同济大学考博英语复习指导

同济大学考博 英语 关于好奇心的名言警句英语高中英语词汇下载高中英语词汇 下载英语衡水体下载小学英语关于形容词和副词的题 复习指导 完 形 填 空 20小题，共10分。 本部分测试考生的语言知识及综合运用能力。测试内容包括词汇的认知能力、搭配知识的掌握，句法结构的理解和篇章阅读、 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 能力。本部分给出一篇约200单词的短文，文中留出10处空白，每空为一题，设4个备选答案。要求考生在理解全文的基础上，从中挑选一个最佳选项，使短文的内容和结构完整合理。 2. 在一篇200多词的文章中留出10个空白，要求考生从每题给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案，使补全后的文章意思通顺、前后连贯、结构完整。考生在答题卡上作答。 命 题 特 点 文章不长,阅读量不大(200) 题目不难,词汇不难; 题材以社会科学为主; 命题规律性极强,反感觉性; 形式:第一句是 ,topic sentence‖ ‖ as the answer 思考命题思路,题目与原文背景的关系 从整体问题入手解决具体问题 通过已知信息猜测未知信息 完型测试点: 阅读理解能力(精读) 对文章整体的把握和理解; 把握核心内容; 把握主题和导向; 把握上下句之间的逻辑关系; 对一个句子内部的结构和意义的把握和理解 完型文章的结构特点: 结构完整,内容充实(明确的主题,完整的形式); 体裁以议论文 说明 关于失联党员情况说明岗位说明总经理岗位说明书会计岗位说明书行政主管岗位说明书 文为主,偶尔夹叙夹议 总分对照的结构:总述高度概括,分述全面展开 考察英语知识运用的能力 语法: 20%~30% 固定搭配: 10% 词汇辨析和使用: 60%~70% 解题步骤: 一. 整体通读, 从整体上把握文章, 抓住中心线索 重点读首句和首段; 重点读每一段的首句; 读尾段、尾句 扫读中间的部分 二. 按段精读; 按段理解; 按段分析; 按段做题 1 三. 整体通读, 检查所选答案是否准确\合理 上下文间主要的逻辑关系 并列关系: and, and also, or, neither„nor„; either„or„; similarly, likewise, in the same way, that is to say, rather than, 递进关系: then, besides, other than, in addition, moreover, further more, what 因果关系: because, for, since, as, therefore, hence, thus, so, consequently 转折关系: but, however, on the other hand, on the contrary, by contrast, 让步关系: although, though, even though, even if, in spite of, despite, nevertheless 解题思路 测试重点分析 词汇知识 近义词 形近词 固定搭配 动词短语 句法结构 从句引导词的选择 特殊虚拟语气形式 非谓语动词的辨异 固定搭配中的选词 与比较有关的结构 从句的引导词问题 非谓语动词的辨异 代词指称 语篇能力 上下文的语气; 段落内的逻辑关系 篇章的连接:顺向连接——逆向连接 句子内部的连接:平行/因果/对比/转折 答题程序图示 常识+一般性英语知识——全面理解语篇主题作为猜测的依据 常识+主题+相关的语言知识——推断文章中被删除的信息 常识+主题+综合语言知识——判断还原后的文章是否完整合理 常识+一般性英语知识——全面理解语篇主题作为猜测的依据 risons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. that young adults experience. 2 by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. 常识+主题+相关的语言知识——推断文章中被删除的信息 -conscious and need the 25___ that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are 26___ by others.(2003) 25. A. assistance B. guidance C. confidence D. tolerance 26. A. claimed B. admired C. ignored D. surpassed Other (37) ____ causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased (38) ____ of drugs and alcohol, and the growing (39) ____ of child abuse and child neglect. (2004) 37. [A] assessable [B] identifiable [C] negligible [D] incredible 38. [A] expense [B] restriction [C] allocation [D] availability 39. [A] incidence [B] awareness [C] exposure [D] popularity 完型填空总结 ,、动词的切入点 切入点:找到相关的信息点，通过分析这些已知信息点，猜出未知的信息 点，如何 找到相关的信息点即为切入点。 (,)在语法上、意义上、逻辑上看主谓搭配的合适性，即看主语 disadvantaged families, (26) ____ the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. (2004) 26. [A] considering [B] ignoring [C] highlighting [D] discarding (,)看宾语，看动宾搭配的合适性 to _____ themselves to the American way of life. A. adapt B. modify C. reform D. convert tain ourselves in our (,)根据动词后所跟的介词来判断 for youth and rising unemployment (31) ____ make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. [B] on average [C] by contrast [D] at length help students acquire a sense of commitment by _____ for roles that are within their 2(连接 (1). 连接词的考查 3 behavior (22) ____ they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through interactions with others. n response to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status (25) ____ as a rejection of middle-class values. ____, children are likely to have less supervision at home (35) ____ was common in the traditional family pattern. ncrease the probability of a child committing a criminal act, (40) ____ a direct causal relationship has not yet been established. 二. 因连接产生的逻辑关系的考查 1. It provides fewer jobs than labor-intensive industry processes, and highly 1) _____ workers are needed to 2)_____ and repair the equipment. 2. When the work is well done, a climate of accident-free operations is established, _____ time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum. 3. Some press great emphasis on mechanical guarding, others stress safe work practices by _____ rules or regulations, _____ others depend on an emotional appeal to the workers. A. constituting B. aggravating C. observing D. justifying 4. We used to understand innovation as something that truly changed the world or _____ made our lives easier. A. deliciously B. genuinely C. presumably D. virtually 5. You will find that college classes are very different from high school classes. You will have more freedom—study. You will need to exercise maximum self-discipline. success, or This is the hardest kind of discipline because it is self-imposed (志愿的)， lack of success in college. 61. A. On the other hand B. On the one hand C. Nevertheless D. Therefore 62. A. if B. whether C. why D. who 63. A. turn to B. answer to C. respond to D. act as 64. A. of B. to C. toward D. concerning 65. A. determining B. demanding C. deciding D. depending 4 (2009年真题) The teacher of reading is involved, whether this is consciously realized or not, in the development of a literate society. And every teacher, , needs to determine what level of literacy is by society, what role he or she should take in the desired standard of literacy, and what the implications of literacy are in a world context. The Unesco report presents a world of literacy. Too often we limit our thoughts to the small proportion of illiterates in our own country and fail to see it in its international The problems developing nations are also facing industrialized nations. Literacy, as the report points out, is ?inextricably intertwined with other aspects of national development… (and) … national development as a whole is bound with the world context‘. Literacy is not a by-product of social and economical development – it is a help people to function more effectively in a changing and ideally will enable the individual to change the environment so that it functions more effectively. Literacy progammes in different countries have taken and are taking different to the problem: for example the involvement of voluntary non-governmental organizations, which the importance of seeing literacy not as a condition imposed on people but as a consequence of active participation society. People can learn from the attempts of other countries to provide as ?literacy environment‘. Who are the ?illiterates‘ and how do we define them? At what point do we decide that illiteracy ends and literacy begins? Robert Hillerich these questions. An illiterate, he finds, ?may mean anything from one who has no formal schooling to one who has attended four years or less, to one who is unable to read or write at the level necessary to successfully in his social position.‘ Literacy, he points out, is not something one either has or has not got: ?Any definition of literacy must recognize this quality as a continuum, representing all of development.‘ An educational definition – i.e. in terms of grades completed or skills mastered – is shown to be inadequate in educationally defined mastery may bear only minimal relation to the language proficiency needed in coping with environmental demands. From a sociological / economic viewpoint the literacy needs of individuals vary greatly, and any definition must recognize the needs of the individual to engage effectively and to act responsible participation. Such a broadened definition excludes assessment based on a ?reading-level type‘; assessment must, rather, be flexible to fit both purpose and population. 