§1 a bit/ a little
这两个词都意为“一点儿”有时可以互换,但有时不能。
Ⅰ.二者作程度副词修饰形容词、副词、动词或比较级时,意义相同,为“一点儿” “有些”。如:
1 I am a bit / a little hungry. 我有点饿。
2 He walked a bit / a little slowly. 他走路有点慢。
Ⅱ.二者都可以作名词词组,充当主语或宾语。如:
① A little / bit is enough for me. 我有一点儿就够了。
② I know only a little / a bit about her. 我对她的情况只了解一点。
Ⅲ。a little可直接修饰名词;a bit后须加of才可以。如:
1. There is a little water in the bottle. = There is a bit of water in the bottle.
[注意] a little of 后的名词通常特指,
表
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“……中的一些”,如:
①May I have a little of your tea?
Ⅳ. 否定形式 not a little 作状语,相当于very/ quite, “很”, “非常”;作定语和宾语时,相当于much, 意为 “许多”。而not a bit 作状语时,相当于not at all, 意为“一点也不”,作宾语时则相当于not much. Eg:
1 He is not a little (=very) hungry. 他饿极了。
2 He is not a bit (=not at all) hungry.他一点也不饿。
3 She ate not a little (=much). 她吃得很多。
Ⅴ. Not a bit 中的not 可以分开使用;not a little中的not 则不能分开。Eg:
1 He felt not a bit tired. = He didn’t feel a bit tired. 他觉得一点也不累。
2 He felt not a little tired. 他觉得非常累。但不能说:He didn’t fell a little tired.
§2 a few/ few/ a little/ little
Ⅰ. a few和few修饰可数名词,a little和little修饰不可数名词;a few和a little表示肯定意义,few和little表示否定意义,可受only修饰。如:
① Few people will agree to the plan because it’s too dangerous.
②This text is easy to understand though there are a few new words in it.
3 There is little water left in glass. Will you please give me some
4 Don’t worry, we have a little time left.
§3 above/over/on/upon
Ⅰ. 方位介词,“在……之上”
Ⅱ. above 着重指:在……上方,不一定含有垂直在上的意思。反义词为:below.
1 The sun rose above the horizon. 太阳升到了地平线上。
2 The aero plane flew above the clouds.飞机在云层上飞行。
Ⅲ.over 表盖在……上面,或铺在……上面。此时不能用above.代替。含有垂直在上的意思。反义词为under.
1 Spread the tablecloth over the table.把桌布铺在桌子上。
Ⅳ. on 含有与表面相接触的意思。
1 The book is on the desk.
2 There is an oil painting on the wall. 墙上有一幅油画。
Ⅴ.upon 也含有和表面相接触的意思。与on没有多大的区别,但较正式,口语中较少用。
1 He laid his hand upon the boy’s head. 他把手放在孩子的头上。
[注] up 与以上几个不同,它表示向上方或高处,含有由下而上,由低而高的意思。常和表示运动的动词连用。作副词时,表示在上方或高处。
① We run up a hill. 我们跑上山。
② The plane was high up in the air.飞机在高空中。
§4 accept/receive
Ⅰ. accept “接受”,表示其行为是由主观意愿决定的。
1 I accepted it without question. 我毫无疑问地接受了它。
2 We have accepted his proposal. 我已接受了他的建议。
Ⅱ. receive “接到、收到、受到”表示其行为与主观意愿无关。如:
1 I received a letter from him. 我收到了他的来信。
2 He received the present, but he did not accept. 他收到了礼物,但没有接受下来。
3 He received a good education.他受到了良好的教育。
[注] 在表示接待、接见时,通常用 receive, 而不用 accept.
如:We often receive foreign guests. 我们经常接待外宾。
§5 across/through/ over
Ⅰ. across “横过、穿过”,指从……的一边到另一边。含义与on有关。如:
1 I swam across the river. 我游过这条河(指从此岸到彼岸)
2 Let’s help push the cart across the bridge. 我们帮着把车子推过桥吧。
Ⅱ. through “穿过、通过”指穿过两边。是从空间较狭窄的一头穿到另一头。是从内部穿过,含义与in有关。如:
1 We walked through the forest. 我们穿过森林。
2 The river flows through the city from west to east. 这条河从西到东流过城市。
Ⅲ. over“横过、跨越”指横过道路、河流等“细长物”时,与across通用。Over 虽可指从表面的接触及跳(飞)越,但指渡过则不能用。从房间、原野、海洋等“平面延伸”的一端横越到另一端时也不能使用。而常用across.
1 She went across / over the bridge.
2 He jumped across / over the stream他跳过了小溪。
3 She swam across the straight of Dover. 她游过了多佛尔海峡。
4 They drove across the desert. 他们驶过沙漠。
另外,over作介词还有“翻过……”的意思,如:climb the mountain 翻过那座山。
§6 afraid/ fear
Ⅰ. afraid “害怕”是形容词,只能作表语,而不能作定语,后接of 短语或不定式,构成 be afraid of sb. 和 be afraid to do sth
1 She is afraid of a snake. 她害怕蛇。
2 The little girl is afraid to go out at night.
afraid +that clause “恐怕”, 是婉转拒绝别人的一种表达方式。 如:
1 I’m afraid (that) I can’t go to the party. My brother is sick. 恐怕我不能去参加聚会了。我弟弟病了。
Ⅱ. fear “害怕”是动词,与be afraid 往往通用,但不如它常用(特别是在口语中)。如:
1 We fear no difficulty.我们不怕困难。
2 He feared to speak his mind.他不敢说出自己的想法。
3 Fearing that he would catch cold, I went out to see him.因为怕他会受凉,我走去看他。
§7feel like / would like
Ⅰ.feel like 与would like 意思很相近,但feel like 后面常跟名词;动名词。构成:feel like (doing) sth. 而 would like 一般接名词;动词不定式。构成:would like (to do) sth.的句式。如:
