如何用象征手法写作文

如何用象征手法写作文 一、象征 (一)象征的来源 “象征”一词最早出现在古希腊文中，意为“一剖为二，各执一半的木制信物”。中国文学的象征手法，来源于《诗经》中的“比”“兴”写作手法。孔子、孟子以来最杰出的南宋儒学大师朱熹说:“比者，以彼物比此物也。”“兴者，先言他物以引起所咏之词也。”按此解释，比，就是托物言志。“兴”，“触物以起情，谓之兴。”如《关雎》开头“关关雎鸠，在河之洲。窈窕淑女，君子好逑”(关关:水鸟鸣叫的声音。雎(ju)鸠:一种水鸟。 洲:水中的陆地。 窈窕(yao tiao):内心悠闲，外貌美好的样子。淑:好，善。 君子:这里指女子对男子的尊称。逑(qiu):配偶。译文:关关鸣叫的水鸟，栖居在河中沙洲。 善良美丽的姑娘， 好男儿的好配偶。)以水鸟相向和鸣起兴喻君子淑女。这种托物象征、托物起兴的方法就是象征方法的起源。 (二)象征的含义: 为了讲清象征的含义，让我们先来读艾青的《礁石》: 一个浪，一个浪/无休止地扑过来/每一个浪都在它脚下/被打成碎沫、散开„„ 它的脸上和身上/像刀砍过的一样/但它依然站在那里/含着微笑，看着海洋„„ 读了这首小诗，你联想到的肯定不是“礁石”。在风浪狂涛中巍然屹立的礁石，让你想到的会是一个人、一个民族、一个国家百折不挠、万难不屈的斗争精神。 在这里，我们读的是“礁石”，但它让我们“跳跃”式地联想到一种精神风貌。 简单地说，这种寓深刻的思想内涵于平凡的事物中，好像是写“此”、实际上让人感受到是在写“彼”的方法，就叫做“象征”。当生活中有些事情比较复杂但又有深刻意义，不是三言两语所能讲得清楚，或有时又不便明说的此时就可运用象征手法，通过某一形象表现出深远的含义，让人既能体会到事物的意义，又能体味到文章语言的深刻与美好。 如高尔基《海燕》一文，塑造了一个暴风雨的精灵--海燕，面对着即将来临的暴风雨，在险恶的环境中表现出勇敢、无畏、乐观的精神品质，具有坚定的信念，渴望并迎接暴风雨的到来。而这些，正是无产阶级革命者的精神品质的具体体现，正是在这个意义上，文章用海燕来象征英勇善战的无产阶级革命的先驱者。在整篇散文诗中，并不止是海燕，可以说，全诗展示的生活图画与刻画的形象无不具有其象征意义，如大海象征革命高潮时的日益觉醒的广大人民群众的力量;暴风雨象征席卷一切反动势力的革命浪潮与风暴;海鸥、海鸭、企鹅象征害怕革命的形形色色的假革命和不革命者;乌云、狂风、雷声、闪电则象征垂死挣扎的反动派、沙皇统治的黑暗势力等等。正是运用了象征这种表现手法，《海燕》这篇战斗的诗歌才能够在沙皇反动派的黑暗统治之中，通过严格的审查而得以发表，才能够成为进行革命宣传斗争的有力武器，而海燕这一黑色精灵的形象才会如此鲜明，深受人们喜爱。 再如矛盾的《白杨礼赞》片断: 那就是白杨树，西北极普通的一种树，然而实在是不平凡的一种树。 那是力争上游的一种树，笔直的干，笔直的枝。它的干通常是丈把高，像加过人工似的，一丈以内绝无旁枝。它所有的丫枝一律向上，而且紧紧靠拢，也像加过人工似的，成为一束，绝不旁逸斜出。它的宽大的叶子也是片片向上，几乎没有斜生的，更不用说倒垂了。它的皮光滑而有银色的晕圈，微微泛出淡青色。这是虽在北方风雪的压迫下却保持着倔强挺立的一种树。哪怕只有碗那样粗细，它却努力向上发展，高到丈许，两丈，参天耸立，不折不挠，对抗着西北风。这就是白杨树，西北极普通的一种树，然而决不是平凡的树。 作者在这里描写的是普通而又平凡的白杨，其笔力集中在白杨的神采、姿态、精神、品格之上，其情感的基调是激情的讴歌，这让我们极为鲜明地感觉到作者是用白杨在象征着一种人，象征着一种精神。 象征的概念:借用某种具体形象的事物暗示特定的人物或事理，以表达真挚的情感和深刻的寓意，这种“以物征事”的艺术表现手法叫象征。它是借助于某一具体事物的外在特征，寄寓某种深邃的思想，或表达某种富有特殊意义的事理的艺术手法。其概念有三层涵义:(1)、accountable for the violation, Had a negative impact on society. Corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, the initiative to accept social supervision. Give full play to the role of the news media, widely publicized safety production areas to carry out the "four winds" special significance, focus, work measures, dynamic work, the report published telephone. Launched the employees and the whole social supervision and reporting production safety and harm the interests of the masses, the formation of a strong prevention and treatment of the special rectification work atmosphere. 2, enhance political concentration. To strengthen the ideological and political construction, always adhere to the correct political line, politics Governance position, political orientation, political road, continuously enhance political acumen and political discernment, firm road confidence, theory system of self-confidence and self-confidence. To further strengthen the theory of armed Marx doctrine of Chinese consciously use the latest achievements of the armed mind, guide practice and promote the work. With a high degree of political consciousness, the Bureau take the lead in-depth study to implement the spirit of general secretary Xi Jinping's important speech series, and timely to the cadres and workers to study and implement of special supervision and inspection. 