作为基准,放大,符合实际操作,以达到期望的效果。 3. 我们必须改善现有的搅拌器和设计的一种新型的搅拌机,混合液体流到适当的状态,适应各种粘度激动人心的需求和满足产品性能的要求,最终实现高效、节能设备。 毕业论文答辩五大步骤流程 毕业论文答辩流程一般包括自我介绍、答辩人陈述、提问与答辩、总结和致谢五部分，下面是小编搜集整理的毕业论文答辩五大步骤流程，供大家阅读查看。 范文: 各位老师与同学: 大家好! 我来自XX学院XX专业，我叫XX,今天我演讲题目是《会计基本职业道德--不做假帐》。金融业属于高风险行业，其行业效益需要通过会计报表和会计资料反映出来，如果会计资料失真，将无法真实反映企业经营状况，使管理者无法正确决策，最终导致经营风险，严重干扰正常社会经济秩序，损害国家和社会公众利益。 本文以此为背景，研究会计从业人员如何不做假账，提升个人职业道德，促进企业健康发展。首先我们简要介绍了当前会计职业道德发展现状，其次探讨会计工作中做假账问题，再次研究如何避免做假账行为，提升会计人员职业素养。 本文的创新点在于着眼做假账行为，深入研究做假账的动机、影响因素，从这一独特视角分析会计职业道德建设问题，为会计诚信研究提供一些参考意义，但由于本人研究视角有限，不能对会计舞弊行为一一分析，研究内容局限，望各位老师指点，提供好的建议。 以上就是我的论文答辩内容，谢谢各位老师。 论文答辩流程: 1.自我介绍: 自我介绍作为答辩的开场白，包括姓名、学号、专业。介绍时要举止大方、态度从容、面带微笑，礼貌得体的介绍自己，争取给答辩小组一个良好的印象。好的开端就意味着成功了一半。 2.答辩人陈述: 收到成效的自我介绍只是这场答辩的开始，接下来的自我陈述才进入正轨。自述的主要内容包括论文标题;课题背景、选择此课题的原因及课题现阶段的发展情况;有关课题的具体内容，其中包括答辩人所持的观点看法、研究过程、实验数据、结果;答辩人在此课题中的研究模块、承担的具体工作、解决 方案 气瓶 现场处置方案 .pdf气瓶 现场处置方案 .doc见习基地管理方案.doc关于群访事件的化解方案建筑工地扬尘治理专项方案下载 、研究结果。文章的创新部分;结论、价值和展望;自我评价。 3.提问与答辩: 答辩教师的提问安排在答辩人自述之后，是答辩中相对灵活的环节，有问有答，是一个相互交流的过程。一般为3个问题，采用由浅入深的顺序提问，采取答辩人当场作答的方式。 4.总结: 上述程序一一完毕，代表答辩也即将结束。答辩人最后纵观答辩全过程，做总结陈述，包括两方面的总结:毕业设计和论文写作的体会;参加答辩的收获。答辩教师也会对答辩人的表现做出点评:成绩、不足、建议。 5.致谢: 感谢在毕业设计论文方面给予帮助的人们并且要礼貌地感谢答辩教师。 尽管对于论文答辩来说，主问委员会提什么问题是很难猜到的。但这并不等于说答辩委员出题是任意的、毫无规律可循的。事实上，答辩委员拟题提问是有一定的范围并遵循一定的原则的。不管什么专业的文章，在论文答辩的时候一般都会问到这三类问题。 1 老师一般会问的第一个问题:一般在答辩前老师会首先检验一下论文是不是学生自身的研究成果，是不是有抄袭和剽窃的现象。因此他们通常会提出这些问题，比如“你是怎么想到要选择这个题目的?”、“你在写这篇论文时是怎样搜集有关资料的?”、“你写这篇论文时参考了哪些书籍和有关资料?”、“论文中提到的数据的出处何在?”等等。 2 老师一般会问的第二个问题:在答辩开始前，答辩老师一般都会让学生介绍一下论文的大概内容，也就是你这篇论文主要写的是什么内容。这个问题很简单，你只要叙述一下文章的整体框架就可以了， 即这篇文章主要包括几个部分，每个部分各自写的是什么。一般学生根据文章的大标题来说就可以了。 3 、老师一般会提问的第三个问题:针对论文中某些论点模糊不清或者不够准确和确切的地方，对论据不够充分的地方，对论证层次比较混乱、条理难辩的地方提出问题。论文中没有说周全、没有论述清楚或者限于篇幅结构没有详细展开细说的问题，答辩委员也可能提问。