陈情表原文及翻译

陈情表原文及翻译 陈情表 《陈情表》为西晋李密写给晋武帝的奏章。文章叙述祖母抚育自己的大恩，以及自己应该报养祖母的大义;除了感谢朝廷的知遇之恩以外，又倾诉自己不能从命的苦衷，真情流露，委婉畅达。该文被认定为中国文学史上抒情文的代表作之一，有“读李密《陈情表》不流泪者不孝”的说法。 重点语段所属体裁——表 “表”是一种文体，是古代奏章的一种，一般以向皇帝陈情为内容。《出师表》就是诸葛亮向蜀汉后主刘禅陈情的奏章。 李密个人简介 李密(224年-287年)，字令伯，一名虔，犍为武阳(今四川彭山)人。幼年丧父，母何氏改嫁，由祖母抚养成人。后李密以对祖母孝敬甚笃而名扬于乡里。师事当时著名学者谯周，博览五经，尤精《春秋左传》。初仕蜀汉为尚书郎。蜀汉亡，晋武帝召为太子洗马，李密以祖母年老多病、无人供养而力辞。祖母去世后，方出任太子洗马，迁汉中太守。后免官，卒于家中。 原文 正文 臣密言:臣以险衅(xìn)，夙(sù)遭闵(mǐn)凶。生孩六月，慈父见背;行(xíng)年四岁，舅夺母志。祖母刘悯(mǐn)臣孤弱，躬亲抚养。臣少(shào)多疾病，九岁不行(xíng)。零丁孤苦，至于成立。既无伯(bāi)叔，终鲜(xiǎn)兄弟，门衰祚(zuî)薄，晚有儿息。外无期(jī)功强(qiǎng)近之亲，内无应门五尺之僮(tïng)。茕茕(qiïng)孑(jié)立，形影相吊。而刘夙婴疾病，常在床蓐(rù)，臣侍汤药，未曾废离。 逮(dài)奉圣朝，沐浴清化。前太守臣逵(kuí)察臣孝廉;后刺史臣荣举臣秀才。臣以供养无主，辞不赴命。诏书特下，拜臣郎中。寻蒙国恩，除臣洗(xiǎn)马。猥(wěi)以微贱，当 郡县逼迫，侍东宫，非臣陨首所能上报。臣具以表闻，辞不就职。诏书切峻，责臣逋(bū)慢。催臣上道;州司临门，急于星火。臣欲奉诏奔驰，则刘病日笃(dǔ);欲苟顺私情，则告诉不许:臣之进退，实为狼狈。 伏惟圣朝以孝治天下。凡在故老，犹蒙矜(jīn)育;况臣孤苦，特为尤甚。且臣少仕伪朝，历职郎署，本图宦达，不矜名节。今臣亡国贱俘，至微至陋。过蒙拔擢(zhuï)，宠命优渥(wî)，岂敢盘桓，有所希冀(jì)。但以刘日薄西山，气息奄奄，人命危浅，朝不虑夕。臣无祖母，无以至今日;祖母无臣，无以终余年。母、孙二人，更(gēng)相为命。是以区区不能废远。 臣密今年四十有(yîu)四，祖母今年九十有(yîu)六;是以臣尽节于陛下之日长，报养刘之日短也。乌鸟私情，愿乞终养。臣之辛苦，非独蜀之人士及二州牧伯所见明知，皇天后土 实所共鉴。愿陛下矜悯愚诚，听臣微志，庶刘侥幸，保卒余年。臣生当陨首，死当结草。臣不胜犬马怖惧之情，谨拜表以闻。 注释 <1>、<2>臣以险衅，夙遭闵凶 ?? 以:因。险衅(xiǎnxìn):凶险祸患(这里指命运不好)。 夙:早时， 这里指年幼的时候。 闵凶:闵，通“悯”，指可忧患的事(多指疾病死丧)。凶，不幸。指丧父。险，艰难，坎坷。衅，灾祸。 <3>见背:背离我，离我而去。这是死的委婉说法。见，由被动句发展而来,但这里已不再用作被动,类似结构为见谅,译为"我"的意思。 <4>行年四岁，舅夺母志 ?? 行年，经历的年岁;夺，夺走，剥夺。母志:母亲守节之志。这是母亲改嫁的委婉说法。 <5>悯:怜悯。躬亲:亲身。 <6>成立 ?? 成人自立。 <7>既无伯叔，终鲜兄弟 ?? 伯叔:大爷、叔叔;终:又;鲜:少，这里指“无”的意思。 <8>门衰祚作晚有儿息 ?? 门衰祚薄:家门衰微，福分浅薄。祚:zuî，福分。 儿息:同子息、生子。息:亲生子女。又如:息子(亲生儿子);息女(亲生女儿);息男(亲生儿子)。 <9>外无期功强近之亲 ??没有什么近亲。期，穿一周年孝服的人。功，服丧九月为大功，服丧五月为小功。这都指关系比较近的亲属。强近，勉强算是接近的。 <10>内无应门五尺之僮 ?? 本句指:在内，就连一个可以照应门户的五尺小童都没有。(汉代的五尺，相当于现在的三市尺多) 僮:童仆 <11>而刘夙婴疾病，常在床蓐 ?? 婴:缠绕;蓐:通“褥”。坐卧时铺在床椅上面的垫子。 本句:而自己的祖母刘氏，平素疾病缠身，常卧在床。 <12>逮奉圣朝，沐浴清化 ?? 逮:及，到。 奉:恭奉。 圣朝:指当时的晋朝。 沐浴清化:恭维之辞，指蒙受当朝的清平教化。 <13>前太守臣逵，察臣孝廉;后刺史臣荣，举臣秀才 ?? 察:考察。孝廉:孝顺，品性纯洁;这里非指古时“孝廉”科职。 举:推举。秀才:汉代以来选拔人才的一种察举科目。这里是优秀人才的意思，与后代科举的“秀才”含义不同。 <14>郎中 ?? 官名，尚书曹司的长官。 <15>寻蒙国恩，除臣洗马 ?? 寻:不久。 除:拜官，升职; 洗(xiǎn)马:太子洗马是辅政太子 教太子政事,文理 洗马官 官居3品。本句:不久又蒙受国家恩典，为臣晋升为洗马官职。 <16>猥以微贱，当侍东宫，非臣陨首所能上报 ?? 猥:鄙,谦词。 微贱:卑微低贱。 东宫:太子居处，借指太子。 本句:凭我这样微贱的人，担当侍奉太子重任，即使臣的人头落地也不足以报答。 有书注此“猥”为“顿时”之意，谬误也。 <17>诏书切峻，责臣逋慢 ?? 切峻:严厉。逋慢:怠慢不敬，不遵法令。 <18>伏惟圣朝以孝治天下，凡在故老，犹蒙矜育，况臣孤苦，特为尤甚 ?? 伏惟:表示恭维地伏在地上去思忖、心想、认识，是古时下对上陈述己见时的谦敬之辞。译为通俗词语，即:在下以为、在下认为。 矜育:怜悯养育。 特为尤甚:情况尤其特殊。 <19>且臣少仕伪朝 ?? 伪朝:蔑称，指被灭亡蜀朝承认的前朝政府。 本句:而且臣年轻时，曾在前朝就职。 <20>历职郎署，本图宦达，不矜名节 ?? 郎署:尚书郎的官衙。宦达:官场上发展。不矜:不看重。矜:夸耀。 <21>过蒙拔擢，宠命优渥，岂敢盘桓，有所希冀 ?? 拔擢(zhuï音浊):提拔。盘桓:犹豫不决， 希冀:期望、他想。 宠命: 恩宠任命。 