3, focus on remediation Yung lazy, scattered. "Cadres and carry out" mediocre, lazy, scattered "special rectification action, strengthen dedication, strong quality", The tree image, team spirit and the socialist core values education, vigorously to create a pioneering spirit, unity and struggle, serious and lively atmosphere. Take a thorough investigation, and severely punish free, absenteeism, tardiness, AWOL behavior, and resolutely put an end to work time on the Internet stocks, playing games, watching entertainment phenomenon. (five) are failing to buck passing the problem of lack of awareness of the overall situation. The individual members of the team too much emphasis on personal interests and the interests of small groups, prior conditions, the first hit "small abacus". The lack of big talk about the principle of small speaking style, have something to say, not behind talking about, no more Tricks of consciousness and self-discipline, relegates, passing each other, not unite to form a good atmosphere, and sometimes even against each other. A few members of the team that is the power sector in the safety supervision department, safety supervision department is working to better cope with personal interests, perfunctory in the daily supervision process, the illegal behavior of enterprise there do not want to offend people speak hard, to relax the stringent requirements of the enterprise. The rectification measures: (LED Le 用具体的事物来表现某种特殊的意义。(如苍松,坚强;火炬,光明)(2)、用来象征某种特殊的意义的具体事物。(如白色是纯洁的,;火炬是光明的,)(3)、是文艺创作的一种具有假托、替代或暗示性质的表现手法,一般都是在准确把握象征体和本体内在联系的基础上,通过某种具体形象,曲折地表现某种概念或思想感情。 (三)象征的作用 运用象征手法对事物特征进行描绘，会使欣赏者产生由此及彼的联想，从而领悟到艺术家所要表达的含义。运用象征手法，可使抽象的概念具体化、形象化，可使复杂深刻的事理浅显化、单一化，还可以延伸描写的内蕴、创造一种艺术意境，引起人们的联想，增强作品的表现力和艺术效果。另外，根据传统习惯和一定的社会习俗，选择人们熟知的象征物作为本体，也可表达一种特定的意蕴。如红色象征喜庆、白色象征哀悼、喜鹊象征吉祥、乌鸦象征厄运、鸽子象征和平，鸳鸯象征爱情等。 (四)象征的特点 象征的基本特点是以少喻多，以具体代表抽象，以特殊表现普遍，以有限暗示无限，它要解决的是有限与无限的矛盾。也就是说，艺术家所要表达的“意思”很大，很多，很抽象，很概括，很深远，很微妙，没有办法没有可能一下子直捷倾注到作品中(直捷倾注不成艺术)，因而必须抽象化为一个具体的可视可感的形式——形象或意境，以具体的形象或意境来比喻、来代表、来暗示那个抽象的意思。这时候，艺术的形象或意境就具有了象征功能。具体来说，象征的特点是:一、通过特定的具体形象,寄寓某种思想感情。如:例如通过对白杨的歌颂——来赞美中华民族质朴、坚强、力求上进的精神。二是“暗示性”。象征的暗示性，就是“用甲事物来暗指乙事物。”例如唐代农民起义军领袖黄巢,当年应考进士落第后,写了首《不第后赋菊》:“待到秋末九月八，我花开后百花杀。冲天香阵透长安，满城尽戴黄金甲。”诗人就是以菊花象征起义的胜利,表达了推翻唐王朝腐朽统治的决心，菊花的暗示特点十分明显。 (五)象征的构成和分类 构成:象征包括两个部分:1、象征体; 2、象征义(也称本体)。如巴金的《灯》一文中“灯”就是“象征体”、“光明”则是“灯”的“象征义”，“象征体”和“象征义”之间应该有某种内在的联系，容易使读者产生联想。但是这种联想不是固定的,在不同人的笔下,或同不同篇章里,同一事物可以象征不同的意义。例如:同是“雷电”，在《海燕》中代表反动势力;而在郭沫若的《雷电颂》中，却是正义的化身。 分类:古往今来，中外作家都十分喜欢使用象征这种艺术表现方法，因而象征在作品中的存在相当普遍，类别多种多样，多彩多姿。余秋雨对象征进行综合考察，把象征分为两大类:部件性象征和整体性象征。部件性象征又可分为符号象征和氛围象征，整体性象征可分为寓言象征和本体象征。 