1 I feel like (having) a drink. = I would like (to have) a drink. 我想喝一杯。
2 Do you feel like talking a walk. = Would you like to take a walk? 你要不要散步?
3 I don’t feel like eating. 我不想吃东西。
Ⅱ.feel like 还表示:“觉得好像,摸起来像”。如:
1 It feels like silk. 它摸起来像绸缎。
§8. after/behind “在……之后”
Ⅰ. after “在……(时间)之后”;
“在……(地点)之后”,指次序。如:
1 He came after ten o’clock. 他十点以后来的。
2 Two days after his arrival, I called on him. 在他到达两天以后,我拜访了他。
3 ‘Against’ comes after ‘again’ in this cictionary.在这本字典中 ‘against’ 排在 ‘again’ 之后。
Ⅱ. behind 表地点时意为:在……后面、着重指位置的前后。偶尔也指时间,表按照一定的时刻而迟了的意思。
1 The garden is behind the house.
2 He stood behind me.
3 The train was behind time. 火车误点了。
4 You are two hours behind. 你迟了两个小时。
§9. ago/before
Ⅰ. ago adv. “……以前”指从此刻起,若干时间以前,通常与过去连用。如:
1 It happened two days ago.这件事发生在两天以前。
2 I met him a few minutes ago.我在几分钟以前碰到他。
Ⅱ. before adv, prep & conj “……以前”指从那时起若干时间以前。通常与完成时、过去时等连用。还可用作前置词或连接词表时间,而ago 则不能这样用。
1 He said that he had seen her two days before.他说他两天前见到过她。(表从她说话那时起两天前)
2 I had been fine the day before.(那天)前一天的天气很好。
3 I’ve seen that film before.
4 I never met him before.
§10. agree to/ agree with/ agree on(up on)
Ⅰ. agree to “同意、应允”通常用于同意某件事情(我们可以同意我们自己有不同看法而并不赞同的事情)。如:
1 Do you agree to this plan?
2 He agreed to my proposal.他同意了我的提议。
3 I agreed to his terms. 我同意了他的条件。
Ⅱ. agree with “同意、赞同”常常表示同某人
意见
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一致,也可表赞同某件事情。还有“(气候、食物等)适合”之意。如:
1 I quite agree with you.我很同意你。
2 Do you agree with me ?
3 I agree with all you say.我同意你所说的。
4 His words do not agree with his actions.他言行不一致。
5 Too much meat doesn’t agree with her. 吃太多肉对她身体不合适。
[注]:agree with 不能用于被动语态。
Ⅲ. agree on /upon “对……取得一致意见”指两方或多方就某个问题取得了一致的意见或达成了某种协议。如:
1 After discussion the two sides agreed on a cease-fire. 经过讨论,双方就停火问题达成了协议。
2 They all agree on the plan.他们对这个计划意见一致。
[注]:此句型可转换成agree in doing sth.如:
① All of them agreed on / upon it. = All of them agreed in doing it. 他们对做这个问题达成了共识。
§11 at times / at all times / all the time
Ⅰ. at times “不时;偶尔”如:
1 The tide is , at times, very high. 潮水有时涨得高。
2 I make mistakes at times when I speak English. 我说英语偶尔会出错。
Ⅱ. at all times.“随时;任何时候;总是” 如:
He has a cool head at all times. 他随时都有清醒的头脑。
Ⅲ. all the time “一直;始终” 其中time用单数形式。如:
The baby cries all the time. 那婴儿一直哭。
§12. alive/ living/ the living/ live/ dead
Ⅰ. alive adj“活着的”“在世的”,它既可修饰人也可修饰物。可作表语,定语。作定语时,应放在被修饰的名词之后。如:
1 They were alive and as happy as ever. 他们都还活着,并跟以前一样快活。
2 All the other comrades were killed in the battle. He was the only man alive. 所有的同志都还活着亡了,他是唯一的幸存者。
Ⅱ.living adj,“活着的”主要用着定语,常置于名词前,有时也可置于名词后。也可作表语。如:
1 Every living person has a name. 每个活着的人都有一个名字。
2 No man living could do better. 当代人没有一个能做得比这更好。
Ⅲ. the living “活着的人”如:
The living are more important to us than the dead. 对我们来说活着的人比死了的人更重要。
Ⅳ. live adj. “活着的”读着[laiv],反义词为 dead, 可作定语,放在所修饰的名词之前,一般不用来修饰人。 还可以作动词,读着[liv], 意为“生活”、“生存”如:
1 The cat was playing with a live mouse. 这只猫在玩弄一只活老鼠。
2 Pandas usually live in the south and the southeast of China. 熊猫通常生活在中国的南部和东南部。
Ⅴ. lively adj. [‘laivli](livelier, liveliest) “生动的”;“活泼的”;“充满生气的”用作表语或定语,可用来修饰人或物。如:
The sports ground is lively with all sorts of ball games. 运动场上进行着各种球类比赛,呈现出一派生气勃勃的景象。
§13. all/ every
Ⅰ. all 和 every 意思十分相近,二者都可用来泛指人或物。但all可与算数的名词连用,而every 只能与单数的名词连用。如:
1 All Mondays are horrible. 星期一总是可怕的。
2 Every Monday is horrible. 每个星期一都是可怕的。
Ⅱ. all 和 every 也可用来指某一类东西中的个体。但all 后跟the 或其它“限定词”,而every后却不能。它往往强调无一例外的意思。
--She is eaten all the biscuits[‘biskit]. –What, every one? –Every single one! 她把饼干都吃光了。怎么,把每一块都吃光了吗?每一块全都吃了!
Ⅲ. all 还可和单数名词连用,表示every past of 而every却不能有此义。如:
She was here all day. 她在这呆了一整天。
§14. all/ whole
Ⅰ. 二者意义(“全部、都、整个”)相同,然而词序不同。
Ⅱ. all用于冠词,所有格或其它“限定词”之前。
whole 则用于冠词之后。如:
1 all the time. ────→the whole time.全部时间
2 all my life ────→the whole life.我的一生
3 all this confusion ─→ this whole confusion.整个混乱状况。
Ⅲ. 如果没有冠词,或其它限定词,whole不能与单数名词连用。可以说:
1 The whole city was burning.但不能说:
2 Whole London was burning.
Ⅳ.whole 和 all 与复数名词连用时意思不同。Whole 的意思为“全部”,而all的意思则近乎“每一个”如:
1 All Indian tribes([traib]部首 ) suffered from white settlement in America. 所有印第安人部首都因白人移民美洲而遭殃。
2 Whole Indian tribes were killed off. 有些印第安人部落整个被杀光了。
Ⅴ. whole 一般不用来修饰不可数名词(包括物质名词)
1 可以说:all the money 或all the wine
2 不可以说:the whole money 或the whole wine.