1. A. therefore B. in addition C. however D. nevertheless 2. A. asked B. known C. demanded D. obtained 3. A. achieving B. getting C. fulfilling D. accomplishing 4. A. opinion B. idea C. point D. view 5. A. relatively B. particularly C. possibly D. definitely 6. A. situation B. context C. environment D. atmosphere 7. A. facing B. confronting C. encountering D. meeting 8. A. to B. in C. up D. across 9. A. component B. element C. ingredient D. factor 10. A. tendency B. environment C. inclination D. development 11. A. instituted B. rooted C. deprived D. revealed 5 12. A. ways B. methods C. approaches D. means 13. A. underlines B. indicates C. implies D. understates 14. A. into B. within C. in D. inside 15. A. adequate B. abundant C. over D. plenty 16. A. demands B. addresses C. remains D. maintains 17. A. perform B. do C. participate D. anticipate 18. A. extents B. forms C. degrees D. standards 19. A. that B. what C. which D. such 20. A. in B. for C. against D. with Passage 1 In 1924 America‘s National Research Council sent to engineer to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawhtore Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting __1__ workers productivity. Instead， the studies ended__2__ giving their name to the ,Hawhthome effect‖ the extremely influential idea the very__3__to being experimented upon changes subjects‘ behavior. The idea arose because of the__4__behavior of the women in the plant(According to __5__of the experiments(Their hourly output rose when lighting was increased， but also when it was dimmed. It did not __6__what was done in the experiment; __7__something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) __8__ that they were being experimented upon seemed to be __9__to alter workers’ behavior __10__ itself. After several decades，the same data were __11__to the econometric analysis. Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store__12__the description on record，no systematic __13__was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting. It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have led to __14__interpretation of what happed(__15__，lighting was always changed on a Sunday, When work started again on Monday, output __16__ rose compared with the previous Saturday and __17__ to rise for the next couple of days .__18__ , a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up On Monday, workers __19__to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case，before __20__a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged ,Hawthorne effect‖ is hard to pin down 1. [A] affected [B]achieved [C]extracted [D]restored 2. [A]at [B]up [C]with [D]Off 3. [A]truth [B]sight [C]act [D]proof 4. [A]controversial [B]perplexing [C]mischievous [D]ambiguous 5.[A]requirements [B]explanations [C]accounts [D]assessments 6[A]conclude [B]matter [C]indicate [D]work 7[A]as far as [B]for fear that [C]in case that [D]so long as 8.[A]awareness [B]expectation [C]sentiment [D]illusion 9.[A]suitable [B]excessive [C]enough [D]abundant 10.[A]about [B]for [C]on [D]by 11.[A]compared [B]shown [C]subjected [D]conveyed 12.[A]contrary to [B]consistent with [C]parallel with [D]pearlier to 6 13.[A]evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source 14.[A]disputable [B]enlightening [C]reliable [D]misleading 15.[A]In contrast [B]For example [C]In consequence [D]As usual 16.[A]duly [B]accidentally [C]unpredictably [D]suddenly 17.[A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continued 18. [A] because [B]for [C]but [D]despite 19. [A]attended [B]tended [C]contended [D]pretended 20.[A]breaking [B]climbing [C]surpassing [D]hitting Passage 2 Historically, humans get serious about avoiding disasters only after one has just struck them. __1__ that logic, 2006 should have been a breakthrough year for rational behavior. With the memory of 9/11 still __2__ in their minds, Americans watched hurricane Katrina, the most expensive disaster in U.S. history, on __3__ TV. Anyone who didn‘t know it before should have learned that bad things can happen. And they are made __4__ worse by our willful blindness to risk as much as our __5__ to work together before everything goes to hell. Granted, some amount of delusion(错觉)is probably part of the __6__ condition. In A.D. 63, Pompeii was seriously damaged by an earthquake, and the locals immediately went to work __7__, in the same spot-until they were buried altogether by a volcano eruption 16 years later. But a __8__ of the past year in disaster history suggests that modern Americans are particularly bad at __9__ themselves from guaranteed threats. We know more than we __10__ did about the dangers we face. But it turns __11__ that in times of crisis, our greatest enemy is __12__ the storm, the quake or the __13__ itself. More often it is ourselves. So what has happened in the year that __14__ the disaster on the Gulf Coast? In New Orleans, the Army Corps of Engineers has worked day and night to rebuild the flood walls. They have got the walls to __15__ they were before Katrina, more or less. s not __16__,we can now say with confidence. But it may be all __17__ can be That‘ expected from one year of hustle(忙碌). Meanwhile, New Orleans officials have crafted a plan to use buses and trains to __18__ the sick and the disabled. The city estimates that 15,000 people will need a __19__ out. However, state officials have not yet determined where these people will be taken. The __20__ with neighboring communities are on going and difficult. 1. [A] To [B] By [C] On [D] For 2. [A] fresh [B] obvious [C] apparent [D] evident 3. [A] visual [B] vivid [C] live [D] lively 4. [A] little [B] less [C] more [D] much 5. [A] reluctance [B] rejection [C] denial [D] decline 6. [A] natural [B] world [C] social [D] human 7. [A] revising [B] refining [C] rebuilding [D] retrieving 8. [A] review [B] reminder [C] concept [D] prospect 9. [A] preparing [B] protesting [C] protecting [D] prevailing 10. [A] never [B] ever [C] then [D] before 11. [A] up [B] down [C] over [D] out 12. [A] merely [B] rarely [C] incidentally [D] accidentally 13. [A] surge [B] spur [C] surf [D] splash 7 14. [A] ensued [B] traced [C] followed [D] occurred 15. [A] which [B] where [C] what [D] when 16. [A] enough [B] certain [C] conclusive [D] final 17. [A] but [B] as [C] that [D] those 18. [A] exile [B] evacuate [C] dismiss [D] displace 19. [A] ride [B] trail [C] path [D] track 20. [A] conventions [B] notifications [C] communications [D] negotiations Passage 3 According to BT‘s futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium(a period of 1，000 years), when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life. Pearson has __1__ together to work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a __2__ millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key __3__ and discoveries to take place. Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine, including an __4__ life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs __5__ into use between now and 2040. Pearson also __6__ a breakthrough in computer human links. "By linking __7__ to our nervous system, computers could pick up __8__ we feel and, hopefully, simulate __9__ too so that we can start to __10__ full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck," he says. But that, Pearson points __11__, is only the start of man-machine __12__:"It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will __13__ lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century."