1、部件性式象征。简单地说，就是局部象征，是指作品的某一段落、情节或细节的象征。 (1)符号象征。中国古人很早就领悟了符号形象的象征功能，就懂得借具体可感的形象(艺术符号)传达微妙抽象的思想感情，例如绘画和诗文中的松、竹、梅、兰、菊、莲、日、月、星、风、云、雨、雪、山、水、老虎、狮子、雄鹰、麒麟、仙鹤、鸳鸯、雁、龙、凤、鱼等等，都有丰富的象征意味，一看到或听到这些形象，立刻就能联想到其中所的意义和意味。用“樱花”象征友谊;用“翠竹”象征革命精神;用“竹子”象征谦虚、坚挺、有节操;用“莲花”象征出污泥而不染的高尚品格;用“梅花”象征经受考验的品质;用“牡丹”象征人的雍容华贵;用“莲花”象征人的素雅高洁。在中国、朝鲜和日本，人们常把仙鹤和挺拔苍劲的古松画在一起，作为益年长寿的象征。丹顶鹤，常被人冠以“湿地之神”的美称。麒麟是传说中有德性的仁兽，历代帝王都把它看作是太平盛世的象征。在北京的故宫和颐和园等皇帝的住地和花园里都能见到铜铸或石凿的麒麟。另外，在中国还有“麒麟送子”的传说，人们一方面用麒麟象征有出息的子孙，也表示了祈望早生贵子，子孙繁荣的意思。鸳鸯——爱情和美的象征。 再如清朝官制，官级不同，补服图案也不同。文官:一品仙鹤，二品锦鸡，三品孔雀，四品鸳鸯，五品白鹇，六品鹭鸶，七品鸂鶒(xi第一声chi第四声，一种水鸟)，八品鹌鹑，九品蓝雀;武官:一品麒麟，二品狮子，三品豹，四品虎，五品熊，六accountable for the violation, Had a negative impact on society. Corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, the initiative to accept social supervision. Give full play to the role of the news media, widely publicized safety production areas to carry out the "four winds" special significance, focus, work measures, dynamic work, the report published telephone. Launched the employees and the whole social supervision and reporting production safety and harm the interests of the masses, the formation of a strong prevention and treatment of the special rectification work atmosphere. 2, enhance political concentration. To strengthen the ideological and political construction, always adhere to the correct political line, politics Governance position, political orientation, political road, continuously enhance political acumen and political discernment, firm road confidence, theory system of self-confidence and self-confidence. To further strengthen the theory of armed Marx doctrine of Chinese consciously use the latest achievements of the armed mind, guide practice and promote the work. With a high degree of political consciousness, the Bureau take the lead in-depth study to implement the spirit of general secretary Xi Jinping's important speech series, and timely to the cadres and workers to study and implement of special supervision and inspection. 3, focus on remediation Yung lazy, scattered. "Cadres and carry out" mediocre, lazy, scattered "special rectification action, strengthen dedication, strong quality", The tree image, team spirit and the socialist core values education, vigorously to create a pioneering spirit, unity and struggle, serious and lively atmosphere. Take a thorough investigation, and severely punish free, absenteeism, tardiness, AWOL behavior, and resolutely put an end to work time on the Internet stocks, playing games, watching entertainment phenomenon. (five) are failing to buck passing the problem of lack of awareness of the overall situation. The individual members of the team too much emphasis on personal interests and the interests of small groups, prior conditions, the first hit "small abacus". The lack of big talk