3 The whole of = whole 与单数名词连用。它用于冠词、所有格之前。
the whole of the time.
the whole of my life
the whole of this confusion
§16 almost/ nearly
Ⅰ. almost“差不多、几乎”有very, nearly 的意思。如:
1 He has almost finished his work. 他差不多完成了他的工作。
2 Almost no one took any rest. 几乎没有一个人休息一下。
Ⅱ. nearly “差不多、几乎、将近”指一差距一般比almost 大。如:
1 It’s nearly five o’clock.差不多五点钟了。
2 Nearly everyone knows it. 几乎每个人都知道这个。
3 He’s nearly ready. 他快准备好了。
[注]:almost有时可与nearly通用,但当其与no, none, nothing, never连用时,不用nearly。如以上almost的例①可以互换,但例②则不能。
§17 alone/ lonely
Ⅰ. alone adj. “单独的”只能作表语。如:
1 I’m alone but I don’t fell lonely. 我单身一人但我从不觉得孤独。
2 此外alone 还可作副词。相当于by oneself,“单独地”“独自”
3 I’ll go there alone.我将独自去那儿。
Ⅱ. lonely adj. “孤独的”“寂寞的”有时还可表示“荒凉的”“无人烟的”意思,与deserted意思相同。含有较浓的情感色彩。既可作定语也可作表语。如:
1 We’re together most of the time, so we never feel lonely.
2 a lonely / deserted island
§18 aloud/ loud/ loudly
Ⅰ. aloud adv. “出声地”有使能听得到的意味。如:
1 Please read the story aloud. 请朗读这个故事。
2 They were shouting aloud.他们在高声地呼喊。
Ⅱ. loud. adv “高声地、大声地、响亮地”常指在说笑等方面。如:
1 Don’t talk so loud. 不要如此高声地谈话。
2 Speak louder. 说得大声点。
Ⅲ. loudly adv. “高声地”有时与loud 通用,但含有喧闹的意味。如:
1 Someone knocked loudly at the door. 有人大声敲门。
2 Don’t talk so loudly(loud). 不要如此高声地谈话。
§19 already/ yet /still
Ⅰ. already. adv. “已经”多用于肯定句中,通常与动词的完成时或进行时连用。也可用于疑问句,但不表真心的疑问,而表“惊奇”。它多置于句中。有时为了强调而置于句末。如:
1 I’ve seen the film already.
2 The train has already left. 火车已经开走了。
3 Have you already had breakfast? 难道你已经吃过早餐了?
Ⅱ. yet adv “已经、仍然、还”一般只用于否定句或疑问句,且常常置于句末。如:
1 He hasn’t found his bike yet他还没有找到他的自行车。
Ⅲ. still adv “仍然、还”可用于各种句中,且一般只用于句中。如:
1 Do you still teach in that school? 你还在那所学校教书?
[注]:still在句中的位置不同,其意义也不同。如:
① He is still(还)standing there.
2 He is standing there still(adj.不动的、静止的)他站在那儿一动也不动。
§20 also/ as well/ too/ either “也”
Ⅰ. also较正式,位置通常靠近动词,用于句中;且用于肯定句中。如:
1 He also plays football. 他也踢足球。
2 I was also there.我也在那儿。
Ⅱ. too 多用于口语,通常置于句末,前边须用逗号隔开,也可用于句中,且前后均须用逗号隔开,;用于肯定句中。如:
1 He is a worker, too.
2 The two cows, too, are white.那两头奶牛也全都是白的。
Ⅲ. as well 是副词短语,多用于口语,只用于句末。如:
1 She not only taught us English but taught us maths as well.她不但教过我们英语,还教过我们数学。
2 He is a teacher and a writer as well.他是位教师,也是一位作家。
Ⅳ. either 用于否定句中,常置于句末。在肯定句变否定句时,其中的also, too, as well都要改为either.
1 Yesterday I didn’t watch TV and I didn’t see the film, either .昨天我没有看电视,也没有看电影。
§21for / from / since
Ⅰ. 三者都能用来表示时间,但用法不同。
since “自从”,所表示的是一个时间点。可用作介词,也可用作连词,后接时间名词或短语,或引导时间状语从句;
要求
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前面的谓语动词或主句的谓语动词必须用完成时态,要用延续性动词。而since引导的从句中的谓语动词通常应是短暂性的动词。若接时间,则应为点时间。如:
1 He has worked there since1989.
2 She has lived here since she moved here.
Ⅱ. from “自从” 只用作介词,表一个事情的开始点,可用于过去、现在或将来的时态。如:
1 They worked from 7:00 to 12:00 this morning.
2 We have been good friends from childhood.
Ⅲ. for 作为介词,后面接段时间,用于完成时、现在时、过去时和将来时,句中要用延续性动词。如:
1 We’ll stay here for ten minutes.我们将在这儿呆10分钟。
2 They have studied English for three yeas.
§22 although/ though
Ⅰ. although conj. “尽管、虽然”引导让步状语从句,相当于 though. 只是比though稍微正式些。多用于句首。though 用于非正式文体中,较普遍,但以下几种用法,不能用although. 如:
1 表强调时,要用even though,如:
Even though I didn’t understand a word, I kept smiling.尽管我一字不识,我还是一直微笑着。
②. Though可用在倒装句中,如:
Young though he is, he is quite experienced. 他虽然年轻,但很有经验。
③ though 可作副词,表示“然而”放在句末或其它位置。如:He said he would come, he didn’t though.他说他要来,结果他却没来。
[此外],although不用着副词。在英语中如果用了although 或 though, 就不能再有but,但可以用yet 或still; 反之,如果用了but , 就不能用although 和 though. 如:
① Although he is in poor health, (yet) he works hard. = He is in poor health, but he works hard. 虽然他身体不好,但他工作仍努力。
②Although it was so cold, he went out without an overcoat.虽然天气很冷,他未穿外衣就出去了。
3 He is quite strong, although very old. 他虽然很老了,但还是十分健壮。
Ⅱ. though 常用作连词,“虽然”。在口语中还用着副词,一般放在句末,意为“可是、然而”等。如:
1 He didn’t light the fire, though it was cold. 天气虽很冷,他却还没生火。
2 Though it was very late, he went on working. 虽然很晚了,他还是继续工作。
3 He said he would come, he didn’t, though. 他说他来,可是结果他没有来。
23always/ often/ often/usually/ sometimes/ never
Ⅰ. 这几个词都是表频度的副词, 从不 —→ 有时 —→ 时常 —→ 通常 —→ 总是
即:never(0%)→sometimes(20%)→often/ (70%)→usually(75%)→always(100%)
Ⅱ always “永远、总是”。与进行时连用时,表“再三地、老是”等意思。有时还表“生气或不耐烦”等盛情色彩。如:
1 The sun always rises in the east.太阳总是从东方升起。
2 I always get up at seven o’clock. 我总是在七点钟起身。
3 The boy is always asking whys.这男孩老是问这问那没个完。
Ⅲ often “时常、常常”强调经常性。如:
1 He often comes here to see me. 他时常到这儿来看我。
2 We have often been there.
1 Ⅲ usually “经常”其动作频率仅次于always.常常与一般过时,一般现在时连用。
① I usually get up at six in the morning.
Ⅳ never “从不”是否定副词。常常与完成时连用。
1 I have never been to the Great Wall.
2 She said she had never gone there.频繁ten uently "es here to see me. t.uently(70%)→usually(75%)→always(100%)________________________________________________________
§24 among/ between/ in the middle of
Ⅰ. among “在……之中/中间” 指三者或三者以上。通常表某个范围。如:
1 Someone is wrong among us. 我们中间有人错了。
2 There is a small village among the mountains. 大山之间有座小村庄。
Ⅱ. between “在…之间”指在二者之间,有时与and 连用。如:
1 There is a river between us. 在我们两人之间有一条河。
2 I’m standing between a house and a big tree. 我站在一座房子和一棵大树中间。
Ⅲ. in the middle of “在……中间”指在某事物中间,强调事物的两端的中间。如:
There is a bus stop in the middle of the road. 在这条公路中间有个车站。
§25 another/ the other/ other/ others/ the others
Ⅰ. another 指不定数目中的“另一个、又一个” (三个以上)用来代替或修饰可数名词。如:I don’t think the coat is good enough. Can you show me another?
Ⅱ. other 泛指“另外的”修饰复数名词。如:
We study Chinese, maths, English and other subjects.
Ⅲ. others 泛指“另外的人或物”, 但不指其余的人或物的全部。如:
Some like swimming, others like boating.
Ⅳ. the other 指两个中的“另一个”如:
He has two sons, one is in Shanghai, the other is in Beijing.
Ⅴ. the others 特指某一范围内的“其余全部的人或物”如:
There are thirty books on the bookshelf. Five are mine, the others are my father’s.
§26 answer/ reply
Ⅰ. answer “回答、答复”。是最普通的用语,包括用口头、书面或行动回答。它可以用作及物动词或不及物动词。如:
1 He answered my question.
2 It is a difficult question to answer. 这是一个难以回答的问题。
3 Please answer my letter as soon as possible.
4 They left a boy to answer the bell. 他们留下一个孩子应门。
Ⅱ.reply “回答、答复”。 但比answer 正式些。它指用口头或书面回答。严格地讲,是指有针对性地详细地回答。 它也指用行动回答。 Reply 常用作不及物动词,回答某人或某事。后接to; 当它与直接引语或从句连用时,才用作及物动词。如:
1 I didn’t reply to him.我没有答复他。
② He replied that he might go. 他回答说他可能去。
§27 anyone/ any one
Ⅰ. anyone “任何人”其后不跟of 短语。如:
Is there anyone at home.?
Ⅱ. any one “任何人/物”其后可跟 of 短语。如:
I’ll send you any one of these pens.
[注]:类似的用法还有:everyone & every one.
§28 around/ round
Ⅰ. around 与 round 都可以用着前置词和副词。
Ⅱ. around “在……周围”“在周围”“循环地”。表静止的位置。如:
1 They sat around the table. 他们围绕桌子坐着。
2 I found nobody around.我发现周围没有一个人。
Ⅲ. round “环绕……周围、循环地”表一种活动的状况。如:
1 The earth moves round the sun.地球绕着太阳转。
2 A wheel goes round. 轮子旋转着。
[注]:这两个词现在可以通用,只是around 多用于美国,round多用于英国。
§29 arrive/ reach/ get to
Ⅰ. arrive, reach, get to 均有“到达”之意,意义基本相同,但arrive(in)/(at) 与reach, 是正式用语,get to 是通俗用词,常用于口语。
Ⅱ. arrive 是不及物动词,表到达什么地点时,后面应接前置词in或at, 一般说,到达一个大地方常用in, 到达较小的地方常用at, 但这不绝对的。(与地点副词连用时当然不用任何前置词)如:
1 He arrived in Beijing yesterday.
2 When he arrived at the stop, the bus had left.
Ⅲ. reach 是及物动词,后面直接跟表地点的名词。如:
When does the train reach London?
Ⅳ. get to 只是较口语化。接地点副词时不用to. 如:
1 He got to the shop at 5:00 o’clock this afternoon.
2 When I got there, the film had been on for 5 minutes.
30as/ because/ for/ since
Ⅰ. 这三个词都可以用作连词,表“原因、理由” 但有区别:
Ⅱ. as “因为、既然”表示的原因或理由是明显的。语意不如because强。当理由是明显的,或者被认为是已知的时,则以用as 为好。如:
1 As he was not well, I decided to go without him. 因为他身体不好,我决定独自去了。
2 As it was getting very late, we soon turned back. 因为已很晚了, 我们很快就回来了。
3 As it is raining, you’d better take a taxi. 既然在下雨,你最好乘出租车。
Ⅲ. because “因为”表直接而明确的原因或理由。即必然的困果关系。在这几个词中,它的语意最强。回答以why 引导的特殊疑问句时,只能用because . 注意:because 不可以与so 连用。如:
1 He had to stay at home yesterday because he was ill.昨天他只得呆在家里,因为他病了。
2 I did it because they asked me to do it. 我之所以做这件事,是因为他请我做的。
3 ---Why can’t you do it now? --- Because I’m too busy.