__14__ his research, Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted. However, there are still no __15__ for when faster-than-light travel will be __16__, or when human cloning will be perfected, or when time travel will be possible. But he does __17__ social problems as a result of technological advances. A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will, for example, __18__ problems in 2010, while the arrival of synthetic __19__ robots will mean people may not be able to __20__ between their human friends and the droids. And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder-kitchen rage. 1. [A]taken [B]pieced [C]kept [D]made 2. [A]complicated [B]delicate [C]subtle [D]unique 3. [A]breakthroughs [B]findings [C]events [D]incidents 4. [A]expanded [B]extended [C]enlarged [D]enriched 5. [A]being [B]becoming [C]carrying [D]coming 6. [A]schedules [B]plans [C]predicts [D]designs 7. [A]directly [B]instantly [C]precisely [D]automatically 8. [A]that [B]how [C]what [D]all 9. [A]thinking [B]hearing [C]sight [D]feeling 10. [A]form [B]develop [C]find [D]undertake 11. [A]out [B]at [C]to [D]toward 12. [A]program [B]production [C]experiment [D]integration 8 13. [A]finally [B]ultimately [C]utterly [D]absolutely 14. [A]Through [B]Though [C]During [D]By 15. [A]forecasts [B]articles [C]stories [D]meetings 16. [A]advisable [B]affordable [C]available [D]valuable 17. [A]solve [B]arose [C]exercise [D]expect 18. [A]confront [B]cause [C]witness [D]collect 19. [A]lovely [B]likely [C]lifelike [D]lively 20. [A]distinguish [B]differ [C]diagnose [D]deviate Passage 4 Practically all people (1) _____ a desire to predict their future (2) _____ . People seem inclined to (3) _____ this task using causal reasoning. First, we generally (4) _____ that future circumstances are (5) _____ caused or conditioned by present (6) _____. We learn that getting an education will (7) _____ how much money we earn later in life and that swimming beyond the reef may bring an unhappy (8) _____ with a shark. Second, people also learn that such (9) _____ of cause and effect are probabilistic in nature. That is, the effects occur more often when the causes occur than when the causes are (10) _____ -but not always. (11) _____, students learn that studying hard (12) _____ good grades in most instances, but not every time. Science makes these concepts of causality and probability more explicit and (13) _____ techniques for dealing (14) _____ them more rigorously than does causal human inquiry. It sharpens the skills we already have by making us more conscious, rigorous, and explicit in our inquiries. In looking at ordinary human inquiry, we need to (15) _____ between prediction and understanding. Often, we can make predictions without understanding. And often, even if we don‘t understand why, we are willing to act (16) _____ the basis of a demonstrated predictive ability. Whatever the primitive drives or instincts that (17) _____ human beings, satisfying them depends heavily on the ability to predict future circumstances. The attempt to predict is often played in a (18) _____ of knowledge and understanding. If you can understand why things are related to one another, why certain regular patterns (19) _____, you can predict better than if you simply observe and remember those patterns. Thus, human inquiry aims (20) _____ answering both ,what‖ and ,why‖ questions, and we pursue these goals by observing and figuring out. 1. [A] exhibit [ B] exaggerate [C] examine [D] exceed 2. [A]contexts [B]circumstances [C]cases [D] intuitions 3. [A]underestimate [B]undermine [C]undertake [D] undergo 4. [A]recall [B]recede [C]reckon [D] recognize 5. [A]somehow [B]somewhat [C]someone [D] something 6. [A] one [B]ones [C]one‘s [D] oneself 7. [A]effect [B]affect [C]affection [D] decide 8. [A]meeting [B]occurrence [C]encounter [D] sighting 9. [A]patterns [B]designs [C]arrangements [D] pictures 10. [A]absence [B]absent [C]accent [D] access 11. [A]Thus [B]So that [C]However [D] In addition 9 12. [A]producing [B]produces 13. [A]prevent [B]produce 14. [A]for [B]at 15. [A]distinguish [B]distinct 16. [A]at [B]on 17. [A]motion [B]motive 18. [A]contour [B]contact 19. [A]happen [B]occur 20. [A]at [B]on 完形填空 Passage 1 1—5. ABCBC 11—15. CAADB Passage 2 1—5. BACDA 11—15. DBACB Passage 3 1—5. BDABD 11—15. ADBAA Passage 4 15. ABCDA 1—5. ABCDA 11— [C]produce [D] produced [C]provide [D] predict [C]in [D] with [C]distort [D] distract [C]to [D] under [C]motivate [D] activate [C]contest [D] context [C]occupy [D] incur [C]to [D] beyond 6—10. BDACD 16—20. ADCBD 6—10. DCACB 16—20. ACBAD 6—10. CACDB 16—20. CDBCA 6—10. BBCAA 16—20. BCDBA 10 第一章 考博英语阅读理解大纲要求 ,) 2. 阅读理解(40 本部分测试考生在规定时间在此过程中，注意把握三个阅读原则: ?原则一:1?1原则(通读时间与做题时间对等) 抛砖引 ?原则二:首段原则(不要怕重复和回读)首段的作用:?中心段 ? 玉 11 ?原则三:首末句原则，即除首段和末段，其余各段的首末句一定要读懂，其 他各句正常阅读 2( 第二步:仔细审题，返回原文。 3( 第三步:重叠选项，得出答案。具体来讲，可以设原文意思为A，选项意 思为B 若A=B，则B为正确答案; 若A、B不相关，则B不为正确答案，即原文没有提到的，一定不是答案; 若B为A的反面，即B与A矛盾，则B不为正确答案; 若A的12 the second. The long trend toward concentration of industrial enterprise in the hands of a relatively few firms has brought into existence not only strong sellers, as economists have supposed, but also strong buyers, a fact they have failed to see. The two develop together, not in precise step, but in such manner that there can be no doubt that the one is in response to the other. 21. The word ,spoliation‖ in the first paragraph probably means ____. A. loot B. spoil C. restraint D. agitation 22. How is economic power applied when a manufacturer wants to hire more workers? A. He offers them welfare funds. B. He pays them according to their work. C. He provides free board and lodging. D. He gives them chances of getting promoted. t search for other restraints other than competition because 23. Economists didn‘ ____. A. they solely focused on competition B. they had no idea of other restraints C. they had more interest in competition D. other restraints were of little importance 24. What does the author think of other economists‘ prediction about the outcomes of concentration? A. They have made wild predictions. B. They failed to see the rise of merger. C. They foresaw the appearance of strong buyers. D. Their supposition was partially true. 25. The passage mainly discusses about ____. A. business B. buyers and sellers C. business model D. economic power Passage I The molecules of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere affect the heat balance of the Earth by acting as a one-way screen. Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths, where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated, to pass through, they absorb some of the longer-wavelength, infrared emissions radiated from the Earth’s surface, radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space. For the Earth to maintain a constant aver-age temperature, such emissions from the planet must balance incoming solar radiation. If there were no car-bon dioxide in the atmosphere, heat would escape from the Earth much more easily. The surface temperature would be so much lower that the oceans might be a solid mass of ice. Today, however, the potential problem is too much carbon dioxide. The burning of fossil 13 fuels and the clearing of forests have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide by about 15 percent in the last hundred years, and we continue to add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Could the increase in carbon dioxide cause a global rise in average temperature, and could such a rise have serious consequences for human society? Mathematical models that allow us to calculate the rise in temperature as a function of the increase indicate that the answer is probably yes. Under present conditions a temperature-of--18? can be observed at an altitude of 5 to 6 kilometers above the Earth. Below this altitude (called the radiating level), the temperature