about the principle of small speaking style, have something to say, not behind talking about, no more Tricks of consciousness and self-discipline, relegates, passing each other, not unite to form a good atmosphere, and sometimes even against each other. A few members of the team that is the power sector in the safety supervision department, safety supervision department is working to better cope with personal interests, perfunctory in the daily supervision process, the illegal behavior of enterprise there do not want to offend people speak hard, to relax the stringent requirements of the enterprise. The rectification measures: (LED Le 品彪，七品八品都是犀牛，九品海马。 符号象征在小说中的使用也很普遍。如鲁迅作品《药》结尾写革命者夏瑜坟上的花圈，是运用符号象征的表现方法，它一方面象征了革命者是杀不尽的，必将后继有人;另一方面也表明革命的前景光明和充满希望。(“花圈”，在中国传统文化中它的含义是特定的，再加上限定“坟上的花圈”，便启发读联想:这需要有人为纪念来坟上送花圈，再由“夏瑜”的坟，想到革命者后继有人，所以说:“夏瑜坟上的花圈”象征着“革命者的前景和希望”。) (2)氛围象征 氛围象征也是一种部件象征，它与符号象征不同之处在于，它不是通过符号化的具体语汇象征，而是通过有象征意义的意境烘托，片断性地指向诗情和哲理。古代诗歌和抒情散文很注重“氛围”的象征意味。例如王维的诗《竹里馆》:“独坐幽篁里，弹琴复长啸。深林人不知，明月来相照。”《辛夷坞》:“木末芙蓉花，山中发红萼。涧户寂无人，纷纷开且落。”《鸟鸣涧》:“人闲桂花落，夜静春山空。月出惊山鸟，时鸣春涧中。”《山中》:“荆溪白石出，天寒红叶稀。山路元无雨，空翠湿人衣。”这些诗的意境都是富含象征意义的氛围。沉浸流连于这种氛围中，不用分析和思考，而是放任全身心去感受去体验去品味，心灵立刻被诗中意象、意境所散发出来的精神气氛所笼罩，所感染，所陶醉，不知不觉得到净化和抚慰，悠悠然感悟到一种清空神秘的宇宙精神，一种安适和谐的人生境界，一种宁静深邃的佛家禅味。总之，氛围所象征的意蕴，在无言中被心灵所摄取，所吸收，所涵纳。 2、(3)整体式象征:指作品的全篇借用自然界的某一物体，含蓄而深沉地表达某种抽象的富有哲理的思想。例如高尔基的《海燕》描绘了海上的暴风雨，恐惧、呻吟的海鸥、企鹅，以及不畏强暴、渴望胜利的海燕。作者将这些构成完整的画面,让它们分别象征斗争的形势和各种力量。表现了当时俄国的社会现实,预示革命风暴的必然来临。 (4)寓言象征。寓言象征是一种整体性象征。 “寓言象征”的主要特征是，以一个怪诞的故事直指哲理内涵，而这个哲理内涵就是作品的主旨。为什么要故意采用一个怪诞的外表呢?因为怪诞的外表能起到一种“间离”(或曰陌生化)作用，让读者知道这里的所谓“故事”只是一个外壳，一种假定，一种手段，真正的目的在“故事”的背后。这样，读者注意力就不会停留于表层而会有意识地追索深层(意蕴)。 (5)本体象征。本体象征也是一种整体象征，但它与以怪异故事为外壳的寓言象征不同，而是通过一个让读者觉得真实可信的故事暗示出一个更深远的哲理，从而让读者知道真理就在身边，就在平实平凡平常平淡的生活中。本体象征性质的作品，读起来好读，好懂，好接受，因为它有一个平实、自然独立自足的生活故事。但也正因为如此，它又有某种欺骗性，麻痹性。——“自然”是一种抗体。它往往会使读者觉得这里并没有什么奥妙，因而眼光会漫不经心地滑过去。 二、象征手法的运用 (一)运用和作用。 一般来讲，象征手法有两种表达形式。一种是像《礁石》那样，让读者在诗与文的不言之中去意会其象征之意，一种是像《白杨礼赞》那样，直抒胸臆地点示出象征之意。象征手法一般用于散文作品，尤其是抒情散文作品中。象征手法包括象征体和本体两个方面，象征体和本体之间必须要有内在联系，这种联系依靠联想建立，就是从一件事物想到与之有一定联系的别的事物，也就是从本体想到象征体的相似点、相近点，从而使抽象的思想、意义、概念形象化、具体化。例如在高尔基的《海燕》中，作者由海燕在暴风雨来临之前，它们在大海上飞翔的雄姿，表现了乐观的激情和胜利的信心，由此作者联想到与无产阶级革命者的“英勇无畏”有着相似点。再如蜡烛，光明磊落，焚烧自己，照亮别人的具体形象，可以使我们联想到舍己为人的崇高精神，因此蜡烛是舍己为人的象征。 作为构思现代技巧之一，象征手法的作用:一是主题升华。升华主题，是写作过程中丰富和深化主旨内涵，提高主旨意义的重要一环。唐代孙樵在《与友人论文书》中说:“辞必高然后为奇，意必深然后为工。”只有主题深刻，才能揭示事物的本质，才能引导读者领略美的旨趣。accountable for the violation, Had a negative impact on society. Corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, the initiative to accept social supervision. Give full play to the role of the news media, widely publicized safety production areas to carry out the "four winds" special significance, focus, work measures, dynamic work, the report published telephone. Launched the employees and the whole social supervision and reporting production safety and harm the interests of the masses, the formation of a strong prevention and treatment of the special rectification work atmosphere. 2, enhance political concentration. To strengthen the ideological and political construction, always adhere to the correct political line, politics Governance position, political orientation, political road, continuously enhance political acumen and political discernment, firm road confidence, theory system of self-confidence and self-confidence. To further strengthen the theory of armed Marx doctrine of Chinese consciously use the latest achievements of the armed mind, guide practice and promote the work. With a high degree of political consciousness, the Bureau take the lead in-depth study to implement the spirit of general secretary Xi Jinping's important speech series, and timely to the cadres and workers to study and implement of special supervision and inspection. 3, focus on remediation Yung lazy, scattered. "Cadres and carry out" mediocre, lazy, scattered "special rectification action, strengthen dedication, strong quality", The tree image, team spirit and the socialist core values education, vigorously to create a pioneering spirit, unity and struggle, serious and lively atmosphere. Take a thorough investigation, and severely punish free, absenteeism, tardiness, AWOL behavior, and resolutely put an end to work time on the Internet stocks, playing games, watching entertainment phenomenon. (five) are failing to buck passing the problem of lack of awareness of the overall situation. The individual members of the team too much emphasis on personal interests and the interests of small groups, prior conditions, the first hit "small abacus". The lack of big talk about the principle of small speaking style, have something to say, not behind talking about, no more Tricks of consciousness and self-discipline, relegates, passing each other, not unite to form a good atmosphere, and sometimes even against each other. A few members of the team that is the power sector in the safety supervision department, safety supervision department is working to better cope with personal interests, perfunctory in the daily supervision process, the illegal behavior of enterprise there do not want to offend people speak hard, to relax the stringent requirements of the enterprise. The rectification measures: (LED Le 象征手法就是通过相似联想，把写作内容从自然界引申到人类社会生活中来，用原先所写的那些特点来象征某种精神品质或性格，从而把主题思想提高到一个新的境界。如茅盾的散文《白杨礼赞》就是很好的一例。文章先极力表现白杨树“正直”、“朴质”、“倔强挺立”、“努力向上”的特点，然后通过相似联想，把对白杨树的描写赞扬引申到北方农民身上，进而用白杨树来象征我们民族的一种可贵的“精神和意志”。这样，就通过象征的手法，把对白杨树的赞美变成了对一种民族“精神和意志”的赞美，至此，主题也就升华到了一个崇高的境界。二是含蓄现美。象征和含蓄是分不开的。象征给予人们的启示意义，不在于形象本身，而在于形象所暗示是意义，即黑格尔所说的“象征所要使人意识到的不是它本身那样一个具体的个别事物，而是它所暗示的普遍性的意义”。比如描写和平鸽，作 8 手法写作的适用范围一是生活里有些事情比较复杂而又有深刻的意义，但一时又不易讲清楚，这时不妨用象征手法。比如，陶铸的《松树的风格》，作者以松树为象征，通过它要求于人的甚少而贡献给人的很多这一特点，生动地阐明了共产主义的高尚风格。二是由于种种原因，有些意思不便明说，于是便采用象征手法。如鲁迅的小说《药》，结尾处写到夏瑜坟上的花圈，就是作者当时不直说的内容:虽然夏瑜死了，但自有怀念他的同志会接替他把斗争继续下去。夏瑜坟上添个花圈，象征革命的力量是扼杀不了的。具体步骤: (一)运用象征手法进行构思 运用象征手法构思:就是对比较复杂而有深刻意义的事件，运用象征手法，使抽象的事物、情感具体化、形象化;或通过某一具体形象,含蓄地表明作者的思想感情,使文章增添艺术魅力。要求:立意要明确。如《白杨礼赞》、《松树的风格》等名篇一样，文章赞扬什么，或批评什么，一定要鲜明，要贯穿全文。 运用象征手法构思作文有“三要”: 一要选好“象征体”，确定象征形象。象征体要能形象地表达出作者的思想寓意，使读者产生联想,并为他们所理解。如用“煤”、“砖”等做“象征体”——去歌颂献身精神;用“松”、“柏”等做“象征体”——去歌颂崇高的品德。象征形象，是表现概念、思想、感情的重要手段,是思想和意念的形象化,或心理状态的形象化。 二要明确“象征义”。一个象征体可以包含不同的象征义，赋予它什么象征义必须十分明确,不能含糊其辞,令人费解。象征意义在文章中常用隐喻或暗示来构成。 1、隐喻。(本体、喻体同时出现，但用“是”、“成”、“成为”、“变为”等系词代替“像”一类的喻词)。 隐喻是构成象征性形象的基本条件。例:屈原《离骚》中的“香草”的意象被隐喻品德和高洁的人格，“美人”被隐 喻为君王，或是自喻，都具有象征意义。如茅盾的《雾》运用隐喻的方式对 雾、红鲤鱼等自然景象的描绘,象征了当时我国笼罩在白色恐怖之中。但是,党领导下革命者,正发扬着大无畏的斗争精神。 2、暗示。(不明白地表示意思，而用含蓄的言语、示意的举动或制造某种气氛、景象使人领会，这种手法叫“暗示”)。暗示的形式，也不一定都具有象征意义。但是, 暗示性也是构成象征的基本条件之一。其主要特点是: 9 通过直接再现具体事物，间接地暗示一种抽象意义。其有时用“寓意”的方法，有时用“曲笔”的方式。例:鲁迅《野草》中的不少篇目，直接再现梦境或幻境, 间接地暗示与梦境、幻境有联系的概念、思想、感情。例:茅盾的《雷雨前》以闷热的天气, 暗示黑暗的社会;以雷雨闪电暗示革命力量。例:瞿秋白的《云》通过象征,暗示了旧中国“漫漫长夜”的黑暗现实;“战云”作为整体象征, 暗示了黑暗统治;最后，闪现的“虹”,暗示了党领导的革命根据地。 三要根据表达需要,确定是采取全文象征，还是局部象征的方法。如但丁的《神曲》中的地狱、炼狱、天堂都具有整体象征意义;《神曲》开始部分则具有局部象征意义:诗人灵魂走进黑森林所遇见的豹,象征侈奢淫荡;狮,象征傲慢;母狼,象征贪婪。 (二)运用象征手法写景 用象征手法来进行景物描写，讲究“情在意中,意在言外”。这种写法,不是直接明明白白地讲道理,而是使景物描写的意境具有形象性的美感,要塑造出崭新意境，要巧妙地显示出一个新颖的思想意义,使读者体会出一种美来。如鲁迅的《野草》。运用象征手法进行景物描写,应注意以下几点: accountable for the violation, Had a negative impact on society. Corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, the initiative to accept social supervision. Give full play to the role of the news media, widely publicized safety production areas to carry out the "four winds" special significance, focus, work measures, dynamic work, the report published telephone. Launched the employees and the whole social supervision and reporting production safety and harm the interests of the masses, the formation of a strong prevention and treatment of the special rectification work atmosphere. 2, enhance political concentration. To strengthen the ideological and political construction, always adhere to the correct political line, politics Governance position, political orientation, political road, continuously enhance political acumen and political discernment, firm road confidence, theory system of self-confidence and self-confidence. To further strengthen the theory of armed Marx doctrine of Chinese consciously use the latest achievements of the armed mind, guide practice and promote the work. With a high degree of political consciousness, the Bureau take the lead in-depth study to implement the spirit of general secretary Xi Jinping's important speech series, and timely to the cadres and workers to study and implement of special supervision and inspection. 3, focus on remediation Yung lazy, scattered. "Cadres and carry out" mediocre, lazy, scattered "special rectification action, strengthen dedication, strong quality", The tree image, team spirit and the socialist core values education, vigorously to create a pioneering spirit, unity and struggle, serious and lively atmosphere. Take a thorough investigation, and severely punish free, absenteeism, tardiness, AWOL behavior, and resolutely put an end to work time on the Internet stocks, playing games, watching entertainment phenomenon. (five) are failing to buck passing the problem of lack of awareness of the overall situation. The individual members of the team too much emphasis on personal interests and the interests of small groups, prior conditions, the first hit "small abacus". The lack of big talk about the principle of small speaking style, have something to say, not behind talking about, no more Tricks of consciousness and self-discipline, relegates, passing each other, not unite to form a good atmosphere, and sometimes even against each other. A few members of the team that is the power sector in the safety supervision department, safety supervision department is working to better cope with personal interests, perfunctory in the daily supervision process, the illegal behavior of enterprise there do not want to offend people speak hard, to relax the stringent requirements of the enterprise. The rectification measures: (LED Le (1)要善于选择。大自然中可作为象征的事物很多，要从认识事物本质的高度进行思考、对比，理解其特征，就能够表现出深刻的象征意义。 (2)要善于想象。不论是以一个形象来贯通全文，或者描写某一形象在局部“暗示”，都要根据客体与象征体之间相似点的内在联系,充分展开想象,巧妙地描写出象征物的神韵和风貌来。 (3)要始终如一。在描写中，不论情节如何变化，要始终保持象征物的前后一致。 (4)描绘要具体。运用象征手法写景的关键是认真观察，细致描写。只有对象征体作具体的描绘，才能使人透过“形”看到“神”，如果“形”描绘的不具体，那么所颂扬的精神和意志，就只能是抽象的开念，作者的“意”也就不能形象的表达出来。茅盾正是着力描写了白杨树的外型，从树的干、枝、叶、皮、高度等方面塑造了白杨树紧密团结力求上进的形象，并赋予人格化的内涵，才从中提炼出“倔强挺立”、“向上发展”、“不屈不挠”等性格品质，再由此联想开去，揭示主题的。如描写植物，首先要抓住植物的特征进行具 10 体的描绘。以花为例，同样是花，春兰、夏荷、秋菊、冬梅，各显丰姿。即使是同一种花，在不同季节〈春夏秋冬〉和不同时间〈早晨、中午、晚上〉，其形状、颜色、气味也不相同。以颜色为例，同样是绿色,也有嫩绿、翠绿、墨绿之分。以香为例，同样是香，也分清香、淡香、浓香等。各类植物的生长都有一定的规律一般由发芽、出叶、抽枝、开花到结果。描写的时候，就应把植物的外形特点有序地记下来。描写植物既要抓住植物的静态，又要抓住植物的动态。如《翠竹情》一文描写翠竹时:以其独特的风貌，言其静态，“它在隆冬深秋，涉霜雪，斗风雨，修直挺拔，宁折不弯;它节节刚正，竿竿应心，亭亭玉立，神采飘逸”。状其动态时:“每当春风吹绿江岸，桃李争芳斗艳的时候，家乡竹园里泥土就东一块西一块地向上拱起，这是春笋听到了春风的召唤，开始萌动了。一些春笋以顽强的生命力冲破重重阻力，从泥土中钻出来，经春风滋润，一夜之间就能窜高许多。雨后的清晨，家乡的竹园分外秀美。朝阳初升，一抹金色的阳光首先照亮竹梢，高高矮矮的春笋挺着笔直的腰杆，笋叶上滚动着晶莹的露珠......”无论是描写翠竹的静态还是动态都展现出一种美的境界。 (三 )联想类比，托物言志 一是运用象征方法恰当进行联想类比。要按照“物的概述?物的性格?由物及人;景的描写?景的特征?由景及人”的套路模式进行联想类比。也就是说，所借之物和所咏之寓，或所借之物与所抒之情，要有紧密的内在联系，合乎情理。这就要找准类比点，展开联想。如《白杨礼赞》正是由于“北方的农民”、“守卫家乡的哨兵”、“华北平原上的健儿”等本体对象同样表现出了和白杨树一样的“朴实”、“坚强”、和“力求上进”、“英勇无畏”的精神，白杨树才象征了北方的抗日军民，尤其象征了“用血写出新中国历史”的那种精神和意志。 二是情景交融，托物言志。具体来说，就是赋予景物新的内涵，揭示生活真理,给人以智慧和启迪。如同样是咏梅的文章，有的赞扬梅花的“旗帜鲜明”、“敢为物先”的精神，在“众芳摇落”、“雪压冰封”的艰苦寂寞时刻，梅花能独树一帜，斗冰雪，迎接春天;有的赞扬梅花的廉洁献 11 身的精神，在冰雪中，她挺立而出，把俏丽和幽香送给人们，在春光里，她悄然隐退，把春天和温暖留给人间;有的赞扬梅花的谦逊品格，严冬里，她面对霜的淫威，昂首挺胸，凛然怒放，向百花报告春的消息，“待到山花烂漫时，她在丛中笑”。情思各异，但都表现了梅花高尚的情操和品格，给人以思想上的启示，引起情感上的共鸣。 accountable for the violation, Had a negative impact on society. Corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, the initiative to accept social supervision. Give full play to the role of the news media, widely publicized safety production areas to carry out the "four winds" special significance, focus, work measures, dynamic work, the report published telephone. Launched the employees and the whole social supervision and reporting production safety and harm the interests of the masses, the formation of a strong prevention and treatment of the special rectification work atmosphere. 2, enhance political concentration. To strengthen the ideological and political construction, always adhere to the correct political line, politics Governance position, political orientation, political road, continuously enhance political acumen and political discernment, firm road confidence, theory system of self-confidence and self-confidence. To further strengthen the theory of armed Marx doctrine of Chinese consciously use the latest achievements of the armed mind, guide practice and promote the work. With a high degree of political consciousness, the Bureau take the lead in-depth study to implement the spirit of general secretary Xi Jinping's important speech series, and timely to the cadres and workers to study and implement of special supervision and inspection. 3, focus on remediation Yung lazy, scattered. "Cadres and carry out" mediocre, lazy, scattered "special rectification action, strengthen dedication, strong quality", The tree image, team spirit and the socialist core values education, vigorously to create a pioneering spirit, unity and struggle, serious and lively atmosphere. Take a thorough investigation, and severely punish free, absenteeism, tardiness, AWOL behavior, and resolutely put an end to work time on the Internet stocks, playing games, watching entertainment phenomenon. (five) are failing to buck passing the problem of lack of awareness of the overall situation. The individual members of the team too much emphasis on personal interests and the interests of small groups, prior conditions, the first hit "small abacus". The lack of big talk about the principle of small speaking style, have something to say, not behind talking about, no more Tricks of consciousness and self-discipline, relegates, passing each other, not unite to form a good atmosphere, and sometimes even against each other. A few members of the team that is the power sector in the safety supervision department, safety supervision department is working to better cope with personal interests, perfunctory in the daily supervision process, the illegal behavior of enterprise there do not want to offend people speak hard, to relax the stringent requirements of the enterprise. The rectification measures: (LED Le