Ⅳ. since“既然”比as 较为正式,说明为人所知的原因。语气比because 稍弱。
1 Since light travels faster than sound, we see lightening before we hear the thunder.因为光比声音传播得快,所以我们先看到闪电,后听到雷声。
2 Since he can’t answer the question, you’d better ask someone.既然他回答不了这个问题,你最好问别人吧。
3 Since you are busy, I’ll do it for you.既然你忙,我替你做吧。
Ⅴ. for “因为”表原因或理由时,用以说明理由,只是解释性的。在这几个词中,它的语意最弱。它少用于口语中,也不用于句首。如:
1 I asked her to stay to tea, for I had something to tell her. 我请她留下来喝茶,因为我有事要告诉她。
2 We must get rid of carelessness, for it often leads to errors. 我们一定克服粗枝大叶的毛病,因为粗枝大叶常常差错。
3 It must have rained, for the road is wet. 一定下雨了,因为路是湿的。
4 I must go now, for my sister is waiting for me. 现在我得走了,我姐姐在等我呢。
[注]:这几个词按语意的强弱来排,其顺序为:because—→since—→(as)—→for
§31 as/ when/ while
这三个词都可以用作连词,表时间关系, 但有区别:
Ⅰ. as “当(在)……时候”往往可与when 或 while 通用,但它着重指主句和从句的动作或事情相并发生。如:
1 I saw him as he was getting off the bus. 当下公共汽车的时候,我看见了他。
2 As he walked on, he felt himself getting more and more tired.他继续往前走的时候,感到越来越疲乏。
Ⅱ. when “当(在)……的时候”主句和从句的动作或事情可以同时发生,也可以先后发生。
1 It was raining when we arrived. 当我们到达的时候,正下着雨。
2 When we were at school, we went to the library every day. 我们在求学的时候,每天都到图书馆去。
Ⅲ. while “当(在)……的时候”表主句的动作或事情发生在从句中的动作或事情的进展过程之中。从句通常为进行时态。它有时可与when通用,但它只能指一段时间(a period of time),而不能指一点时间(a point of time)如上面的第一个例子。又如:
1 Please don’t talk so loud while others are working. 别人在工作的时候,请勿大声讲话。
2 While I am washing the floor, you can be cleaning the windows.我洗地板时,你可以擦窗户。
§32 ask / question
Ⅰ. ask “问、询问”是最普通的用语,通常表示只是为了获得回答或了解某事而提问。如:
1 I asked him if he could come. 我问他能不能来。
2 I’ll ask him how to get there. 我要问他怎样去那儿。
Ⅱ. question “询问、审问、提问”含有提出一连串问题的意味。如:
1 I questioned him about the matter.我问过他这件事。
2 He was questioned by the police. 他受到警察的审问。
§33 ask/ ask for
Ⅰ. ask vt “问”后接一个宾语或双宾语。如:
1 Don’t ask me, I don’t know.别问我,我不知道。
2 Then ask your friend the same questions.然后问你的朋友同样的问题。
Ⅱ. ask vi “要求”“邀请”。后接不定式或复合句宾语。如:
1 He asked to join the PLA. 他要求参加人民解放军。
2 The villagers always ask them to stay for lunch. 乡亲们总是请他们留下来吃午饭。
Ⅲ. ask for “要求找到某人或某物”在不同情况下有不同的译法。如:
1 He sat down and asked for a cup of tea. 他坐下来要了一杯茶。
2 Last time Mum asked for some glasses in a shop. 上次妈妈在一家商店里要买几只玻璃杯。
Ⅴ. ask sb for sth “向某人要某物”如:
1 Now ask your partner for the answers.向你的搭档要答案去。
2 He came and asked me for his bike.他来向我要他的自行车。
§34 asleep/ sleep / sleepy
Ⅰ. asleep adj “睡着的”;常作表语。如:
1 The children have been asleep.孩子们已睡着了。
2 He was too tired and fell asleep at once. 他太累了,立刻就睡着了。
Ⅱ. sleep v & n “睡着”。如:
1 You have a good sleep. 你需要好好睡一觉。
2 Last night I sleep very well. 我昨天晚上睡得很好。
Ⅲ. sleepy adj “困乏的、想睡的”。如:
1 She is always sleepy. 她总是想睡觉。
2 I feel very sleepy now. 我现在昏昏欲睡。
§55 at first/ first
Ⅰ. at first “起初”,多用来表示后来发生的事情或动作,与前面的不同,甚至相反。如:
At first she knew nobody but now she has many good friends.起初她谁也不认识,但现在她有很多朋友。
Ⅱ. first 用来表示一系列动作或事物的“开始”。如:
Be polite. First knock at the door and then go in. 要有礼貌。先敲门,再进去。
§35 at last/ finally/ in the end
Ⅰ. at last “最后”表经过一定曲折之后某事才发生,强调努力的结果,带有较强的感情色彩。须用一般过去时。如:
Did the man in the shop understand him at last?
Ⅱ. finally 表动作的发生顺序是在“最后”, 无感情色彩,只用于过去时。它居句首时较多。
1 Finally he went to see the famous man himself.
Ⅲ. in the end 表事物发展的自然顺序的“终结”,有时可与finally相互替换。但用于将来的预测时,则只能用in the end 如:
1 I hope that everything will turn out all right in the end.
§36 at school/ in school/ in a (the) school
Ⅰ. at school表示“在学校、在上学”相对于在家里或在校外。如:
1 My son is at school now. He is not at home or somewhere else. 我儿子现在在学校,他不在家,也不在别的地方。
2 When my brother was at school, he studied very hard. 在学校时,我兄弟学习很用功。
Ⅱ. in school “在求学、在上学”相对于有工作。如:
My daughter still in school She doesn’t work.。 我女儿还在上学,她不在工作。
[注]:①和②用at school 强调所在场所或时间。③中的in school 则强调主语的身份是学生。因此,in school. 和 at school的着重点不一样,通常不互换使用。
Ⅲ. In a / the school “在学校”,不一定指上学。类似的还有:
in hospital “生病住院”
in a / the hospital表“在医院”(工作或探视病人等)
at table “在吃饭”
at a / the table “在桌边”(有可能在聊天或看报)
① Is your friend in school? 你的朋友在上学吗?