increases by about 6? per kilometer approaching the Earth’s surface, where the average temperature is about 15?. An increase in the amount of carbon dioxide means that there are more molecules of carbon dioxide to absorb infrared radiation. As the capacity of the atmosphere to absorb infrared radiation increases, the radiating level and the temperature of the surface must rise. One mathematical model predicts that doubling the atmospheric carbon dioxide would raise the global mean surface temperature by 2.5?. This model assumes that the atmosphere’s relative humidity remains constant and the temperature decreases with altitude at a rate of 6.5? per kilometer. The assumption of constant relative humidity is important, because water vapor in the atmosphere is another efficient absorber of radiation at infrared wavelengths. Because warm air can hold more moisture than cool air, the relative humidity will be constant only if the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increases as the temperature rises. Therefore, more infrared radiation would be absorbed and reradiated back to the Earth’s surface. The resultant warming at the surface could be expected to melt snow and ice, reducing the Earth’s reflectivity. More solar radiation would then be absorbed, leading to a further increase in temperature. 1. The primary purpose of the passage is to (A) warn of the dangers of continued burning of fossil fuels (B) discuss the significance of increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (C) explain how a constant temperature is maintained on the Earth’s surface (D) describe the ways in which various atmospheric and climatic conditions contribute to the Earth’s weather 2. According to the passage, the greatest part of the solar energy that reaches the Earth is (A) concentrated in the infrared spectrum (B) concentrated at visible wavelengths (C) absorbed by carbon dioxide molecules (D) absorbed by atmospheric water vapor 3. According to the passage, atmospheric carbon dioxide performs all of the following functions EXCEPT (A) absorbing radiation at visible wavelengths (B) absorbing outgoing radiation from the Earth (C) helping to retain heat near the Earth’s surface (D) helping to maintain a constant average temperature on the Earth’s surface 4. Which of the following best describes the author’s attitude toward the increasing amount of 14 carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and its consequences? (A) Incredulous (B) Objective yet concerned (C) Interested but skeptical (D) Angry yet resigned 5. According to the passage, which of the following is true of the last hundred years? (A) Fossil fuels were burned for the first time. (B) Greater amounts of land were cleared than at any time before. (C) The average temperature at the Earth’s surface has become 2? cooler. (D) The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased measurably. Passage 2 The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890’s that the agrarian discontent that had been developing steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier--that is, the depletion of available new land needed for further expansion of the American farming system. Not only was Turner’s thesis influential at the time, it was later adopted and elaborated by other scholars, such as John D. Hicks in The Populist Revolt (1931). Actually, however, new lands were taken up for farming in the United States throughout and beyond the nineteenth century. In the 1890’s, when agrarian discontent had become most acute, 1,100,000 new farms were settled, which was 500,000 more than had been settled during the previous decade. After 1890, under the terms of the Homestead Act and its successors, more new land was taken up for farming than had been taken up for this purpose in the United States up until that time. It is true that a high proportion of the newly farmed land was suitable only for grazing and dry farming, but agricultural practices had become sufficiently advanced to make it possible to increase the profitability of farming by utilizing even these relatively barren lands. The emphasis given by both scholars and statesmen to the presumed disappearance of the American frontier helped to obscure the great importance of changes in the conditions and consequences of international trade that occurred during the second half of the nineteenth century. In 1869 the Suez Canal was opened and the first transcontinental railroad in the United States was completed. An extensive network of telegraph and telephone communications was spun: Europe was connected by submarine cable with the United States in 1866 and with South America in 1874. By about 1870 improvements in agricultural technology made possible the full exploitation of areas that were most suitable for extensive farming on a mechanized basis. Huge tracts of land were being settled and farmed in Argentina, Australia, Canada, and in the American West, and these areas were joined with one another and with the countries of Europe into an interdependent market system. As a consequence, agrarian depressions no longer were local or national in scope, and they struck several nations whose internal frontiers had not vanished or were not about to vanish. Between the early 1870’s and the 1890’s, the mounting agrarian discontent in America paralleled the almost uninterrupted decline in the prices of American agricultural products on foreign markets. Those staple-growing farmers in the United States who exhibited the greatest discontent were those who had become most dependent on foreign markets for the sale of their products. Insofar as Americans had been deterred from taking up new land for farming, it was because 15 market conditions had made this period a perilous time in which to do so. 6. The author is primarily concerned with (A) showing that a certain interpretation is better supported by the evidence than is an alternative explanation (B) developing an alternative interpretation by using sources of evidence that formerly had been unavailable (C) questioning the accuracy of the evidence that most scholars have used to counter the author’s own interpretation (D) reviewing the evidence that formerly had been thought to obscure a valid interpretation 7. According to the author, changes in the conditions of international trade resulted in an (A) underestimation of the amount of new land that was being famed in the United States (B) emphasis on the importance of market forces in determining the prices of agricultural products (C) overexpansion of the world transportation network for shipping agricultural products (D) extension of agrarian depressions beyond national boundaries 8. The author implies that the change in the state of the American farmer’s morale during the latter part of the nineteenth century was traceable to the American farmer’s increasing perception that the (A) development of the first transcontinental railroad in the United States occurred at the expense of the American farmer (B) American farming system was about to run out of the new farmland that was required for its expansion. (C) prices of American agricultural products were deteriorating especially rapidly on domestic markets (D) proceeds from the sales of American agricultural products on foreign markets were unsatisfactory 9. According to the passage, which of the following occurred prior to 1890? (A) Technological advances made it fruitful to farm extensively on a mechanized basis. (B) The Homestead Act led to an increase in the amount of newly farmed land in the United States. (C) The manufacturers of technologically advanced agricultural machinery rapidly increased their marketing efforts. (D) Direct lines of communication were constructed between the United States and South America. 10. The author provides information concerning newly farmed lands in the United States as evidence in direct support of which of the following? (A) A proposal by Frederick J. Turner that was later disputed by John D. Hicks (B) An elaboration by John D. Hicks of a thesis that formerly had been questioned by Frederick J. Turner (C) The established view that was disputed by those scholars who adopted the thesis of Frederick J. 16 Turner (D) The view that the American frontier did not become closed during the nineteenth century or soon thereafter Passage 3 Ragtime is a musical form that synthesizes folk melodies and musical techniques exactly as written on the into a brief quadrille like structure, designed to be played— piano. A strong analogy exists between European composers like Ralph Vaughan Williams, Edward Grieg, and Anton Dvorak who combined folk tunes and their own original materials in larger compositions and the pioneer ragtime composers in the United States. Composers like Scott Joplin and James Scott were in a sense collectors or musicologists, collecting dance and folk music in Black communities and consciously shaping it into brief suites or anthologies called piano rags. It has sometimes been charged that ragtime is mechanical. For instance, Wilfred Mellers comments, "rags were transferred to the pianola roll and, even if not played by a machine, should be played like a machine, with meticulous precision." However, there is no reason to assume that ragtime is inherently mechanical simply because commercial manufacturers applied a mechanical recording method to ragtime, the only way to record pianos at that date. Ragtime’s is not a mechanical precision, and it is not precision limited to the style of performance. It arises from ragtime’s following a well-defined form and obeying simple rules within that form. The classic formula for the piano rag disposes three to five themes in sixteen-bar strains, often organized with repeats. The rag opens with a bright, memorable strain or theme, followed by a similar theme, leading to a trio of marked lyrical character, with the structure concluded by a lyrical strain that parallels the rhythmic developments of the earlier themes. The aim of the structure is to rise from one theme to another in a stair-step manner, ending on a note of triumph or exhilaration. Typically, each strain is divided into two 8-bar segments that are essentially alike, so the rhythmic-melodic unit of ragtime is only eight bars of 2/4 measure. Therefore, themes must be brief with clear, sharp melodic figures. Not concerned with development of musical themes, the ragtime composer instead sets a theme down intact, in finished form, and links it to various related themes. Tension in ragtime compositions arises from a polarity between two basic called by jazz musicians a boom-chick bass-in the ingredients: a continuous bass— pianist’s left hand, and its melodic, syncopated counterpart in the right hand. Ragtime remains distinct from jazz both as an instrumental style and as a genre. Ragtime style stresses a pattern of repeated rhythms, not the constant inventions and variations of jazz. As a genre, ragtime requires strict attention to structure, not inventiveness or virtuosity. It exists as a tradition, a set of conventions, a body of written scores, separate from the individual players associated with it. In this sense ragtime is more akin to folk music of the nineteenth century than to jazz. 11. Which of the following best describes the main purpose of the passage? (A) To contrast ragtime music and jazz (B) To acknowledge and counter significant adverse criticisms of ragtime music (C) To define ragtime music as an art form and describe its structural characteristics 17 (D) To explore the similarities between ragtime music and certain European musical compositions 12. According to the passage, each of the following is a characteristic of ragtime compositions that follow the classic ragtime formula EXCEPT (A) syncopation (B) well-defined melodic figures (C) rising rhythmic-melodic intensity (D) full development of musical themes 13. According to the passage, Ralph Vaughan Williams, Anton Dvorak, and Scott Joplin are similar in that they all (A) conducted research into musicological history (B) wrote original compositions based on folk tunes (C) collected and recorded abbreviated piano suites (D) explored the relations between Black music and continental folk music 14. The author rejects the argument that ragtime is a mechanical music because that argument (A) overlooks the precision required of the ragtime player (B) does not accurately describe the sound of ragtime pianola music (C) confuses the means of recording and the essential character of the music (D) exaggerates the influence of the performance style of professional ragtime players on the reputation of the genre 15. It can be inferred from the passage that the essential nature of ragtime has been obscured by commentaries based on (A) the way ragtime music was first recorded (B) interpretations of ragtime by jazz musicians (C) the dance fashions that were contemporary with ragtime (D) early reviewers’ accounts of characteristic structure Passage 4 Roger Rosenblatt’s book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history. Addison Gayle’s recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards, rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds. Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. Rosenblatt’s literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored. Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, how-ever, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficient reason, other than the racial 18 identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors? Second, how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable, coherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by Blacks over the last eighty years, he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. These structures are thematic, and they spring, not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly White culture, whether they try to conform to that culture of rebel against it. Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open. Rosenblatt’s thematic analysis permits consider-able objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works-yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic? In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer’s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression? In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed, and its forthright, lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism. 16. The author of the passage objects to criticism of Black fiction like that by Addison Gayle because it (A) ignores the interplay between Black history and Black identity displayed in such fiction (B) misinterprets the ideological content of such fiction (C) misunderstands the notions of Black identity contained in such fiction (D) substitutes political for literary criteria in evaluating such fiction 17. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with (A) evaluating the soundness of a work of criticism (B) comparing various critical approaches to a subject (C) discussing the limitations of a particular kind of criticism (D) summarizing the major points made in a work of criticism 18. The author of the passage believes that Black Fiction would have been improved had Rosenblatt (A) assessed the relative literary merit of the novels he analyzes thematically (B) attempted to be more objective in his approach to novels and stories by Black authors (C) explored in greater detail the recurrent thematic concerns of Black fiction throughout its history (D) established a basis for placing Black fiction within its own unique literary tradition 19 19. The author’s discussion of Black Fiction can be best described as (A) pedantic and contentious (B) critical but admiring (C) ironic and deprecating (D) argumentative but unfocused 20. The author of the passage refers to James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man most probably in order to (A) point out affinities between Rosenblatt’s method of thematic analysis and earlier criticism (B) clarify the point about expressionistic style made earlier in the passage (C) qualify the assessment of Rosenblatt’s book made in the first paragraph of the passage (D) give a specific example of one of the accomplishments of Rosenblatt’s work 阅读理解 1—5. ABAAD 6—10. ADDAD 11—15. CDBCA 16—20. DAABD 20 考博翻译 汉译英 (一) 斯蒂芬•沃林有话对男人们说——多做家务，帮忙带孩子，多花点时间在家里。 1.―平等始于家庭，‖沃林，这位芬兰的文化与体育部长在联合国妇女地位委员会 年度集会的会场外接受采访时如是说。沃林说他希望会有这么一天，没人会再问 哪个职位——不管是在家庭还是在办公场合——适合男性还是女性来做。―负担 起更多的家务 职责 岗位职责下载项目部各岗位职责下载项目部各岗位职责下载建筑公司岗位职责下载社工督导职责.docx 吧，‖这是沃林传达给成家男人的信息。这样做的好处远不止 仅仅创造出平等的关系，让女性从母亲与家庭主妇的传统角色中解放出来。2.―做 父亲的承担的家务越多，离婚就越少，‖他说，―二者有直接关系。当然，这与互 相尊重和尽量使彼此生活更加轻松也密不可分。‖ 政府和企业老板们也要保证， 当有了孩子后，男人和女人应当有同样的机会待在家里。3. 沃林正在芬兰推广 一项计划，他自己称之为―六加六加六‖:父母双方分别有六个月的产假，另外还 有六个月的假期在两者之间分配。该计划基于冰岛的一种模式:父母双方各有三 个月的假，另外还有三个月的假供两者分配。 1. ,平等始于家庭，‖沃林，这位芬兰的文化与体育部长在联合国妇女地位委 员会年度集会的会场外接受采访时如是说。 ,Equality starts at home,‖ Wallin, Finland‘s minister for culture and sports, said in an interview on the sidelines of an annual gathering of the U.N. Commission on the Status of Women. 2. ,做父亲的承担的家务越多，离婚就越少，‖他说，,二者有直接关系。当 然，这与互相尊重和尽量使彼此生活更加轻松也密不可分。‖ ,The more the fathers take responsibility for things at home, the less divorces you have,‖ he said. ,There‘s a direct correlation. It is, of course, also about respecting each other and trying to make life easier for each other.‖ 3.沃林正在芬兰推广一项计划，他自己称之为,六加六加六‖:父母双方分别 有六个月的产假，另外还有六个月的假期在两者之间分配。 He is pushing a Finnish plan that he calls ,six plus six plus six,‖ under which mothers and fathers would get six months of maternity and paternity leave each and another six months to divide among themselves. 汉译英 (二) 你觉得全球变暖能让海水上升到足以淹没哈特拉斯角的程度吗,想拿这事儿 打个赌吗,1.一家网上赌博公司已经开始接受全球变暖赌注，下注的对象包括海 水能否淹没美国东海岸的一些顶级度假胜地。BetUs.com为弗吉尼亚州亨利角在 2015年之前被水淹没开出的赔率是200比1，哈特拉斯角在同年之前没入水中的 赔率则是300比1。2. 弗吉尼亚滩市海岸工程师菲尔?罗赫斯说，别去下这样的 注，原因在于美国东海岸的海平面虽然在上升，科学家们却从未预测过近似于赌博公司提供的有关海水上涨的具体高度和日期。罗赫斯说:―(因为赌博公司不可能输)赔率这么高也就不足为奇了。‖ 罗赫斯的话没能阻止赌徒们去碰运气。3. 据BetUs.com的发言人里德?理查兹所说，网上投注开通的头三天就有大约3,000人下了注, 其中大多数赌徒都押了曼哈顿会在2011年新年前夜之前没入水中。理查兹说:―我也搞不懂这是为什么。‖ 21 1.一家网上赌博公司已经开始接受全球变暖赌注，下注的对象包括海水能否淹没美国东海岸的一些顶级度假胜地。 An online gambling service has started taking bets on global warming, including whether it can submerge some of the East Coast‘s top vacation spots. 2.别去下这样的注，原因在于美国东海岸的海平面虽然在上升，科学家们却从未预测过近似于赌博公司提供的有关海水上涨的具体高度和日期。 Don‘t bet on it, says Phil Roehrs, a coastal engineer for the city of Virginia Beach. Roehrs said although sea levels are rising along the East Coast, scientists are not predicting anywhere near the levels and dates provided by the gambling service. 3. 据BetUs.com的发言人里德?理查兹所说，网上投注开通的头三天就有大约3,000人下了注, 其中大多数赌徒都押了曼哈顿会在2011年新年前夜之前没入水中。 About 3,000 placed bets during the first three days on online booking, said Reed Richards, a spokesman for BetUs.com.，most of whom have put down money that Manhattan will be submerged before New Year‘s Eve 2011. 汉译英 (三) 大错将使这家大型塑料厂无法履行一些合同，由此损失的利润将达1,100万美元。当时，正在厂里做工的一名合作公司雇员错误地触发了一个―停工‖开关，不光使得生产停顿，还使工厂不得不花两个星期时间来修理设备。―这个开关是用来保障安全的。如果有人发现出了问题，就可以用它来使工厂停止生产，‖新星公司发言人格里格?威尔金森说，―可是，这一次的情形并不是这样。没有什么安全问题，就是个意外。‖由于这次突如其来的停工，新星公司宣布丙烯以及一些其他产品的交货期发生不可抗力延误。―不可抗力‖是个法律术语，意思是某个公司因超出其控制范围之外的原因而无法履行合同。2.公司说，生产中断以及由此而来的销量损失将使公司第二季度的利润减少800万美元，第三季度利润减少300万美元。公司已经就该工人错按―停工‖键的具体情况展开调查，同时声称当务之急仍是修理设备。3. 威尔金森稍后说，公司已经决定等调查结果出来之后再确定可能的处罚措施。不过，他也说自己对那名工人抱有一定程度的同情。他说:―我想不出他现在是什么感觉，不过，那感觉一定糟糕透顶。‖ 1.安大略的大型化学品公司宣称，一名工人无意中错按了该公司的,停工‖开关，这一无心大错将使这家大型塑料厂无法履行一些合同，由此损失的利润将达1,100万美元。 A worker accidentally tripping a shutoff switch at a major Ontario plastics plant will cost Nova Chemicals Corp. $11 million in lost profit, the company said, because it won‘t be able to fulfill some contracts because of the blunder. 2.公司说，生产中断以及由此而来的销量损失将使公司第二季度的利润减少 800万美元，第三季度利润减少300万美元。 The company said the outage and lost sales will shave profits by about $8 million in the second quarter and $3 million in the third. 3. 威尔金森稍后说，公司已经决定等调查结果出来之后再确定可能的处罚措 施。 22 Wilkins said later that the company has decided to await the results of its inquiry before making any decision on potential penalties. 汉译英 (四) 热衷度假的人们请注意了:一项关于游客对欧洲城市印象的调查表明，伦敦吃 的最糟糕，巴黎被人们过高估计，还有布鲁塞尔堪称最乏味的城市。1. 这项通 过―旅行专家‖的调查，有近2400人参与，英国首都被评为最脏的欧洲城市，衣 着最糟糕的城市，物价也昂贵。巴黎也好不到哪里去，游客说这是座最不友好的 城市，物价第二贵。然而，这两受热捧的旅游城市在网上民意调查中也挣回一些 面子，分别被誉为食物美味着装养眼以及夜生活丰富，公园舒适且免费之都。2. 威尼斯胜出巴黎和罗马，被评为欧洲最浪漫的城市，但却是第三大物价昂贵之城， 仅追巴黎和伦敦之后。 想去友好城市的游客们最好选择去都柏林，而注重养生 的朋友们会选择丹麦的哥本哈根，它被誉为欧洲最干净的城市。3.布拉格被选为 价廉物美的旅游之地，而想饱眼福，养眼球的游客们应该去西班牙的巴塞罗那， 但是一定得避开波兰的华沙，这两个城市分别被被誉为有着最佳建筑风景和最煞 风景的建筑。哪个城市最呆板乏味呢,游客们的选票投向了比利时首都布鲁塞 尔，瑞士的苏黎世紧跟其后，屈居亚军。 1. 这项通过,旅行专家‖的调查，有近2400人参与，英国首都被评为最脏 的欧洲城市，衣着最糟糕的城市，物价也昂贵。 In the poll of nearly 2,400 travelers, by website Tripadvisor ‖ (www.tripadvisor.com), the British capital was voted the dirtiest in Europe, home to the worst-dressed people and the most expensive. 2. 威尼斯胜出巴黎和罗马，被评为欧洲最浪漫的城市，但却是第三大物价昂贵 之城，仅追巴黎和伦敦之后。 But both popular destinations redeemed themselves in the online poll, with Paris voted as having the best cuisine and best-dressed people,1 while London was seen as having the best nightlife, best public parks and most free attractions. 3. 布拉格被选为价廉物美的旅游之地，而想饱眼福，养眼球的游客们应该去西 班牙的巴塞罗那，但是一定得避开波兰的华沙，这两个城市分别被被誉为有着最 佳建筑风景和最煞风景的建筑。 Prague was picked as the best bargain destination, while people seeking visual treats should head for Spain‘s Barcelona, but avoid Warsaw in Poland, which were seen as the cities with the best and worst architecture respectively. 英译汉(一) asserted benefit of the bill, however, was overshadowed by the "Buy American" provisions it included, which barred the use of foreign iron, steel, and manufactured goods in public works projects funded by the plan. The clause easily invited deep concern outside and inside the United States, raising fears of a recurring of protectionism. 23 The United States has alleged that the implementation of the bill will strictly abide by its international trade obligations. Analysts pointed out that according to the international government procurement agreement, Canada, the European Union (EU), Japan and a few other countries might be exempted from the provisions. Even so, potential protectionism embedded in the provisions still touched the nerves of these nations and blocs. Canada, with about 40 percent of its steel export going to its southern neighbor the U.S., has repeatedly expressed its deep concern. Harper spoke out again last Friday, after the bill was approved by the Congress, that "there were some improvements as this went through the congressional process but obviously all of us remain concerned, and I think (U.S.) President (Barack) Obama. 1. The mammoth 787-billion-U.S. dollar stimulus package was finally passed by the U.S. Congress last Friday, a crucial step forward in Washington’s ambition to revive the faltering economy. 美国数额巨大的一揽子刺激计划最终于上周通过审议了，这是华盛顿方面进一 步促使美国经济复苏的重大决策。 2. "Buy American" has become particularly sensitive in a time that the world is facing sagging economy and slumping trade, echoing the Great Depression in the 1930s when a wave of tit-for-tat protectionism choked global trade and prolonged the economic pain. ,买美国货‖的做法在这个经济疲软，贸易萧条的时期变得尤为敏感。这种做 法就是二十世纪三十年代针对经济危机而实施贸易保护的翻版，当时的举措阻碍 了全球贸易的发展，拖延了对经济创伤的治愈。 3. The country’s Prime Minister Stephen Harper said on Feb. 3 that the clause could contravene the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and backtrack on Washington’s "international obligations" to break down global trade barriers. 三月二日，该国总理斯蒂芬哈伯发表声明说，该法案违反了,北美自由贸易协 定‖，尔反尔地违背了华盛顿自己签署的所谓,国际义务条款‖，从而冲破全球 建立的贸易壁垒。 英译汉(二) A group of scientists tested banknotes from more than 30 cities in five countries, including the United States, Canada, Brazil and Japan, and found ,alarming‖ evidence of cocaine use in many areas. U.S. and Canadian currency had the highest levels, with an average contamination rate of between 85 and 90 percent, while Japanese currency had the lowest, between 12 and 20 percent contamination. 1. 24 Contamination can also spread to banknotes not involved in the illicit drug culture, because bills are processed in banks‘ currency-counting machines. ,To my surprise, we‘re finding more and more cocaine in banknotes. I‘m not sure why we‘ve seen this apparent increase, but it could be related to the economic downturn, with stressed people turning to cocaine,‖ Zuo said. Such studies are useful, he noted, because the data can help law enforcement agencies and forensic specialists identify patterns of drug use in a community. The amounts of cocaine found on U.S. bills ranged from 0.006 micrograms (several thousands of times smaller than a single grain of sand) to more than 1,240 micrograms of cocaine per banknote (about 50 grains of sand). The lowest average cocaine levels in U.S. currency appeared on bills collected from Salt Lake City. 1. Scientists have known for years that paper money can become contaminated with cocaine during drug deals and directly through drug use, such as snorting cocaine through rolled bills. 多年以来科学家就知道纸币很容易被可卡因污染，这种污染是在毒品交易和直 接吸毒过程中产生的，比如将纸币卷起以便吸入毒粉。 2. Study leader Yuegang Zuo of the University of Massachusetts said that the high percentage of contaminated U.S. currency observed in the current study represents nearly a 20 percent jump in comparison to a similar study he conducted two years ago. 研究组组长，来自马萨诸塞大学的左月刚说所 检测 工程第三方检测合同工程防雷检测合同植筋拉拔检测方案传感器技术课后答案检测机构通用要求培训 过的纸币污染的比例很高， 且较两年前他做的同类研究结果上涨了20%。 3. The scientists found that larger cities like Baltimore, Boston, and Detroit had among the highest average cocaine levels. Washington, D.C., ranked above the average, with 95 percent of the banknotes sampled contaminated with the drug. 科学家发现大一点的城市，比如巴尔的摩，波斯顿和底特律纸币感染可卡因的 程度高些。 华盛顿的纸币感染程度为中上等，95%的抽样纸币都受到毒品污染。 英译汉(三) The targets in the existing 1997 Kyoto Protocol—generally a 5 percent reduction below 1990 emissions levels for developed countries—are scheduled to expire in 2012. And in any event, global warming activists considered the Kyoto Protocol too weak to save the planet. 25 There were some initial discussions of requiring up to 30 percent cuts by 2020 for developed nations. Some also hoped that developing nations, especially fast-growing China and India, would give up their exemptions in the Kyoto Protocol and also go along with emissions targets. Emissions growth from these major developing nations will dominate in the decades ahead; thus, a treaty without significant commitments from them would be ineffective in seriously altering the upward trajectory of emissions in the coming decades. None of these things happened at Copenhagen. The final accord contains no tough binding new targets—or even weak ones. Equally non-binding promises from developed nations to provide finance to poor countries and move forward with international monitoring of emissions are similarly meaningless. Also dropped was a provision requiring the parties to agree to binding targets in 2010. 1. Copenhagen had long been hyped as the conference where a new set of stringent, binding, verifiable, and internationally enforceable greenhouse gas emissions targets were to be agreed upon for the decades ahead. 一直以来人们大势宣传说哥本哈根会议能够就一系列严格，有约束力，可证实 的，在国际范围And with the Bush Administration gone in 2009, many in the international community felt that the path was clear for the Obama Administration to finally include America in these mandatory emissions reductions. 随着2009年布什卸任，国际社会中很多人认为这一点很清楚，奥巴马政府会 最终将美国纳入义务减排废气的行列中来。 3. All that was left after two weeks of meetings was some vague language to the effect that it would be nice if each country decided on its own to reduce emissions 两周的会期之后，我们所得到的是闪烁其词的结论，意思就是如果各国能自行 减排废气，这就很好了。 4. And as meaningless as the final accord is, the United Nations could not even agree to it— it merely stated that it ,takes note‖ of the final accord. 联合国可能不认可这样的说法:此次会议他们只是将最后的协议记录下了，这 一切与最终的协议一样毫无意义。 26 考博作文 1. Are you living a Low-carbon Life ? Due to too much burning of fossil fuels, the earth temperature has been increasing sharply in recent years. In consequence, green house gasses(mostly CO2)trap heat from the sun and warm the earth a lot, resulting in both rising of sea level and terrible climate catastrophe. If no steps are taken, soon no bright sunshine will visit us, instead, unclean air will choke us and heat waves kill us mercilessly. However, much to our delight, nowadays countries and some organizations are aware of the importance of cutting the emission of the carbon-dioxide. The U.N. Climate Change Conference held in Copenhagen, Denmark on Dec.7th, 2009 arouses great concern from all walks of life. It seems that is quite a frequent sentence prevailing around: Are you living a low-carbon life? For sure, we are supposed to take some steps to lead a low-carbon lifestyle. For one thing, we, if possible, can walk or bike to school or work instead of driving cars all the time. For another, we should spare no efforts to reduce energy consumption by turning off electrical appliances in time, using less-processed articles like tap water instead of bottled water, having more vegetables than meat, etc. Besides, we can seek opportunities to plant more trees which can help absorbing carbon-dioxide. Last but not least, we are responsible for calling on others to follow low-carbon lifestyles. In brief, to protect our earth for a sustainable development, if we cannot live a no-carbon life, but we can lead a low-carbon one. We can, and we have to ! 2. Shanghai World Expo 2010, Challenge or Chance? Shanghai World Expo 2010 is the next major event in China following the 2008 Beijing Olympics. The Expo is a grand showcase for the economic, social and cultural achievements of countries around the globe. It is both great a chance and a big challenge for the world. As galleries of human inspirations and thoughts, World Exposition 2010 in Shanghai, with the theme ,Better City, Better Life‖, offers chances for people from all around the world to display urban civilization to the full extent. They will exchange their experiences of urban development and explore new approaches to human habitat, lifestyle and working conditions in the 21st century. They will learn how to create an eco-friendly society and maintain the sustainable development of human beings. In this case, it is a really an opportunity for the whole world. 27 As the first registered World Expo in a developing country, Shanghai Expo will be held from May 1st to the end of October in 2010, when more than 200 nations and international organizations and 70 million visitors from home and abroad will be in Shanghai, the Expo host city. To ensure the widest possible participation in the history of the World Expositions, Shanghai has been exercising its full potential make preparations as to welcome and satisfy all the guests by putting on an excellent show of its charm and beauty. 2010 Expo Shanghai is indeed a big challenge for the host city, Shanghai. So, Shanghai World Expo 2010 is either a chance or a chance. Maybe, it‘s more of a chance for the whole world, yet more of a challenge for Shanghai. 3(Confucius Institutes Abroad: Necessary or Not? In partnership with Chinese Universities and foreign universities in other countries and supported by the Office of Chinese Language Council International, quite some Confucius Institutes have been established all through the world. Necessary or not? Obviously we could easily find that it is actually of great significance to start the project. Aiming to promote the study of Chinese language, culture, ethics and philosophy and further the understanding of China today. The project comes with quite some advantages as follows: First, by teaching the Chinese to those natives in the respective countries, we are helping to reveal the charm of our mother tongue, its pronunciation, spelling and meanings. Above all, we help those who are interested in our language to use our language. Therefore in the long run, Chinese can be used by more people with different colors. Second, in a narrow sense, by teaching Chinese, we are also spreading and revealing rich Chinese culture to the foreigners so that they can understand better the Chinese people in the communication. In a broader sense, we are carrying forward the fine tradition of the Chinese culture. Finally, with more and more Chinese teachers teaching abroad, they are gaining experiences by working abroad and working with foreign students. As a result, the project of Confucius Institute will achieve the effect of ,Two birds with one stone‖, that is popularizing Chinese culture and language as well as training teachers of Chinese. To sum up, Confucius Institutes are playing a great role in carrying forward Chinese language and culture, and creating new Chinese images in order to enhance inter-communal communication. 28 4. Telecommuting Ever heard of telecommuting? Yes, it‘s quite some fashionable way of working. Telecommuting --- substituting the computer for the trip to the job ----has been hailed as a solution to all kinds of problems related to office work. But is it that much feasible in the reality? It is known that for workers it promises freedom from the office, less time wasted in traffic, and helps with child-care conflicts. Moreover, officially, local governments are encouraging companies to start telecommuting programs in order to reduce rush-hour congestion and improve air quality. But these benefits do not come easily. Telecommuting workers soon learn that it is almost impossible to concentrate on work in a home setting or even a lie in sofa, where one can be very easily distracted by a glance at the TV, a cup of coffee and a puff of cigarette. Besides, working alone at home with no colleagues around is not nice at all, too lonely and less efficient. Besides, management also find it is the employee’s situation, not the availability of technology that generates a telecommuting arrangement at work. So, Start to telecommute or not? Think twice, please. 5. Travelling by Air Many people prefer to travel by air. This is because air travel has its own advantages. In the first place, airplane, the miracle created by man, is the fastest means of transport. It takes the least time for one to travel by air from one place to another. Secondly, traveling by air is convenient and comfortable with affectionate and considerate service from the friendly air hostesses. They look after passengers all the way to their destinations. Moreover, on long distance flights there are films and music for people to entertain themselves on the journey. It is true with air travel. As a popular saying goes, ,Every coin has its two side.‖ It has some disadvantages, too. For one thing, air travel costs a great deal more than other travels with doubled or even tripled prices. Being not rich enough to afford it, the average Chinese prefer to take trains or buses, which save them a lot of money. For another, although passengers are assured of their safety on the flight, they are still worried about it during the journey because flying always involves less dangers but more destructive ones. As far I am concerned, the mentioned advantages mentioned above weigh up the disadvantages. If I can choose how to travel, I still prefer the former. 29 6. Should we pay to visit museums or not? As we know, in China many museums are actually charging visitors a fee , though they claim they are not making money out of the tickets. Some museums are only free on holidays and other special days. Should we pay to visit museums or not? On part of the public, entry to museums should be free, for museums put on display of human history and culture, serving as an important vehicle to pass down historical knowledge from generation to generation. As a way to implement the people-oriented concept, free museums will facilitate more people to share in the fruits of our cultural heritage and the development of social civilization. Undoubtedly, as public educational resources, museums should not be profit-oriented. But according to the museum administrators, they are actually not making a profit but a living, for they need money to maintain the everyday operation with not enough government sponsoring. Recently, there comes the good news that government has increased its financing in the museums, free entry to museums is becoming a reality. However new problems arise with floods of people squeezing into museums and thus huge strain put on services. As a result Free entry to museums will be a challenge to the wisdom of public utility managers as well as a test of the civic quality of visitors . 7. Traveling in your own car or with a touring group ? With the improvement of people‘s life quality, many people nowadays are traveling on weekends and holidays. However, which will you prefer, traveling in your own car or with an agency-touring group? That is no easy choice for me. Usually, traveling in your car is a pleasure to most people and in most cases. You can arrange the itinerary as you like and in our own way, making it more flexible, personal and private. However, it could also be quite troublesome because you have to s worse, you may get reserve the hotels, restaurants, touring tickets, and etc. What‘ lost on the trip as tourists in a strange place. Generally speaking, traveling with an agency-touring group can be also enjoyable. You can make friends with other tourists in the group and feel totally relaxed about where to eat, where to lodge and where to go. Besides, with the explanations from the touring guide for the sceneries, you will have a much better understanding of what you see on the trip. But sometimes you might find the food or the room provided is not worth what you have paid and the itinerary is not reasonably arranged as you expect, which is said to be a biggest problem when travelling with the agency-touring group. How to travel then? It‘s up to you to make a decision. Maybe we could try both: travel in your own car sometimes and then try the other for a change. 30