优渥(wî):恩惠优厚。 本句: 蒙 受过分的提拔，圣命恩宠优厚，哪还敢犹豫不决，另有图谋。 <22>母孙二人，更相为命，是以区区不能废远 ?? 更(gēng)相:相继，相互。 区区:拳拳,形容自己的私情. 本句:祖孙两人，相依为命，所以我不能放弃祖母的侍奉而远远的离开她. <23>乌鸟私情，愿乞终养 ?? 乌鸟:即乌鸦;人类很看重其反哺生母之情，故有“乌鸦反哺”一词，喻传于民间。本句:乌鸦还有反哺的私情,我希望求得奉养祖母到最后. <24>二州牧伯 ?? 二州:指梁州(在今陕西省汉中地区)、益州(在今四川省)。牧:古代称州的长管。伯:长。 <25>矜悯:怜悯。听:这里意思为听允。庶刘侥幸:此语衍化于“庶几侥幸”，庶几:或许可以，表示希望或推测。保卒:确保过完。本句:愿陛下怜悯我愚诚之心，满足臣微小志向，这或许是刘 氏的侥幸，得以保全终年。 <26>结草:典故，出自《左传》。见成语“结草衔环”，此不赘述。 表示死后也会像结草老人一样来报答恩情. <27>不胜:怀着。胜(shēng):能承受，能承担。 <28>闻:使动用法，使某某某知道。上文“具以表闻”的“闻”用法相同。 译文 臣子李密陈言:臣子因命运不好，小时候就遭遇到了不幸，刚出生六个月，我慈爱的父亲就不幸去世了。经过了四年，舅父逼母亲改嫁。我的奶奶刘氏，怜悯我从小丧父又多病消瘦，便亲自对我加以抚养。臣小的时候经常生病，九岁时还不会行走。孤独无靠，一直到成人自立。既没有叔叔伯伯，又没什么兄弟，门庭衰微而福分浅薄，直到很晚才有儿子。在外面没有比较亲近的亲戚，在家里又没有照应门户的童仆。生活孤单没有依靠，每天只有自己的身体和影子相互安慰。但祖母又早被疾病缠绕，常年卧床不起，我侍奉她吃饭喝药，从来就没有停止侍奉而离开她。 到了晋朝建立，我蒙受着清明的政治教化。前些时候太守逵，考察后推举臣下为孝廉，后些时候刺史荣又推举臣下为优秀人才。臣下因为没有人照顾我祖母，就都推辞掉了，没有遵命。朝廷又特地下了诏书，任命我为郎中，不久又蒙受国家恩命，任命我为太子洗马。像我这样出身微贱地位卑下的人，担当侍奉太子的职务，这实在不是我杀身捐躯所能报答朝廷的。我将以上苦衷上表报告，加以推辞不去就职。但是诏书急切严峻，责备我逃避命令，有意拖延，态度傲慢。郡县长官催促我立刻上路;州官登门督促，比流星坠落还要急迫。我很想遵从皇上的旨意立刻为国奔走效劳，但祖母刘氏的病却一天比一天重;想要姑且顺从自己的私情，但报告申诉不被允许。我是进退两难，处境十分狼狈。 我想晋朝是以孝道来治理天下的，凡是旧臣，尚且还受到怜惜养育，何况我的孤苦程度更为严重呢。而且我年轻的时候曾经做过伪蜀汉的官，历任郎中和尚书郎，本来图的就是仕途通达，并不顾惜名声节操。现在我是一个低贱的亡国俘虏，实在卑微到不值一提，被过分提拔，恩宠优厚，怎敢犹豫不决另有所图呢,但是只因为祖母刘氏已是西山落日的样子，气息微弱，生命垂危，朝不保夕。臣下我如果没有祖母，就没有今天的样子;祖母如果没有我的照料，也无法度过她的余生。我们祖孙二人，互相依靠而维持生命,因此我不能因为自己的私爱,停止侍养祖母而远离。 臣下我今年四十四岁了，祖母今年九十六岁了，臣下我在陛下面前尽忠尽节的日子还长着呢，而在祖母刘氏面前尽孝尽心的日子已经不多了。我怀着乌鸦反哺的私情，乞求能够准许我完成对祖母养老送终的心愿。我的辛酸苦楚，并不仅仅被蜀地的百姓及益州、梁州的长官所亲眼目睹、内心明白，连天地神明也都看得清清楚楚。希望陛下能怜悯我愚昧诚心，请允许我完成臣下一点小小的心愿，使祖母刘氏能够侥幸地保全她的余生。我活着应当杀身报效朝廷，死了也要结草衔环来报答陛下的恩情。臣下我怀着牛马一样不胜恐惧的心情，恭 敬地呈上此表以求闻达。 作者仕途 李密，一名虔，字令伯(224—287年)，西晋犍为武阳(今四川彭山)人。晋初散文家。曾仕蜀汉，蜀亡后，晋武帝征他为太子洗(xiǎn)马时，他写了这篇表。 李密的祖父李光，曾任朱提太守。李密从小境遇不佳，出生六个月就死了父亲，四岁时舅父又强迫母亲何氏改嫁。他是在祖母刘氏的抚养下长大成人的。李密以孝敬祖母而闻名。据《晋书。李密传》说:祖母有疾，他痛哭流涕，夜不解衣，侍其基右。膳食、汤药、必亲自口尝然后进献。李密幼时体弱多病，甚好学，师事谯周，博览五经，尤精《春秋左氏传》，以文学见长。年轻时，曾任蜀汉尚书郎。魏灭蜀后，征西将军邓艾敬慕他的才能，请他担任主簿。李密以奉养年迈祖母为由，谢绝了邓艾的聘请。泰始三年(267年)晋武帝立太子，慕李密之名，下诏征密为太子洗马(官名)。诏书累下，郡县不断催促，这时，李密的祖母已九十六岁，年老多病。于是他向晋武帝上表，陈述家里情况，说明自己无法应诏的原因。这就是著名的《陈情事表》，或称《陈情表》。 《陈情表》辞语恳切，委婉动人。表到朝廷，晋武帝看了，为李密对祖母刘氏的一片孝心所感动，赞叹李密“不空有名也”。不仅同意暂不赴诏，还嘉奖他孝敬长辈的诚心，赏赐奴婢二人，并指令所在郡县，发给他赡养祖母的费用。《陈情表》以侍亲孝顺之心感人肺腑，千百年来一直被人们广为传诵，影响深远。文中的一些词句如“急于星火”、“日薄西山，气息奄奄”、“人命危浅，朝不虑夕”等，直至今天人们还经常引用。 李密在祖母去世服期满后出仕。在任温县(今河南温县)令时，政令严明，政绩显著，刚正见称。过去，中山诸王每过温县，必苛求供给，当地人民以此为患。李密到任后，中山诸王进过境仍苛求如故。李密以理力争，使诸王过境不敢苛求，为百姓办了件好事。 李密本望到朝廷任职，施展自己的聪明才智，由于朝中无人推荐，最后只做了汉中太守，一年后罢官归田。后病卒，终年六十四岁。 写作背景 《陈情表》，选自《文选》卷三七。原提作“陈情事衷”。 西晋人李密所著，是他写给晋武帝的奏章。文章叙述祖母抚育自己的大恩，以及自己应该报养祖母的大义;除了感谢朝廷的知遇之恩以外，又请诉自己不能从命的苦衷，真情流露，委婉畅达。该文被认定为中国文学史上抒情文的代表作之一，有“读李密《陈情表》不流泪者不孝”的说法。 三国魏元帝(曹奂)景元四年(263年)，司马昭灭蜀，李密沦为亡国之臣。司马昭之子司马炎废魏元帝，史称“晋武帝”。泰始三年(267年)，朝廷采取怀柔政策，极力笼络蜀汉旧臣，征召李密为太子洗马。李密时年44岁，以晋朝“以孝治天下”为口实，以祖母供养无主为由，上《陈情表》以明志，要求暂缓赴任，上表恳辞。 李密早有孝名，据《晋书》本传记载，李密奉事祖母刘氏“以孝谨闻，刘氏有疾，则涕泣侧息，未尝解衣，饮膳汤药，必先尝后进。”武帝览表，赞叹说:“密不空有名也”。感动之际，因赐奴婢二人，并令郡县供应其祖母膳食，密遂得以终养。 南宋文学家赵与时在其著作《宾退录》中曾引用安子顺的言论:“读诸葛孔明《出师表》而不堕泪者，其人必不忠，读李令伯《陈情表》而不堕泪者，其人必不孝，读韩退之《祭十二郎文》而不堕泪者，其人必不友。”青城山隐士安子顺世通云。此三文遂被并称为抒情佳篇而传诵于世。 作品赏析 赏析之一(黄岳洲) 第一段，作者陈述家庭的特殊不幸和作者与祖母更相为命，以使武帝化严为慈，化对立态度的逞威为同一立场的体恤。“臣密言”，是奏表开头的一般格式。“臣以险衅，夙遭闵 凶”，是第一段的综述，又是全文陈述苦情的总冒。“险”，不同于今天的“危险”义，《说文》:“险，阻难也。”贾逵《国语》注:“衅，兆也。”“险衅”，险恶的兆头。“闵”，病困，凶丧。“险衅”“闵凶”这两个词儿含义程度很重，很快就把读者导入惨苦的境域。什么“险衅”?什么“闵凶”?“生孩六月，慈父见背”。小孩儿出世主要依靠父母抚养，竟然“慈父见背”，是一大不幸。《文子》:“慈父之爱子，非求报。”可见父慈于子是人之本性。作者不用第一人称“臣”，而用第三人称“孩”，旨在客观陈述苦情以使武帝动心。父亲死了，固然痛苦，如果还有慈爱的母亲一道过着孤儿寡母的生活，那还只是比较艰苦而已，竟然又“行年四岁，舅夺母志”，是又一个大不幸!《晋书?李密传》:“父早亡，母何氏改醮。”四岁的孩子，既经失怙，又已失恃，宛然一只被猎人击毙父母的没有羽翎的乌鸟，其寒伧、蒙昧、本能地求居觅食而又不可得的苦状可以想像得之。《毛诗序》:“卫世子蚤死，其妻守义，父母欲夺而嫁之。”“舅夺母志”典出于此，但这是托词(因为封建社会里人们把妇女在亡夫以后的改嫁视为丑事)，也是作者对母亲宽解的一种孝行。从心理的通常情况看，似乎长者特别喜欢第三代，似乎祖父祖母喜欢孙子胜过儿、媳喜欢子女;如果这种判断不误，那么，祖母刘氏对作者的特别喜欢是很自然的，再加上作者是一个失怙失恃的孩子，当然特别喜欢又加上特别同情了，这样，“悯臣孤弱”的“悯”其含义之深、程度之重可以贴切体会，祖母当然“躬亲抚养”了。《晋书?李密传》:“密时年数岁，感挛弥至，之情，遂以成疾。”“九岁不行”，也许是软骨病之类。如果孩子身体健康，祖母操心费力可能少些，现在竟是“九岁不行”，特异的体弱是又一种大不幸，是祖母格外操心费力的又一个因素。以上一句写“弱”，以下集中写“孤”。尽管有三种大不幸，如果家里人丁较多、外面亲戚不少，那还可以有若干圆通的余地，现在是“零丁孤苦，至于成立”。“孤”得够痛苦了，够奇特了，够长久了:一，从作者的父辈看，没有叔叔又没有伯伯。二，从作者的平辈看，没有哥哥又没有弟弟。《诗经?郑风?扬之水》:“终鲜兄弟，维予与女(汝)。”郑玄笺:“鲜，寡也。”作者借用《诗经》一句，但“鲜”并不作“少”讲而作“无”讲，是在特殊的语言环境下跟“既无叔伯”的“无”避免重复的一种特殊词义。从外亲看，既没有为祖母、兄弟、妻子等穿孝服的亲眷，也没有为曾祖父母、伯叔祖父母穿孝服的家族，也没有为堂兄弟、为未出嫁的堂姊妹穿孝服的同姓，单枝独芽寡人一个。从经济看，门庭衰败，连个使唤的童仆也没有。最后以“茕茕孑立，形影相吊”来简括、有力、形象地刻画作者幼年时经历的那种寂寞、清贫、孤独、悲怆、冷酷、凄厉无告、遭人白眼的惨境。封建社会的世俗观念跟今天不同，今天男女平等又以独生(无分男女)为正为荣，封建社会重男轻女又提倡多子(男子)，作者这个“九岁不行”，又是“既无叔伯，终鲜兄弟”，又是缺亲无故，又没有童仆的清贫之家的几世单传的孤根弱苗的成长，饱蘸着祖母刘氏多少关顾之爱，倾注了祖母刘氏多少矜悯之情，耗费了祖母刘氏多少操劳之力!不妨说，祖母虔诚不渝地把自己全部的智慧、热血、精力乃至生命都放在抚养作者上面，读者怎不被浸透在一种寻寻觅觅、冷冷清清、凄凄惨惨戚戚的氛围之中而对作者产生深切的同情呢?如果祖母刘氏身心康泰，操作便利，那还可以有些周旋。大不幸又一次在必然中发生了，??祖母刘氏经受不了许多家庭变故的摧残，经受不了许多社会人心的冷遇，经受不了许多对孤弱孙儿的哀悯和担心，喂养和抱持，事必躬亲，因而“夙”婴疾病，“常”在床褥，失去独立生活的能力。祖母所唯一依靠的是一根弱苗而已，“臣侍汤药，未尝废离”，概括而又具体地写出了作者对祖母的孝谨备至。《晋书?李密传》:“密奉事以孝谨闻。刘氏有疾，则涕泣侧息，未尝解衣，饮膳汤药必先尝后进。”可见作者对祖母感情的深切、侍奉的殷勤和依附的紧密。从“而刘”到“废离”不过寥寥几句，却勾勒出陈情不仕的一个很重要的画面。以下论列紧紧把这几句当作惟一的事实根据。 第二段历叙朝廷多次征召，优礼有加，都由于“刘病日笃”而有着“报国恩”和“徇私情”的不可调和的矛盾，作者旨在消除晋武帝的疑虑，为下文请求“终养”埋下伏线。“逮奉圣朝，沐浴清化”，其中有对晋武帝的最高颂词;更有对作者深受其恩的最大感 激，“沐浴”一词隐喻作者犹如禾苗蒙受雨露滋润因而茁壮成长。武帝担心作者以事奉祖母为借口，实在是对新朝持反对或观望的态度，作者更担心如果措词失当会引起武帝疑虑将有杀身之虞。“奉圣朝”，臣仆称君之词，“沐浴清化”，臣仆无比感激新朝的话，称呼和感激都能使晋武帝敏锐地感觉到这是一个宠臣对君主说话，因而心弦为之一弛。“逮奉圣朝，沐浴清化”，又作为一个过渡引导到“陈情”上来，以下具体地陈述“沐浴清化”的事实:一是太守推举作者为“孝廉”，这是褒德;二是刺史荐拔作者为“秀才”，这是称才，但是“臣以供养无主，辞不赴命”。“辞不赴命”乍一看来并非“沐浴清化”，其实是最好的“沐浴清化”，因为晋朝的地方官吏不但承认并且大力表彰了作者的孝顺和与事有原则和有才干，而且体谅了作者的惨苦处境，通情达理，言到行成。由于是地方官吏，又由于是以前的事，只用“供养无主，辞不赴命”简单交代一下就行了。“沐浴清化”的更重要的事实是“诏书特下，拜臣郎中，寻蒙国恩，除臣洗马”。武帝“特下”诏书，而且要作者做特别亲信的宫廷侍卫之长;不久又授予辅佐太子的官职。面对最高统治者一再提拔，作为降臣的李密越发不能简单从事了，于是“具以表闻”。在武帝看来，李密对这种厚爱竟然“辞不就职”，难免身在曹营心在汉。但是作者巧妙地写道:“猥以微贱，当侍东宫，非臣陨首所能上报。”作者主动说出武帝心中想要说的，而且是这样委婉，这样诚恳，武帝当然会心平气和了。但这话毕竟是作者所说，从以前的情况看，并没有获得武帝的谅解，而是遭到强迫手段:“诏书切峻，责臣逋慢。”“切”，“峻”，“责”，“逋”，“慢”，都准确鲜明地刻画了武帝当时的恼怒情态。郡县风驰电掣地执行王命，是“逼迫”，是“催”臣上道，州司具体贯彻王命，是“临门”，是“急于星火”，先后六个四字句，非常精练形象地描绘了一幅雷厉风行无可阻遏的催命图，这与上文所写“茕茕孑立，形影相吊”成为鲜明的对照。“臣欲奉诏奔驰”的“奔驰”用得绝妙，它有力地显示了作者非常急切地希望立刻赴京为皇家奔走效劳的焦急心情，“刘病日笃”的“日”字又准确地显示了苦情日深而且是为时不久，它跟下文“苟循私情”的“苟(姑且)”相得益彰。作者巧妙地应用了二难推理:“欲奉命奔驰，则刘病日笃;欲苟循私情，则告诉不许”。二难推理是假言推理和选言推理联合起来的推理，它的前提既然有两个，结论就是或此或彼，因此说，“臣之进退，实为狼狈”。这个结论含蕴精警，表面看来它有对武帝的忠敬之心，又有对祖母的孝顺之情，使武帝意识到作者的真情实感一一出自肺腑，句句有理，处处合情，部分地消除了对作者的某些疑虑。其实呢，辩证地看，这里的根本观点是“先徇私情，后报国恩”。如果是先直截了当地提出“愿乞终养”，很可能激怒武帝遂致罹难，这里形式上提出两难，正是作者与事为文的高超所在。怎样进一步说服武帝呢?作者留下了一个悬念，而把读者引向下面的关键的即是高潮的一段。 第三段提出晋朝“以孝治天下”这个治国纲领，陈述作者特别孤苦的处境和作者的从政历史、人生态度以及政治思想，以便进一步打消晋武帝的疑虑。《韩非子?说难》:“凡说之务，在知饰所说之所矜，……有欲矜以智能，则为之举异事之同类者，多为之地。”作者紧扣治国纲领大做文章，使武帝感到“大意无所拂悟，辞言无所系縻”(见《说难》)。圣朝“以孝治天下”，并且做到“凡在故老，犹蒙矜育”，是热切称颂朝廷褒扬孝行态度坚决、措置得当，却更是为“愿乞终养”设置根据。于是说出了“况臣孤苦，特为尤甚”，副词“特”和两个形容词“尤”“甚”集中有力地写出了作者的情况是异乎寻常的特殊，那就越发应当而且必须“蒙矜育”了。如果是粗心的作者，行文至此，也许可以认为提出“愿乞终养”了，那仍然要把事情弄坏，因为“以孝治天下”是讲法，“凡在故老……”是说理，都还只是一般的论辩艺术，都还没能进一步打开武帝的心扉。聪明而又耐心的作者忽然宕开一笔，索性刺刀见红，把情节推向高潮!他勇敢坦率而又十分机警地把自己的历史问 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 、人生态度以及从政思想来一个彻底交代，全盘亮相:“且 臣少仕伪朝，历职郎署。”“少”“仕”“历”职说明了仕臣之久，供职之勤，但它的根本目的不是为了尽忠守节于西蜀，而是为了“图宦达”。既然“图宦达”，就说不上“矜名节”，就较多地打消了武帝的疑虑。另一方面，武帝的措施又使作者这个“至微至陋”的“亡国贱俘”深感“过蒙拔擢，宠命优渥”，完全应当“士为知己者死”，怎么可能徘徊犹豫、另有所图呢?这又进一步打消了武帝的一些疑虑。在武帝看来，皇君至高无上，降臣至卑无下，动不动就可以非常方便地施以高压。作者看准了这种心理状态，尽量把自己压低，把国恩抬高:“今臣亡国贱俘，至微至陋”。一个“贱”字，仍旧感到不足，再加上一个“微”字和一个“陋”字，而且是“至微至陋”。与此同时，国恩深重是“过”蒙拔擢，是“宠”命“优”“渥”(“优”“渥”同义)，前朝降臣恩荣加身，必然要欣慰，惶恐，感奋无已，效忠不二，这正是武帝所急切希望的。接着用反诘句“岂敢盘桓，有所希冀”，只能是增强陈情语气而不会激怒武帝，降臣对新主竟能如此措词这是少见。也不是守节蜀汉，也不是拒官新朝，那是为什么呢?唯一的原因除了前文所说，作者勾勒了又一幅惨苦图，亦即祖母刘氏的病笃图:“日薄西山，气息奄奄，人命危浅，朝不虑夕。”“日薄西山，气息奄奄”这个隐喻形象地表白了祖母大限临头，而且是很快地临头，作者只是竭力捕捉一刹那的时机，完足一刹那的义务，享受一刹那的幸福而已，这已为下文“报刘之日短也”张本。文章至此，完全可以提出“愿乞终养”了，但聪明而又极其细心的作者还怕武帝认为以一般的孝敬长上为借口实在为的消极抗拒皇命，作者又一次综述了自己跟祖母血肉相连不可或离的紧密关系，“臣无祖母，无以至今日;祖母无臣，无以终余年”，是一种意思，一种说法;“母、孙二人，更相为命”，还是这种意思，但是另一种说法，强调中具有错综变化，又自然地得出了“区区不能废远”的结论。“区区”，拳拳，一片真情，也就是“不能废远”，用“区区”又用“不能废远”，也是强调中具有错综变化。以上两句出自肺腑，动人神魄，从悉心说服武帝体恤下情看，“区区不能废远”明确表示不能分离，比上文“臣之进退，实为狼狈”的两可之说前进了一步。 第四段明确提出“愿乞终养”，表示要先尽孝后尽忠，以期感动武帝达到陈情目的。 尽管作者从法从理从情写得娓娓动人，但他仍然清醒地、审慎地料到武帝不能满足于“区区不能废远”的说法，还会采取一些相应的高压手段。作者又清醒地、审慎地估计到尽管上文已经有种种刘氏大限不远的表白，但武帝还会认为“徇私情”跟“报国恩”的抵触，作者仍旧不能提出“愿乞终养”的请求，本段开头就亮出具体的时限说:“臣密今年四十有四，祖母刘今年九十有六”。四十四岁，是中年人，风华正茂，报国多日;九十六岁，古来稀有，风烛瓦霜，瞬息可灭，很自然地得出“尽节于陛下之日长，报刘之日短也”的结论，这结论清楚地陈述“报国恩”跟“徇私情”只有为时极短的矛盾，稍稍从长远着眼就根本没有矛盾，也是合情合理地提出解决尽忠跟尽孝暂时发生矛盾的措施的有力依据。从武帝设想，可以把成全李密作为“以孝治天下”的一个范例，更可以达到李密出仕新朝的目的，冠冕堂皇，惠而不费，何乐而不为?!老练深沉的作者这才水到渠成地提出了“乌鸟私情，愿乞终养”的请求。“乌鸟私情”，是比喻也是比拟，它是“愿乞终养”的根据，又回溯到这是动物本性所在，治天下的本性所在，完全符合“以孝治天下”的纲领;又是恳切、谦抑的天真流露，这种措词委婉得体，曲折有致，连铁石人也得回心转意，武帝当然不能拒绝。《尔雅?释诂》:“愿，欲也。”它不同于现代汉语的“愿意”，应作“很希望”讲，表示愿欲之深。用了“愿”又用“乞”，同义的语词反复表示分外强烈。精妙的是，作者明确提出请求以后，还害怕武帝不相信他所说的“况臣孤苦，特为尤甚”，为了印证所说句句属实，了无欺诈，再作出了以下印证:“臣之辛苦，非独蜀之人士及二州牧伯所见明知，皇天后土实所共鉴。”“所见”，“明知”，“共鉴”，异词同义，有力地显示了作者的辛苦如日之光，如火之煌。当然，印证的作 用远不在于使武帝深信其事，更可以使武帝感到，即使不从作者的处境考虑，而从“以孝治天下”这个手段出发，成全了作者为时短暂的请求，可以收民心，可以服官吏，又可以动神灵，更可以慰作者，一举四得，何乐而不为?!奇妙的是，作者还觉得意犹未遂，言犹未尽，情犹未达，理犹未顺，再一次请求“矜悯愚诚，听臣微志”，以便刘氏意外地免除不幸，以便自己意外地获得成功。“愚诚”，“微志”，“侥幸”，“保卒”，一连串的词语，表示作者以最谦恭、最虔诚的口吻含泪哀求，催促武帝彻底动情。更妙的是，为了再一次使武帝放心，作者最后提出“生当陨首，死当结草”的保证，这比“尽节于陛下之日长”又大大进了几步:活着不惜人头落地，死了也要结草衔环。尽管实质是为了作者对祖母的高谊隆情，但作者对武帝的极其忠爱、无比尊崇、十分殷勤的心情溢于言表，使武帝越发深信作者陈情的诚挚和急切。最后又以一个降臣的口吻概括地表达了格外恭谨的想法:是“犬马”，是“怖惧”，更是“不胜”，宛然适合一个新朝君主所希望听到的降臣的朴实、真切而能扣人心弦、令人怜悯的语言，怎不使武帝叹为观止、霁怒为怜、予以怀柔呢?!《晋书?李密传》:“武帝览之曰:„士之有名，不虚然哉!‟”《华阳国志》:“嘉其诚，赐奴婢二人，使郡县供其祖母奉膳。”《晋书?李密传》:“后刘终，服阕，复以洗马征至洛。”可见李密是情真意切。(节选自《中华文学鉴赏宝库》，陕西人民教育出版社1995年版) 赏析之二(李景强) 李密原是蜀汉后主刘禅的郎官(官职不详)。公元263年，司马昭灭蜀汉，李密成了亡国之臣。仕途已失，便在家供养祖母刘氏。公元265年，晋武帝请李密出来做官，先拜郎中，后又拜为洗马(即太子侍从官)，就是文中说的“诏书特下，拜臣郎中，寻蒙国恩，除臣洗马”。晋武帝为什么要这样重用李密呢?第一，当时东吴尚据江左，为了减少灭吴的阻力，收笼东吴民心，晋武帝对亡国之臣实行怀柔政策，以显示其宽厚之胸怀。第二，李密当时以孝闻名于世，晋武帝承继汉代以来以孝治天下的策略，实行孝道，以显示自己清正廉明，同时也用孝来维持君臣关系，维持社会的安定秩序。正因为如此，李密屡被征召。 李密为什么“辞不就职”呢?大致有这样三个原因:第一，李密确实有一个供养祖母刘的问题，像文章中说的“祖母无臣，无以终余年”。第二，李密是蜀汉旧臣，自然有怀旧的思想，况且他还认为汉主刘禅是一个“可以齐桓”的人物，对于晋灭蜀汉是有一点不服气的。第三，古人讲:做官如履薄冰。皇帝高兴时，臣为君之心腹;皇帝不高兴时，臣为君之土芥。出于历史的教训，李密不能没有后顾之忧。晋朝刚刚建立，李密对晋武帝又不甚了解，盲目做官，安知祸福。所以李密“辞不就职”，不是不想做官，而是此时此刻不宜做官。 李密不想马上出来做官，而晋武帝方面却催逼得很紧。“诏书切峻，责臣逋慢。郡县逼迫，催臣上道;州司临门，急于星火。”轻慢皇帝，违抗皇命是要杀头的。为了摆脱这个困境，达到不出来做官的目的，李密就在“孝”字上大做文章，把自己的行为纳入晋武帝的价值观念中去。李密是蜀汉旧臣，“少仕伪朝，历职郎署”，古人讲“一仆不事二主”，“忠臣不事二君”。如果李密不出来做官，就有“不事二君”的嫌疑，不事二君就意味着对晋武帝不满，这就极其危险了，所以李密说自己“不矜名节”，“岂敢盘桓，有所希冀”，我不出来做官完全是为了供养祖母刘，是为了“孝”。但是这里又产生了一个问题，事父为孝，事君为忠。李密供养祖母是孝，但不听从君主的诏令，不出来做官，就是不忠。古人云“忠孝不能两全”。《韩诗外传》卷二记载:“楚昭王使石奢为理道，有杀人者追之，则父也。奢曰:‘不私其父非孝也，不行君法非忠也。’于是刎颈而死。”为忠臣不得为孝子，为孝子不得为忠臣。李密很巧妙地解决了这个矛盾，即先尽孝，后尽忠。“是臣尽节于陛下之日长，报刘之日短也”。等我把祖母刘养老送终之后，再向您尽忠，这样晋武帝也就无话可说了。 李密为了达到自己的目的，除了在“孝”字上大作文章外，还以巧妙的抒情方式，来打动晋武帝。从文章中可以想见，李密在构思《陈情表》时，有三种交错出现的感情:首先 是因处境狼狈而产生的忧惧之情;其次是对晋武帝“诏书切峻，责臣逋慢”的不满情绪;最后是对祖母刘的孝情。但是当他提笔写文章时，便把这三种感情重新加以整理，经过冷静的回味，压抑了前两种感情，只在文中含蓄地一笔带过，掩入对祖母刘的孝情之中。而对后一种感情则大肆渲染，并且造成一个感人至深的情境，即“臣无祖母，无以至今日;祖母无臣，无以终余年”。从这样一种情境出发，作者先以简洁精练的语言写自己的孤苦，为“祖母无臣，无以终余年”作铺垫，然后反复强调祖母刘的病:如第一段的“夙婴疾病，常在床蓐”;第二段的“刘病日笃”;第三段的“日薄西山，气息奄奄，人命危浅，朝不虑夕”。这样，李密的孝情就不同于一般的母孙之情，而是在特定情境中的特殊孝情。 《陈情表》是写给晋武帝的，是为了达到“辞不就职”的目的。从这个目的出发，李密并没有把孝情一泄到底，而是用理性对感情加以节制，使它在不同的层次中，不同的前提下出现。第一段先写自己与祖母刘的特殊关系和特殊命运，抒发对祖母的孝情，“臣侍汤药，未曾废离。”如果从这种孝情继续写下去，会有许多话要说，如对祖母的感激，对祖母的怜惜等等。但作者却就此止笔，转而写蒙受国恩而不能上报的矛盾心情，写自己的狼狈处境。第二段表白自己感恩戴德，很想走马上任，“奉诏奔驰”。为什么不能去呢?因为“刘病日笃”，这就从另一方面反衬了他孝情的深厚，因为孝情深厚，而“诏书切峻，责臣逋慢”，所以才有“实为狼狈”的处境。前面抒发的孝情被节制以后，又在另一个前提下出现了。第三段作者转写自己“不矜名节”，并非“有所希冀”，不应诏做官，是因为“祖母无臣，无以终余年”。在排除了晋武帝的怀疑这个前提之下，再抒发对祖母刘的孝情，就显得更真实，更深切，更动人。 (节选自《古代散文鉴赏辞典》，农村读物出版社1987年版) 赏析之三(丁光梅) 其一，文章的文笔委婉恳切，耐人寻味.作者在申述不能赴任的原因时不直切正题，开门见山谈祖母年老多病，无人侍奉，而是从自己的身世娓娓道来，写得委婉、诚挚，其凄凉之境，催人泪下。作者在文中写到因自己命运坎坷，多灾多难，早年相继丧父失母，连遭不幸，仰靠了祖母的怜惜、抚养才得今日，而今祖母年迈，犹如西山落日已是气息短促、生命不长，家族中又无叔伯兄弟，只有我和祖母相依为命，就象幼年的我失去祖母无法活命一样，今日的祖母失去了我同样无法安度晚年。由此铺展开来，交待说明了不能从命的原因，由身世、家境到个人意愿写得顺理成章，委婉恳切，使皇上相信作者并非矜尚名节，留恋旧朝，有意抗旨，而家中情势所迫. 其二，以“情”编织全文，情真意切。文章自始至终以感情为主线，一切从“情”出发，字字真，句句切，不假雕饰，不刻意泻染，却从自然流露中释放出辛酸和无奈。中国自古奉行“幼有所依”、“老有所终”、“鳏寡孤独者皆有所养”的伦理道德，所以，在祖母需要我养老送终的时候，我不忍心离她远去;可面对君主推举重用我的以生命也难以报答的恩典，我又不能辞却重任。忠孝难两全，进退皆难，实在狼狈!国与家，官与私，时时牵绊，去留两难。 其三，寓理于情，情理交融。文章赋事、表情的同时又寓理于其中.全文诉情之语又句句是陈理之言，情理相兼、相融、相得，情以动人，理以服人。作者依小至家，大至天下，晓以大义，明以大理。于家，自幼赖祖母抚育方能成人，我不能知恩不报;于天下，圣明晋朝都是以孝来治理天下的，凡年老之人，都受到朝廷的怜恤和照顾，何况我祖孙又是如此孤零困苦呢,依我和祖母的年龄也是尽节效力的日子长而报答奉养的日子短啊!凡此，句句含情，又句句是理，凡深明大义之人，看后都会为其情所动，为其理所服，难怪武帝读完后会由衷地感叹:“士之有名，不虚然哉!”.随后罢召，遂了李密对祖母的终养之心。 其四，语言骈散相间，参差交错，有极强的感染力，写“外无期功强近之亲、内无应门五尺之童”用“茕茕孑立，形影相吊”来形容;言祖母病笃:“日薄西山，气息奄奄，人 命危浅，朝不虑夕”，形象、贴切，其垂危之状如在眼前。全文用散处行笔流畅，无所滞碍，用骈处工致密丽，辞气恢宏，文辞极富魅力。 《陈情表》以其简短、精练、缘由充分、针对性强、意愿合理使作者在当时的困境中得以解脱，其实用价值不可磨灭;而其独特的艺术魅力又使读者百读不厌，回味无穷，实乃是古人应用文之佳作。 (节选自《应用写作》月刊1996年第4期，《谈<陈情表>的“实”与“美”》) 鉴赏要点 1.融情于事。强烈的感情色彩是本文的一大特色，但作者无论是述自己的孤苦无依之情，还是述自己和祖母相依为命的深厚亲情，都是通过叙事来表达的。而自己对朝廷恩遇的感激和对武帝的忠敬之心，也是以充满情感的笔调来写的。 2.语言形象生动，自然精粹。本文虽然用了不少四字句、对偶句，有骈文的整俪之工，但语言却绝不雕琢，而是十分自然真切，仿佛是从肺腑中流出，丝毫不见斧凿痕迹。文章语言十分生动形象，如第一段写孤苦无依之状，第二段写州县催迫之景，第三段写祖母病笃的惨苦之象，都如在目前。此外本文在语言上还十分精练准确，有些词句，成了成语。 教学相关 整体感知 理解本文，首先要对写作背景有所了解:司马氏集团灭蜀后，为了笼络西蜀人士，大力征召西蜀名贤到朝中做官，李密也是其中之一;李密是亡蜀降臣，如不应诏，会被误认为“矜守名节”，不与司马氏王朝合作，招来杀身之祸。司马氏集团通过阴谋和屠杀建立了西晋政权，为了巩固统治，提出以“孝”治理天下。李密至孝，与祖母相依为命，写此奏章，陈述自己不能奉诏的原因，提出终养祖母的要求。文中所写，皆是真情实意。为了唤起武帝的怜悯心，作者不是直陈其事，而是凄切婉转地表明心意，围绕着“情”“孝”二字反复陈述自己家庭不幸，和祖母相依为命的苦况亲情，表达对新朝宠遇的感激涕零，以及孝顺祖母的哀哀衷情 。 第一部分陈述家庭的不幸和祖孙相依为命的情形。先以“臣以险衅，夙遭闵凶”八字，概括自己的坎坷命运。然后讲述幼年时期失父失母，孤苦多病，全赖祖母抚养，说明“臣无祖母，无以至今日”;再述家门人丁不旺，祖母疾病缠身，说明“祖母无臣，无以终余年”。这段内容，是陈情不仕的惟一事实根据。作者写得凄切尽情，以使武帝对自己由恼怒峻责化为同情怜悯。 第二部分写朝廷对自己优礼有加，而自己却由于祖母供养无主，不能奉诏的两难处境。先以“逮奉圣朝，沐浴清化”表达自己对晋武帝的感激之情，再历叙州郡朝廷优礼的事实。然后明确提出奉诏奔驰和孝养祖母的矛盾，为下文留下悬念。 第三部分提出了以孝治天下的治国纲领，陈述自己的从政经历和人生态度，并再次强调自己的特别处境，进一步打消了武帝的疑虑，求得体恤。针对上文留下的孝顺祖母和回报国恩之间的两难选择，这段首句即言以孝治天下是治国纲领，言外之意是孝养祖母虽为徇私情，却也不仅合情亦合理合法，并为下文乞终养给出了理论根据。随后说自己出仕蜀是图宦达，不矜名节，打消武帝疑虑。再以祖母病笃，说明自己确实不能远离出仕。 第四部分明确提出陈情的目的“愿乞终养”，先尽孝后尽忠。作者先比较自己和祖母年岁，说明尽孝之时短，尽忠之日长，然后提出“终养”的要求。再极其诚恳地说明自己的情况，是天人共鉴。表达自己对朝廷生当陨首，死当结草的忠心。 亚里士多德说:“只有在适当的时候，对适当的事物，对适当的人，在适当的时机下，以适当的方式发生的感情，才是适度的最好的感情。”作者正是运用了最恰当的抒情方式，终于打动了晋武帝，使他看了表章后说“士之有名，不虚然哉”，“乃停诏”，允其不仕。 需要指出的是，作者愿意“尽节”于皇帝，是出于感恩图报的心情，不能跟报效国家同日而语。 教学建议 一 注意体会作者的真挚感情。 本文是写给皇帝的信，以叙事为主。在叙事中包含着作者真挚的感情。诵读时，要注意文章的层次，做到有表情地诵读。在读的过程中，注意体会文中抒发的感情。 二 本文多四字句(五至七字句，可以看作加统领字的四字句)，读来容易朗朗上口，铿锵有力。但在以四字句为主的同时，又杂以其他句式，构成了句式的错综变化，音韵和谐。诵读时要加以体会，读出文章的节奏感。 三 注意下列加粗字的读音。 臣以险衅，夙遭闵凶 门衰祚薄 茕茕孑立 床蓐 猥以微贱 非臣陨首 责臣逋慢 犹蒙矜育 过蒙拔擢 宠命优渥 课后题解题指导 一 设计此题，一是为了使学生在诵读中，注意本文陈情于事、文笔委婉的抒情特点。 《古文观止》的评语，点出本文抒情真实自然(“俱从天真写出，无一字虚言驾饰”)。作者在文中所陈之情，包括以下三个方面:一是因处境狼狈而产生的忧惧之情，二是对“诏书切峻，责臣逋慢”的不满情绪，三是对祖母刘氏的孝情。正因为作者所写的都是“至性之言”，所以才会产生“悲恻动人”的效果。 二 设计此题，意在使学生注意文中重要的字词，正确理解其含义。参考答案如下: 1.臣以险衅，夙遭闵凶。险衅:指命运不好。夙:早时。凶:不幸。 2.生孩六月，慈父见背。见背:离开我。背，背离、离开。 3.门衰祚薄，晚有儿息。薄:浅薄。息:子。 4.寻蒙国恩，除臣洗马。寻:不久。除:授予官职。 5.岂敢盘桓，有所希冀。盘桓:徘徊不进的样子。希冀:这里指非分的愿望。 6.听臣微志，庶刘侥幸，保卒余年。听:准许。卒:终。 三 这是一道开放题。意在让学生讨论一下对“孝”的看法。一方面，封建统治者提倡“以孝治天下”的伦理观，其根本目的在于维护自己的统治，我们应有清醒的认识。另一方面，孝敬父母长辈，又是我们中华民族自古以来的传统道德，至今仍未过时。此题没有标准答案，只要言之成理，持之有故即可。 重点字词 (1)重点解释 1 臣以险衅:灾难祸患。险:艰险，祸患。衅:祸患。 2 夙遭闵凶:夙:早。 3 夙遭闵凶:闵凶:忧伤的事，常指父母之丧。 4 慈父见背:背弃我。见:助动词，用在动词前面表示对我怎么样。如:见告、见示、见教、 见谅。 5 舅夺母志:强行改变。 6 祖母刘悯臣孤弱:怜悯，爱怜。 7 躬亲抚养:亲自。 8 终鲜兄弟:少，没有。 9 门衰祚薄:门庭衰微，福分浅薄。祚:福气，福分。 10 晚有儿息:子女。 11 外无期功强近之亲:勉强。 12 茕茕孑立:孤单。 13 形影相吊:安慰。 14 而刘夙婴疾病:缠绕着(被„„缠绕) 15 逮奉圣朝，沐浴清化:逮:及，到。 奉:承奉。 16 前太守臣逵察臣孝廉:考察后予以推荐。 17 诏书特下:特地。 18 拜臣郎中:授予官职。 19 寻蒙国恩:不久。 20 除臣洗马:除旧官，任新官，受职。 21 猥以微贱:谦辞，表示自己的谦卑。 22 臣具以表闻:详尽。 23 诏书切峻:急切而严厉。 24 责臣逋慢:逋:拖延，迟延。慢:怠慢。 25 急于星火:比。 26 则刘病日笃:病重,沉重。 27 欲苟顺私情:姑且。 28 伏惟圣朝以孝治天下:俯伏思量。(谦敬之辞) 29 犹蒙矜育:怜悯。 30 且臣少仕伪朝:再说了,而且。 31 不矜名节:顾惜。 32 至微至陋:极，其。 33 过蒙拔擢:提升。 34 宠命优渥:厚。 35 岂敢盘桓:犹豫不决的样子。 36 但以刘日薄西山:迫近。 37 无以至今日:没有用来„„的。 38 更相为命:交互。 39 是以区区不能废远:是以:这是因为。区区:拳拳之情，形容自己的私情。 40 实所共鉴:明察。 41 矜悯愚诚:怜悯。 42 听臣微志:听任，请允许。 43 庶刘侥幸:或许。 44 保卒余年:终。 45 臣不胜犬马怖俱之情:禁不住。 (2)通假字 1.夙遭闵凶。闵，通“悯”。 2.零丁孤苦。零丁，通“伶仃”，孤单的样子。 3.臣密今年四十有四。有，通“又”。 4.常在床蓐。蓐，通“褥”，草席。 (3)词类活用 1. 非臣陨首所能上报。 上:名词作状语，向上。 2. 臣不胜犬马怖惧之情。 犬马:名词作状语，像犬马一样。 3. 则刘病日笃。 日:名词作状语，一天天。 笃:形容词用作动词，加重。 4. 夙遭闵凶。 闵凶:形容词用作名词，忧患不幸的事。 5. 猥以微贱。 微贱:形容词用作名词，卑微低贱的身份。 6. 臣具以表闻;谨拜表以闻。 闻:使动用法，使„„闻，使„„知道。 7. 臣少仕伪朝。 仕:名词作动词，做官。 8. 历职郎署。 职:名词作动词，任职。 9. 外无期功强近之亲。 外:名词作状语，在家外。 10. 内无应门五尺之僮。 内，名词作状语，在家内。 11.臣之进退。 进退:动词作名词，进退两难。 12.凡在故老。 故老:形容词作名词，年老而有功德的旧臣。 13.无以终余年。 终:使动用法，使„„终。 14.是以区区不能废远。 远:形容词作动词，离开。 15.前太守臣逵察臣孝廉，后刺史臣荣举臣秀才。 孝廉，秀才:名词作动词，做孝廉，做秀 才。 (4)成语 1.孤苦伶仃 2.茕茕孑立 3.形影相吊 4.急于星火 5.日薄西山 6.气息奄奄 7.人命危浅 8.朝不虑夕 9.结草衔环 10.乌鸟私情 11.皇天后土 (5) 特殊句式 1.急于星火 状语后置 2.是臣尽节于陛下之日长 状语后置 3.而刘夙婴疾病 被动句 4.拜臣(为)郎中 省略句 5.前太守臣逵察臣(为)孝廉，后刺史臣荣举臣(为)秀才 省略句 6.且臣少仕(于)伪朝省略句 7.今臣亡国贱俘 判断句 8.则告诉不许 被动句 9.但以刘日薄西山 省略句 10.是以区区不能废远 宾语前置 (6)重点虚词 以: (1)臣以险衅 以:因为 (2)臣以供养无主 以:因为 (3)臣具以表闻 以:用 (4)猥以微贱 以:和地位搭配时，译为“凭借” (5)无以至今日 无以:没有......的办法 (7)古今异义 1、九岁不行:不能走路 2、至于成立:成人自立 3、举臣秀才:优秀人才 4、非臣殒首所能上报:报答恩情 、臣欲奉召奔驰:奔走效劳 5 7、臣之辛苦:辛酸苦楚 8、则告诉不许:陈诉苦衷，报告申诉。 9、是以区区不能废远:兼言私爱 10、至于成立:至于:一直到....... 成立:成人自立。 11、臣侍汤药:古，食物和医药。今，用水煎服的中药。 12.则告诉不许:告诉?古义,报告申诉.今义,对别人说 (8)一词多义 1、行:?行年四岁(动词，经历) ?九岁不行(动词，走路) ?余嘉其能行古道(动词，施行) 2、矜:?犹蒙矜育(动词，怜惜) ?不矜名节(动词，夸耀) ?愿陛下矜悯愚诚(动词，怜悯) 3、至:?至微至陋(副词，极其) ?无以至今日(动词，到达) 4、以:?臣以险衅(连词，因为) ?臣以供养无主(连词，因为) ?谨拜表以闻(连词，相当于“而”) ?猥以微贱(介词，凭身份) ?伏惟圣朝以孝治天下(介词，用) ?臣具以表闻(介词，用) ?是以区区不能废远(介词,因为) 5、见:?慈父见背(见用在动词前，表示他人行为及于自己) ?二州牧所见明知(动词，看见) ?臣乘空间其余玩儿护照(被) 6、亲:?躬亲抚养(代词，亲自) ?外无期功强近之亲(名词，亲戚) 7、日:?日薄西山(名词，太阳) ?报养刘之日短(名词，日子) ?则刘病日笃(名词作状语，一天天) 8、当:?当侍东宫(动词，任，充当) ?死当结草(副词，应当) 9、薄:?日薄西山(动词，迫近) ?门衰祚薄(形容词，微薄，少) 10、拜:?拜臣郎中(动词，授官) ?谨拜表以闻(动词，奉上) 11、于:?州司临门，急于星火(介词，比) ?是臣尽节于陛下之日长(介词，给) 12、夙:?夙遭闵凶(名词，很早，幼年) ?夙夜忧叹(名词，早晨) 13、区区:?是以区区不能废远(拳拳，形容自己的私情) ?何乃太区区(短浅的) 重点语段展开 1、“生孩六月，慈父见背，行年四岁，舅夺母志。祖母刘悯臣孤弱，躬亲抚养。臣少多疾病，九岁不行，零丁孤苦，至于成立。„„” 引导:四字骈句，语势连贯、紧凑，不拖沓，让人感到灾祸接踵而来，以情动人，让晋武帝化严为慈。 ※“茕茕孑立，形影相吊”，直陈其事，白描手法，把自己形只影单，孤独寂寥，极为形象地表现出来，读之让人动容。 ※“逮奉圣朝，沐浴清化。前太守臣逵察臣孝廉;后刺史臣荣举臣秀才。„„，诏书特下，拜臣郎中，寻蒙国恩，除臣洗马。„„。” 引导:一连用了“察臣”“举臣”、“拜臣”、“除臣”，准确地陈述了自己“过蒙拔擢，宠命优渥”的实情以及由衷的感恩戴德之情。 ※“诏书切峻，责臣逋慢;郡县逼迫，催臣上路;州司临门，急于星火。”引导:四字骈句的排比渲染出圣命逼人的紧张气氛。 四字骈句:简洁凝练，语势连贯紧凑，文势如行云流水般通畅。 2、“外无期功强近之亲，内无应门五尺之僮，” 引导:对偶句，一外一内都强调一个“无”字，写出了自己举目无亲，后代尚小无人终养祖母的困苦境地形象生动表现出来了，让人觉得急切而无可置疑。 ※“前太守臣逵察臣孝廉;后刺史臣荣举臣秀才”也是对偶句，恰当地表达了自己深受圣朝恩宠的感激。 ※既无伯叔，终鲜兄弟。 ※生当陨首，死当结草。 ※臣欲奉诏奔驰，则刘病日笃，欲苟顺私情，则告诉不许。 ※臣无祖母，无以至今日，祖母无臣，无以终余年。 都是对偶句。运用对仗工整的对偶句式，使语气显得铿锵有力，语意简洁凝练，读来朗朗上口，使文章的感情倍感热切，更具说服力 。 对偶句:语气铿锵有力，语意简洁凝练，朗朗上口，感情倍感热切，更具说服力。 3、“刘日薄西山，气息奄奄，人命危浅，朝不虑夕。” 以落日喻人命，贴切在刻画了祖母苍老多病的形象，融入浓烈的抒情色彩，能极大地引发读者的同情;“朝不虑夕”虽是夸张却给人无可置疑的真实;再加上四字骈句，有诗一般的韵律，如泣如诉，读之无不令人动容泣下。 ※“乌鸟私情，愿乞终养。” 以鸟喻人，回溯至动物的本性，鸟亦如此，人何以堪,其诚挚恳切之情溢于言表，岂能不打动人, ※ 臣之进退，实为狼狈。 以狼狈比喻进退为难的情境，形象生动。 ※ 臣不胜犬马怖惧之情，谨拜表以闻。 似犬似马，忠恳之情，怖惧之态溢于言表。 ※ 州司临门，急于星火。 “急于星火”用比喻形容情势紧迫。 比喻句:形象生动，感情浓烈，富有感染力。 小结: 1四字骈句:简洁凝练，语势连贯紧凑，文势如行云流水般通畅。 2对偶句:语气铿锵有力，语意简洁凝练，朗朗上口，感情倍感热切，更具说服力。 3比喻句:形象生动，感情浓烈，富有感染力。 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.