1 Your friend looked for you in the school just now. 刚才你的朋友在学校里找你。
2 Children are often in hospital when they are young. 孩子们小的时候经常生病住院。
3 She is a good doctor in the hospital .她是医院里的一名好大夫。
§37 at the top of/ on the top of
Ⅰ. at the top of “在……顶点上、在……上”。At 表示点,在句子中用作状语,反义短语常为 at the bottom of “在……底部”;
on (the) top of 中的on 表示部位上的接触,意思是“在……之上、在……上面”。反义短语常为at the foot of “在……脚底下”。如:
1 He shouted at the top of his voice. 他高声地叫喊。
2 He is at the top of the class.他居全班之首位。
Will you please put this box on (the) top of the books.请你这个盒子放在那些书的上面好吗?§38 at/ in
Ⅰ. at 和 in 都可用在地点名词前,用at 时是把该地方视为一点,用in时则是把该地方看成一个范围。如:
1 Are your classmates playing in the park? 你的同学都在公园里玩吗?
2 They are waiting for you at the park. 他们在公园附近(里面)等你。
Ⅱ. at; in & on 都可用在表时间的名词前。在点时间前用at; 在表某一天或某一天的某个段时间(morning, evening, day, night atc)名词前,用on; 在段时间名词前(星期;年;月;周等)用in. 如:
1 I’ll meet you at eight. 我们8:00 钟会面。
2 See you on Monday morning. 星期一早上见。
3 The story happened in May.故事发生在5月份。
Ⅲ. 固定词组:如:in the morning ; at night.
§39 at/ to
Ⅰ. at多表目的或目标,而to 则仅表方向。如:
1 He threw the ball at me. 他对准我扔球。
2 He threw the ball to me. 他朝着我这个方向扔球。
3 My father shouted at me.我父亲对我吼叫。
4 My father shouted to me. 我父亲朝着我喊叫。
§40 be afraid of sb or sth/ be afraid of doing sth/
be afraid to do sth/ be afraid +that clause
Ⅰ. be afraid of sb or sth. “害怕某人或某事”如
1 The man is afraid of nothing.这个人什么都不怕。
2 Jenny is afraid of her father, for he is very strict with her. 詹妮害怕她父亲,因为他对她要求很严格。
Ⅱ. be afraid of doing sth. “害怕、担心某事(自己也无法左右的突发事情)发生”如:
I am afraid of falling into the swimming pool.我担心掉进游泳池里去。
Ⅲ. be afraid to do sth. “害怕、不敢做某事”如:
1 The bat was afraid to leave his home. 蝙蝠不敢离开家。
2 I am afraid to go out at night. 我害怕晚上出去。
Ⅳ. be afraid +that clause. “恐怕”表带歉意的回绝或告知不好的消息。that 常省去。如:
I am afraid (that) I can’t do that today. 恐怕今天我不能做那件事。
Ⅴ. 在日常用语中,I am afraid 常表示歉意或客气,没有恐惧之意。往往相当于I am sorry , 引出不愿发生、可能使对方失望的情况。如:
1 I am afraid I don’t agree with you. 恐怕我不会同意你的意见。
2 I am afraid (that) you are wrong. 恐怕你错了。
Ⅵ. 口语中,在 I am afraid 之后用so / not,可省去上文提到的内容。如:
①---Has he gone to Guangzhou? 他去广州了吗?
---I’m afraid so.
②---Are we on time? 我们迟到了吗?
---I’m afraid not. 可能没迟到。
§41 be angry/ get angry
Ⅰ. be / get angry “生某人的气”后面的介词要用with; “因某事而生气”后面的介词要用about / at; be / get angry 后接不定式,这时不定式动词大多为 see 和hear 其不定式同样表生气的原因。 如:
1 Miss Liu was / got angry with Li Ping because he was late for school today. 刘老师生李平的气是因为他今天迟到了。
2 She was / got angry with my behaviour. 她对我的行为感到生气。
3 What are you angry about ? 你生什么气?
4 My father was angry at what I said. 我爸对我说的很生气。
Ⅱ. get angry 强调变化,强调由不生气变为生气这一过程;be angry 强调状态,表明正在生气这一状态。
His mother got angry with him when he told her what he had done at school.当他告诉他母亲,他在校的行为时,她生气了。
[联想]:类似的有:
be / become interested in. “对……有兴趣”
be / get married. “结婚”
have / catch a cold “感冒”
be / fall ill “生病” be / fall asleep “入睡、睡着”
§42 be good at/ do well in
Ⅰ. be good at / in 意思接近于 do well in. “在(某方面)出色;擅长……”。be good at / in 强调一种笼统情况,而do well in 可表示一种情况,也可指在具体的一次活动中表现出色。
be good at 的反义词组为:be poor (weak) at (in). do well in 的反义词组为:do badly in. 如:
1 Mary is good at / in maths. = Mary does well in maths. 玛丽数学很好(指情况)。= 玛丽数学学得很好。
2 Tom did well in (不宜用be good at.指具体一次)that English test / sports meeting.汤姆在那次英语考试中(运动会中)考得很好(表现出色)。
3 Wu Dong does badly in his lessons. = Wu Dong is weak / poor / at / in his lessons.吴冬功课不好。(指情况)
4 Mei Ying did badly in the high jump 梅英在跳高比赛中成绩不好。(具体一次,不宜替换。)
5 Mei Ying is weak / poor in / at high jump.梅英不善于跳高。(指笼统情况)
Ⅱ. do well 和do badly可单独使用,表一种情况;而be good / weak / poor 一定要借助于介词in 或at, 强调在某一个方面,才能表达一个完整的意思。如:
He does well / badly at school. 他在学校里功课很好/很差。
§43 be made of / be made from
Ⅰ. be made of “由……制成/造”成品看得出原料。如:
The desk is made of wood. 这张桌子是木头制成的。
Ⅱ. be made from “由……制造/成”成品看不出原料。如;
Paper is made from rags.纸是由破布做的。(已看不出原料)
§44 be pleased with/ at/ to
Ⅰ. be pleased with “对……人/物,感到满意”介词with后接人或物。 如:
1 Both Mark and her mother were pleased with the girl. 马克和他妈妈都有喜欢这个女孩。
2 I wasn’t very pleased with / at my exam results. 我对自己的考试成绩不太满意。
Ⅱ. be pleased at “对……某事/物,感到满意”。介词at 常与事物搭配使用。
He was very pleased at the news.他对这个消息感到很满意。
Ⅲ. be pleased to “乐意……; 因……而高兴”。to 不是介词,而是小品词。后接动词原形。如:
1 I shall be pleased to go. 我将乐意去。
2 We are quite pleased to be working in this country. 能在这个国家工作,我们是十分高兴的。
§45 be sure/ make sure
Ⅰ. be sure 指某人对某事或对某种情况有把握,常译为:“确信”;make sure 指“务必、务请、确保”将某事弄清楚。如:
1 I am sure that he is honest. 我相信他是诚实的。
2 I have made sure that he is honest. 我已了解清楚他是诚实的。
Ⅱ. 二者后面均可接of 或about 引出的短语。如:
1 I am sure of success = I am sure that I will succeed. 我深信会成功。
2 Will you make sure of his return? = Will you make sure that he returned? 请你查明他是否真的回来了。好吗?
Ⅲ. make sure 后面的that 从句一般不用或很少用将来时;
be sure 后面的that从句则可用将来时。如:
1 Make sure that you come here before five. 你一定要在5点前来。
2 I am sure that he will come. 我相信他一定会来的。
Ⅳ. 两者后面接不定式,均表示“一定要做某事”,但make sure 通常只用于祈使句;而be sure 则不受限制。如:
①
to come to party on time. 一定要准时来参加晚会。
② He is sure to call you up. 他准会给你打电话的。
§46 be surprised/ in surprise
Ⅰ. be surprised 为“动词+形容词”结构,在句中作谓语,意为:“感到吃惊”. be surprised at 表“对……感到吃惊”
Ⅱ. in surprise为“介词+名词”结构。在句中作状语。意为:“吃惊地”。如:
1 She was surprised. 她感到吃惊。
2 Everybody was surprised at you. 大家都对你感到吃惊。
3 John turned round and looked at him in surprise. 约翰转过身去,吃惊地看着他。
§47 be used for/ be used as/ be used by
Ⅰ. be used for “(被)用来做……”,强调用途或作用。
Ⅱ. be used as “(被)作为……而用”,强调被当作工具或手段来用。
Ⅲ. be used by “被……使用”,by后跟人物,强调使用者。如:
1 Keys are used for opening locks. 钥匙是用来开锁的。
2 “Swim” can be used as a noun. “Swim”可作名词用。
3 Recorders are often used by English teachers. 英语教师经常使用录音机。
4 Wood can be used for making paper. 木材能用来造纸。
§48 both/ either / neither
三者都是在谈到两个人或东西时用的。可用作代词、形容词、连词。
Ⅰ. 作代词时:both “两者都”. either “两者中任何一个”. neither “两者中任何一个都不”。 作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式,可作同位语。而either 和 neither 则用单数形式,不可作同位语。如:
1 Both of us are teachers.
2 Either of you can do it.
3 Neither of the answerws is right. 两个答案都不对。
4 They both skate well. 他们两人都会滑冰。
Ⅱ. 作形容词时:both 修饰名词的复数形式。Neither 和 either修饰名词的单数形式。如:
1 Neither film is very long.两部电影都不长。
2 You may use either pencil. 你可用这两支笔中的任何一支。
3 Both pencils are blue. 两支铅笔都是蓝色的。
Ⅲ. 作连词时: neither 与nor 连用,“既不……也不……”; either 和 or 连用:“或是……或是……” “要么……要么……”连接两个主语时,谓语动词遵循就近原则。而both 却与and 相连。连接主语时谓语动词用复数。如:
1 Neither Jack nor I have seen the film. 杰克和我都没看过这影片。
2 Either you or I am wrong.不是你错就是你错。
3 Both John and Mike are good at swimming. 约翰和麦克都擅长游泳。
§49 beat/ win
Ⅰ. beat “打赢”“战胜”。用于比赛时,后接宾语是战胜对手,表示“赢了某人”。如:
1 Li Lei beat all the runners in the 100-metre race. 李磊在百米赛跑中赢了所有的对手。
2 We are sure to beat them.我们肯定会赢他们。
Ⅱ. win “赢得;获胜”, 用作及物动词,后接宾语是表示某种比赛的名词或战争,而不是参加比赛的对手。如:
1 We won the basketball game. 我们赢得了篮球赛。
2 Who won the race? 谁赢得了赛跑?
§50 because/ because of
Ⅰ. because 是连词,后接句子, 是主句的直接原因,常用来回答由why 引导的特殊疑问句。如:
1 Because he is ill, he is not here today. 因为他病了,所以今天没来。
2 --Why are you in a hurry?
--Because I want to catch the first bus.
Ⅱ.because of 是复合介词,后接名词或代词,相当于名词词组。如:
He can’t come because of illness. 他生病了,所以没来。
§51 become/ get/ go/ grow/ turn
Ⅰ. 这几个词都可作连系动词表“变化的”,但用法有别:
become 比较正式,常用于书面语中,表示由一个状态向另一个状态的变化。通常用于过去完成的事,不表未来的事。如:
1 I became a teacher three years ago.我是三年前当老师的。(由学生或其他职业变成老师)
2 He has become a famous person. 他已成为名人了。
Ⅱ.get 多用于口语中,后常接形容词,表“变化”的过程,特别常接比较级形容词。如:
1 The days are getting longer and longer. 白天变得越来越长了。(含动作意识)
2 Things are getting worse.情况变得更糟了。
Ⅲ.go 表示因某种原因而进入某种状态,说明“变”的结果。
1 After he heard the news, his face went white. 听到这个消息,他的脸变白了。
2 The sky went cloudy. 天娈阴了。
Ⅳ.grow 表“渐渐地变”,强调逐渐变化的过程。 如:
1 The smoke grew bigger and thicker. 烟变得越来越大,越来越浓了。
2 My younger brother is growing tall. 我弟弟渐渐长高了。
Ⅴ.turn 含有“变得和以前完全不同”之意,说明变的结果。
1 The trees turn green. 树变绿了。
2 His love turned into hate. 他由爱生恨。
§52 before long/ long before
Ⅰ. before long. “不久”,“不久以后”
Ⅱ. long before “很早以前”,“好久以前”如:
1 I hope to see you again before long. 我希望不久以后再见到你。
2 We finished our work long before. 我们早就把工作做完了
§53 begin/ start
Ⅰ. begin “开始”,是很普通的用语,指开始某一行动或进程,与end 相对。如:
1 It’s time to begin work. 是开始工作的时候了。
2 She began to work in the factory at the age of fifteen. 她十五岁开始在工厂里工作。
3 The meeting will begin at eight o’clock. 会议将于八点钟开始。
Ⅱ. start “开始”,往往与begin通用,但它着重于开始或着手这一点,与stop 相对。如:
1 When did you start work? 你什么时候开始工作的?
2 He started to study English. 他开始学英语。
3 The child started crying. 小孩哭起来了。
[注]:表示“动身;启程;开动(机器)”等。如:
①I think we ought to start at 8. 我认为我们应该8点出发。
另外commence是三词中最正式的,其后接动词时只能接动词的-ing形式。如:
②The Prime Minister commenced speaking 25 minutes ago. 首相是25分钟前开始发言的。
§54 forget to do / forget doing
Ⅰ. forget
如:
1 I forgot to tell him about it.我忘了把事告诉他。
2 I forgot telling him about it. 我忘了,我曾把这事告诉过他。
[注意]:类似的还有:
1 try
如:
1. Let’s try knocking at the back door..让我们敲敲后门试试看。
2. We will try to go home tomorrow. 明天我们争取回家。
2 remember
regret doing sth/to do sth 与此亦同。
3 go on
4 need
want doing sth / to do sth. 与此相同。
§55 besides/ but/ except/ beside/ except for/
Ⅰ.besides “除了……还有”指的是“已有……另加上”而except 和but “除了……之
没有……”,正好相反。如:
1 I don’t care for anything besides this.除此之外,我别无所爱。
2 What have you done this morning, besides reading the paper and watching TV? 除了看报和看电视之外,你今天上午还做了些什么。
Ⅱ.beside prep. “在……旁边”意思如其它的大不相同。如:
1 They are used to taking a walk on the path beside the the river.他们习惯于在河边的小路上散步。
Ⅲ. but 作介词用时:“除……之外没有……”与except同意。但它着重在整体,且常用在no, all, nobody, anything, everything, everybody, everywhere 以及who, whose等词之后。后常接“名词、代词或不定式,接不定式时,如果其前含有实义动词 do (除作助动词用外)的各种形式,则用动词原形(省略“to”)。如:
1 He does nothing but laugh. 他只是大笑而已。(前有does,故用动词原形laugh.)
2 Nobody was late but you. 除你之外,没有人迟到。
Ⅳ.except 语气比but强且明显。着重在除去的部分。如:
1 I like all the fruits except pears. 除了梨外,我喜欢所有的水果。
2 The dress is quite nice except for the color. 除了颜色外,这件衣服很漂亮。
Ⅴ.except for “除了……以外”其中for 表示理由或细节,对句子含义起修饰作用。有时可与except 互换。如:
1 Betty worked out all the problems except for / except the last one. 除了最后一个问题外,其它的问题贝蒂都解决了。
2 Except for Sunday, all of us go to school every day. 除了周日外,我们每天都上学。(此处不用except).
§56 give a message/ leave a message / take a message.
Ⅰ. Leave a message.“留下个信儿”打电话的人常用。后与介词for 搭配。构成 leave a message for sb.
Ⅱ. take a message “捎个信儿”接电话的人常用.后与介词for 搭配。构成:take a message for sb.
Ⅲ. give a message “给某人个信儿”后与to 搭配,构成:
give a message to sb. = give sb a message.如:
1 Can I take a message for him? 我能给他捎个信吗?
2 Can you leave a message for her? 你能给她留个口信吗?
3 I will give a message to her. 我将给她个信儿。
§57 big/ large/ great/ huge
Ⅰ. big 和large 所修饰的一般是具体的事物。
big 侧重于表示一个物体的块头、重量,含有庞大、笨重的意思,其反义词是little;
large 侧重表示一个物体的宽度和数量,有广阔和众多的含义,其反义词是small。 在现代口语中两者常可互换,big 较口语化,large比较正式。如:
1 This is a big / large room. 这是一个大房间。
2 This coat is too big for her. 这上衣对她来说太大了。
3 China is a large country. 中国是一个幅员辽阔的国家。
Ⅱ. big 还可作“长大了的”解,而large没有这个意思。如:
1 She is big enough to ride a bike. 她长大了,足可以骑自行车了。
Ⅲ. great 常表示“伟大的”,可修饰抽象名词,也可修饰具体的人或物,带有一定的感情色彩。有时可能表达说话人的喜悦、赞扬等感情。如:
1 We are going to visit the People’s Great Hall. 我们打算去参观人民大会堂。
2 Einstein was a great scientist. 爱因斯坦是位伟大的科学家。
3 --How do you like my coat? --Great! 你觉得我这件外衣怎样? 好极了。
Ⅳ. huge “巨大的;极大的”,修饰具体事物,指规格数额超常。如:
1 How did they carry such huge stones? 他们是如何搬运这些巨石的?
2 The Great Hall of the People is a
building.
人民大会堂是座
建筑物。
§58 boat/ ship
Ⅰ. boat “船、艇,”是普通用语。主要指用浆、篙、帆或引擎的小船、小艇,但有时也指大轮船。如: