计算机通信中循环冗余校验码的设计

计算机通信中循环冗余校验码的设计 摘 要 通信的目的是要把信息及时可靠地传送给对方，因此要求一个通信系统传输消息必须可靠与快速，在数据通信系统中可靠与快速往往是一对矛盾。为了解决可靠性，通信系统都采用了差错控制。CRC(Cyclical Redundancy Checking)循环冗余校验码是一种重要的线性分组码，通过多项式除法检测错误，是在数据通信和数据检测中广泛应用的检错校验的循环码。 本设计研究了纠错码及循环冗余校验码的原理，以及利用MATLAB对其进行了编程和编译仿真，实现了CRC循环冗余校验码的编码及校验，在接收端收到通过校验的码，从而确定传输过程是否出错，得到的结论和理论上是一致的。 关键词:检错码;循环冗余校验码; matlab软件 I —— 目 录 前 言...................................................................................................................................... 1 第一章 计算机通信与纠错码 ......................................................................................... 1 1.1计算机通信技术的历史和发展 .............................................................................. 1 1.1.1通信的概念 ........................................................................................................ 1 1.1.2通信的发展史简介............................................................................................ 1 1.1.3计算机通信介绍 .................................................................................................. 2 1.2纠错码......................................................................................................................... 2 1.3纠错原理 .................................................................................................................... 3 第二章 CRC原理与介绍................................................................................................... 5 2.1 CRC介绍 .................................................................................................................... 5 2.2 CRC原理 .................................................................................................................... 5 2.2.1编码规则............................................................................................................... 5 2.2.2 CRC码生成和校验............................................................................................. 6 第三章 MATLAB语言编程与运行 ................................................................................. 7 3.1 MATLAB语言的介绍 ............................................................................................... 7 3.2 程序流程图 ...........................................................................错误～未定义书签。 3.3 MATLAB程序 ............................................................................................................ 10 第四章 结果分析 ............................................................................................................ 13 参考文献 ............................................................................................................................. 14 总结与致谢 ......................................................................................................................... 15 II —— 前 言 随着科学技术的进步, 人们对信息传递的要求逐渐提高。但在通信系统中, 可靠性与有效性是对矛盾, 要求有效性提高, 必然使每个码元所占的时间缩短, 从而受干扰和产生错误的可能性增大, 可靠性降低了; 要提高信息的可靠性, 又使信息速率变慢有效性降低。因此, 合理的解决有效性与可靠性这对矛盾, 是正确设计一个通信系统的关键问题之一, 为保证传输过程的可靠性, 就需要对通信过程进行差错控制。 循环冗余校验码CRC(cyclic redundancy check)是一种高效率且可靠的方法, 由线性分组码分支而来的, 是一种通过多项式除法检测错误的很不寻常而又巧妙的方法, 一方面它有很强的检测能力, 二是它的编码器电路及错误检测器电路都很容易实现, 它的优点使它在通信系统中得到了广泛的应用。现代社会发展要求通信系统功能越来越强，可靠性越来越高，构成也越来越复杂;这就要借助于功能强大的计算机辅助分析设计技术和工具才能实现。现代计算机科学技术快速发展，已经研发出了新一代的可视化的仿真软件。这些功能强大的仿真软件，使得通信系统仿真的设计和分析过程变得相对直观和便捷，由此也使得通信系统仿真技术得到了更快的发展。本文使用的是功能强大的MATLAB语言软件。 MATLAB是一种科学计算软件，主要适用于矩阵运算及控制和信息处理领域的分析设计。它使用方便，输入简捷，运算高效，内容丰富，并且很容易由用户自行扩展，因此，当前已成为教学和科研中最常用而必不可少的工具。 1 —— 第一章 计算机通信与纠错码 1.1计算机通信技术的发展 1.1.1通信的概念 通信就是克服距离上的障碍，从一地向另一地传递和交换消息。消息是信息源所产生的，是信息的物理表现，例如，语音、文字、数据、图形和图像等都是消息(Message)。消息由模拟消息(如语音、图像等)以及数字消息(如数据、文字等)之分。所有消息必须在转换成电信号(通常简称为信号)后才能在通信系统中传输。所以，信号(Signal)是传输消息的手段，信号是消息的物资载体。 相应的信号可以分为模拟信号和数字信号，模拟信号的自变量可以是连续的或离散的，但幅度是连续的，如电话机、电视摄像机输出的信号就是模拟信号。数字信号的自变量可以是连续的或离散的，但幅度是离散的，如计算机等各种数字终端设备输出的信号就是数字信号。 通信的目的是传递消息，但对受信者有用的是消息中包含的有效内容，即信息(Information)。消息是具体的、表面的，而信息是抽象的、本质的，且消息中包含的信息的多少可以用信息量来度量。通信技术，特别是数字通信技术近年来发展非常迅速，它的应用越来越广泛。 数字通信系统较模拟通信系统而言，具有抗干扰能力强、便于加密、易于实现集成化、便于与计算机连接等优点。因而，数字通信更能适应对通信技术的高要求。 1.1.2通信的发展史简介 远古时代，远距离的传递消息是以书信的形式来完成的，这种通信方式明显具有传递时间长的缺点。为了在尽量短的时间内传递尽量多的消息，人们不断地尝试所能找到的各种最新技术手段。1837年发明的莫尔斯电磁式电报标志着电通信的开始。之后，利用电进行通信的研究取得了长足的进步。1866年利用海底电缆实现了跨大西洋的越洋电报通信。1876年贝耳发明了电话，利用电信号实现了语音信号的有线传递，使信息的传递变得既迅速又准确，这标志着模拟通信的开始，由于它比电报更便于交流使用，所以直到20世纪前半叶这种采用模拟技术的电话通信技术比电报得到了更为迅速和广泛的发展。1937年瑞威斯发明的脉冲编码调制标志数字通信的开始。20世纪60年代以后集成电路、电子计算机的出现，使得数字通信迅速发展。在70年代末在全球发展起来的模 1 —— 拟移动电话在90年代中期被数字移动电话所代替，现有的模拟电视也正在被数字电视所代替。数字通信的高速率和大容量等各方面的优越性也使人们看到了它的发展前途。 1.1.3计算机通信 计算机通信是一种以数据通信形式出现，在计算机与计算机之间或计算机与终端设备之间进行信息传递的方式。它是现代计算机技术与通信技术相融合的产物，在军队指挥自动化系统、武器控制系统、信息处理系统、决策分析系统、情报检索系统以及办公自动化系统等领域得到了广泛应用。 计算机通信按照传输连接方式的不同，可分为直接式和间接式两种。直接式是指将两部计算机直接相联进行通信，可以是点对点，也可以是多点通播。间接式是指通信双方必须通过交换网络进行传输。 按照通信覆盖地域的广度，计算机通信通常分为局域式、城域式和广域式三类。 局域式是指在一局部的地域范围内(例如一个机关、学校、军营等)建立计算机通信。局域计算机通信覆盖地区的直径在数公里以内。 城域式是指在一个城市范围内所建立的计算机通信。城域计算机通信覆盖地区的直径在十公里到数十公里。 广域式是指在一个广泛的地域范围内所建立的计算机通信。通信范围可以超越城市和国家，以至于全球。广域计算机通信覆盖地区的直径一般在数十公里到数干公里乃至上万公里。 在通常情况下，计算机通信都是由多台计算机通过通信线路连接成计算机通信网进行的，这样可共享网络资源，充分发挥计算机系统的效能。 1.2纠错码 纠错码(error correcting code)，在传输过程中发生错误后能在收端自行发现或纠正的码。仅用来发现错误的码一般常称为检错码。为使一种码具有检错或纠错能力，须对原码字增加多余的码元，以扩大码字之间的差别 ，即把原码字按某种规则变成有一定剩余度(见信源编码)的码字，并使每个码字的码之间有一定的关系。关系的建立称为编码。码字到达收端后，可以根据编码规则是否满足以判定有无错误。当不能满足时，按一定规则确定错误所在位置并予以纠正。纠错并恢复原码字的过程称为译码。检错码与其他手段结合使用，可以纠错。 2 —— 纠错编码又称信道编码，它与信源编码是信息传输的两个方面。它们之间存在对偶的关系。应用信道译码直接对一些自然信息进行处理，可以去掉剩余度，以达到压缩数据的目的。 为了使一种码具有检错或纠错能力，必须对原码字增加多余的码元，以扩大码字之间的差别，使一个码字在一定数目内的码元上发生错误时，不致错成另一个码字。准确地说，即把原码字按某种规则变成有一定剩余度的码字，并使每个码字的码元间有一定的关系。关系的建立称为编码。码字到达收端后，用编码时所用的规则去检验。如果没有错误，则原规则一定满足，否则就不满足。由此可以根据编码规则是否满足以判定有无错误。当不能满足时，在可纠能力之内按一定的规则确定错误所在的位置，并予以纠正。纠错并恢复原码字的过程称为译码;码元间的关系为线性时，称为线性码;否则称为非线性码。检错码与其他手段结合使用，可以纠错。检错反馈重发系统(ARQ系统)就是一例。 在构造纠错码时，将输入信息分成 k位一组以进行编码。若编出的校验位仅与本组的信息位有关，则称这样的码为分组码。若不仅与本组的 k个信息位有关，而且与前若干组的信息位有关，则称为格码。这种码之所以称为格码，是因为用图形分析时它象篱笆或格架。线性格码在运算时为卷积运算，所以叫卷积码。 1.3纠错原理 纠错码能够检错或纠错，主要是靠码字之间有较大的差别。这可用码字之间的汉明距离 d(x，y)来衡量。它的定义为码字x与y之间的对应位取不同值的码元个数。一种纠错码的最小距离 d定义为该种码中任两个码字之间的距离的最小值。一种码要能发现e个错误,它的最小距离d应不小于e+1。若要能纠正t个错误，则d应不小于2t+1。一个码字中非零码元的个数，称为此码字的汉明重量。一种码中非零码字的重量的最小值，称为该码的最小重量。对线性码来说，一种码的最小重量与其最小距离在数值上是相等的。 在构造线性码时，数字上是从n维空间中选一k维子空间，且使此子空间内各非零码字的重量尽可能大。当构造循环码时,可进一步将每一码字看成一多项式,将整个码看成是多项式环中的理想,这一理想是主理想,故可由生成多项式决定;而多项式完全可由它的根规定。这样,就容易对码进行构造和分析。这是BCH码等循环码构造的出发点。一般地说，构造一种码时，均设法将它与某种 3 —— 代数结构相联系，以便对它进行描述，进而推导它的性质，估计它的性能和给出它的译码方法。若一种码的码长为n，码字数为M,或信息位为h,以及最小距离为d，则可把此码记作【n,M,d】码。若此码为线性码，常简记作(n，k)或(n,k,d)码。人们还常用R=log2M/n表示码的信息率或简称码率,单位为比特/码元。R越大,则每个码元所携带的信息量越大，编码效率越高。 纠错码实现中最复杂的部分是译码。它是纠错码能否应用的关键。根据式(1),采用的码长n越大,则误码率越小。但n越大，编译码设备也越复杂,且延迟也越大。人们希望找到的译码方法是:误码率随码长n的增加按指数规律下降;译码的复杂程度随码长n的增加接近线性地增加;译码的计算量则与码长 n基本无关。可惜，已经找到的码能满足这样要求的很少。不过由于大规模集成电路的发展，既使应用比较复杂的但性能良好的码，成本也并不太高。因此，纠错码的应用越来越广泛。 纠错码传输的都是数字信号。这既可用硬件实现，也可用软件实现。前者主要用各种数字电路，主要是采用大规模集成电路。软件实现特别适合计算机通信网等场合。因为这时可以直接利用网中的计算机进行编码和译码，不需要另加专用设备。硬件实现的速度较高，比软件可快几个数量级。 在传信率一定的情况下，如果采用纠错码提高可靠性，要求信道的传输率增加，带宽加大。因此，纠错码主要用于功率受限制而带宽较大的信道，如卫星、散射等系统中。纠错码还用在一些可靠性要求较高，但设备或器件的可靠性较差，而余量较大的场合，如磁带、磁盘和半导体存储器等。 在分组码的研究中，谱分析的方法受到人们的重视。纠同步错误码、算术码、不对称码、不等错误纠正码等，也得到较多的研究。 4 —— 第二章 CRC原理 2.1 CRC介绍 CRC(Cyclic Redundancy Check)循环冗余校验码 是常用的校验码，在早期的通信中运用广泛，因为早期的通信技术不够可靠(不可靠性的来源是通信技术决定的，比如电磁波通信时受雷电等因素的影响)，不可靠的通信就会带来“确认信息”的困惑，书上提到红军和蓝军通信联合进攻山下的敌军的例子，第一天红军发了条信息要蓝军第二天一起进攻，蓝军收到之后，发一条确认信息，但是蓝军担心的是确认信息如果也不可靠而没有成功到达红军那里，那自己不是很危险,于是红军再发一条对确认的确认信息，但同样的问题还是不能解决，红军仍然不敢贸然行动。 对通信的可靠性检查就需要校验，校验是从数据本身进行检查，它依靠某种数学上约定的形式进行检查，校验的结果是可靠或不可靠，如果可靠就对数据进行处理，如果不可靠，就丢弃重发或者进行修复。 2.2 CRC原理 2.2.1编码规则 CRC码是由两部分组成，前部分是信息码，就是需要校验的信息，后部分是校验码，如果CRC码共长n个bit，信息码长k个bit，就称为(n,k)码。 它的编码规则是: 1(移位 将原信息码(kbit)左移r位(k+r=n) 2(相除 运用一个生成多项式g(x)(也可看成二进制数)用模2除上面的式子，得到的余数就是校验码。 非常简单，要说明的:模2除就是在除的过程中用模2加，模2加实际上就是我们熟悉的异或运算，就是加法不考虑进位，公式是: 0+0=1+1=0,1+0=0+1=1 即‘异’则真，‘非异’则假。 由此得到定理:a+b+b=a 也就是‘模2减’和‘模2加’直值表完全相同。 有了加减法就可以用来定义模2除法，于是就可以用生成多项式g(x)生成CRC校验码。 5 —— 2.2.2 CRC码生成和校验 1.CRC码生成 第一步:在数据单元(k位)的末尾加上r个0。r是一个比预定除数的比特位数(r十1)少1的数。 第二步:采用二进制除法将新的加长的数据单元(k+r位)除以除数。由此除法产生的余数就是循环冗余码校验码 第三步:用从第二步得到的r个比特的CRC码替换数据单元末尾附加的r个0。如果余数位数小于r，最左的缺省位数为0。如果除法过程根本未产生余数(也就是说，原始的数据单元本身就可以被除数整除)那么以r个0作为CRC码替换余数所在的位置。产生的比特模式正好能被除数整除。 2(CRC码校验 到达接收方的数据单元首先到达的是数据，然后是CRC校验码。接收方将整个数据串当作一个整体去除以用来产生循环冗余校验余数的同一个除数。 如果数据串无差错地到达接收方，循环冗余校验器将产生余数0。因此数据单元将通过检验。如果在传输中数据单元被改变，除法将产生非零余数，因此数据单元将通不过检验。 3(应用举例 发送端: 例如:已知:信息码:1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1信息多项式:K(x)=X9+X8+X6+X3+X2+1生成码:1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 生成多项式:G(x)=X16+X12+X5+1 解: 1)(X9+X8+X6+X3+X2+1 )* X 3 的积是X25+X24+X22+X19+X18+X16对应的码字是1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2) 积,G(X)(按模二算法) 由计算结果知冗余码是 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 ，CRC 码(码字)就是1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 接收端: 例如:已知:接受码字:1 0 1 0 0 1 1多项式:T(x)=X6+X4+X+1生成码:1011 生成多项式:G(x)=X3+X+1(r=3) 求:码字的正确性。若正确，则指出冗余码和信息码。 解:1) 用CRC 码(码字)除以生成码，余数为0 ，所以CRC 码(码字)正确。 2) 因r=3，所以冗余码是:011，信息码是:1010。 6 —— 第三章 MATLAB语言编程与运行 3.1 MATLAB语言的介绍 MATLAB 是由美国Math Works 公司推出的用于数值计算和图形处理的科学计算系统环境。MATLAB是英文MATrix LABoratory(矩阵实验室)的缩写。它的第1版(DOS版本1.0)发行于1984年，经过10余年的不断改进，现在已推出它的Windows 95版本(5.3版)。新的版本集中了日常数学处理中的各种功能，包括高效的数值计算、矩阵运算、信号处理和图形生成等功能。在MATLAB环境下，用户可以集成地进行程序设计、数值计算、图形绘制、输入输出、文件管理等各项操作。 MATLAB提供了一个人机交互的数学系统环境，该系统的基本数据结构是矩阵，在生成矩阵对象时，不要求明确的维数说明。与利用C语言或FORTRAN语言作数值计算的程序设计相比，利用MATLAB可以节省大量的编程时间。在美国的一些大学里，MATLAB正成为对数值线性代数以及其他一些高等应用数学课程进行辅助教学的有益工具。在工程技术界，MATLAB也被用来解决一些实际课题和数学模型问题。典型的应用包括数值计算、算法预设计与验证，以及一些特殊的矩阵计算应用，如自动控制理论、统计、数字信号处理(时间序列分析)等。 MATLAB系统由五个主要部分组成，下面分别加以介绍。 (1) MATLAB语言体系 MATLAB是高层次的矩阵/数组语言，具有条件控制、函数调用、数据结构、输入输出、面向对象等程序语言特性。利用它既可以进行小规模编程，完成算发设计和算法实验的基本任务，也可以进行大规模编程，开发复杂的应用程序。 (2) MATLAB工作环境 这是对MATLAB提供给用户使用的管理功能的总称，包括管理工作空间的变量，数据输入输出的方式和方法，以及开发、调试、管理M文件的各种工具。 (3) 图形句柄系统 这是MATLAB图形系统的基础，包括完成2D和3D数据图示、图像处理、动画生成、图形显示等功能的高层次MATLAB命令，也包括用户对图形图像等对象进行特性控制的低层次MATLAB命令，以及开发GUI应用程序的各种工具。 (4) MATLAB数学函数库 这是对MATLAB使用的各种数学算法的总称，包括各种初等函数的算法， 7 —— 也包括矩阵运算、矩阵分析等高层次数学算法。 (5) MATLAB应用程序接口(API) 这是MATLAB为用户提供的一个函数库，使得用户能够在MATLAB环境中使用C程序或FORTRAN程序，包括从MATLAB中调用子程序(动态链接)，读写MAT文件的功能。 综上所述，可以看出MATLAB是一个功能十分强大的系统，是集数值计算、图形管理、程序开发为一体的环境。除此之外，MATLAB还具有很强的功能扩展能力，与它的主系统一起，可以配置各种各样的工具箱，以完成一些特定的任务。目前，MathWorks公司推出了18种工具箱。用户可以根据自己的工作任务，开发自己的工具箱。在本指导书中，我们主要利用MATLAB的关于信号处理的工具箱。 MATLAB具有程序结构控制、函数调用、数据结构、输入输出、面向对象等程序语言特征，而且简单易学、编程效率高。 MATLAB包含两部分内容:基本部分和各种可选的工具箱。 MATLAB的源程序都是以扩展名为m的文件来存放的。这种.m文件(或称m文件)其实就是一个纯文本文件，它采用的是MATLAB所特有的一套语言及语法规则。本书应用MATLAB进行信号处理实际上就是通过编辑和运行这种.m文件来完成的。 .m文件有两种写法，一种称为脚本(Script)，就像批处理文件一样，包含了一连串的MATLAB命令，执行时依序进行;另一种称为函数(Function)，与在命令行中输入的命令一样，函数能接收输入的参数，然后执行并输出结果。 8 —— 3.2 程序流程图 开始 初始化，随机产生信息码并输出 添加冗余特位 添加冗余比特位 循环计算长除 除完否, 合成编码序列并输出 用合成码长除生成多项式 N 除完否, Y N 余数是否为零 Y 输出err=1 输出接收端的码 结束 图1 CRC编码程序流程图 9 —— 3.3 MATLAB程序 1(MATLAB程序编写 % CRC 编码主程序 clear;clc;close all; uncode_sequence=randint(1,10) sequence_length = length(uncode_sequence); % 得到原始信号长度 crc_ccitt = [1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1]; % 常用的CRC生成多项式 add_bit = zeros(1,16); % 添加冗余比特位 crc_coded_sequence = [uncode_sequence zeros(1,16)]; % 初始化输出检错码序列 uncode_sequence = [uncode_sequence add_bit]; remainder_bits = uncode_sequence; % 初始化余数数组 for k = 1:sequence_length % 开始循环计算长除得到最终余数 add_zeros = zeros(1,sequence_length-k); % 加入冗余位参与模2运算 register_bits = [crc_ccitt add_zeros]; % 构造除数数组 if remainder_bits(1) == 0 % 被除数第一位为0则将除数所有位置0 register_bits = zeros(1,length(register_bits)); end remainder_bits = bitxor(register_bits,remainder_bits); % 将除数与被除数进行异或操作 register_bits = crc_ccitt; % 将寄存器恢复为除数数组 remainder_bits(1) = []; % 去除模2后得到的被除数的第1位 end add_len = length(crc_coded_sequence) - length(remainder_bits); % 生成余数序列的冗余位以叠加到编码序列 remainder_bits = [zeros(1,add_len),remainder_bits]; % 余数序列添加冗余 crc_coded_sequence = crc_coded_sequence + remainder_bits % 合成编码序列 sequence_length = length(crc_coded_sequence); % 得到冗余编码的长度 original_sequence = crc_coded_sequence; % 初始化输出序列 crc_ccitt = [1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1]; % 常用的CRC生成多项式 remainder_bits = crc_coded_sequence; % 初始化余数数组 10 —— cycle_length = sequence_length-length(crc_ccitt)+1; % 计算长除法的循环周期 for k = 1:cycle_length % 开始循环计算长除得到最终余数 add_zeros = zeros(1,cycle_length-k); % 加入冗余位参与模2运算 register_bits = [crc_ccitt add_zeros]; % 构造除数数组 if remainder_bits(1) == 0 % 被除数第一位为0则将除数所有位置0 register_bits = zeros(1,length(register_bits)); end remainder_bits = bitxor(register_bits,remainder_bits); % 将除数与被除数进行异或操作 register_bits = crc_ccitt; % 将寄存器恢复为除数数组 remainder_bits(1) = []; % 去除模2后得到的被除数的第1位 end if sum(remainder_bits) == 0 % 传输码元中没有发生奇数个错误 original_sequence = crc_coded_sequence(1:cycle_length) else err = 1 % 码元传输发生错误 end 2(MATLAB的运行结果 uncode_sequence = 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 crc_coded_sequence = 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 11 —— original_sequence = 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 >> 12 —— 第四章 结果分析 CRC校验的基本思想是利用线性编码理论，在发送端根据要传送一个n比特的帧或报文，发送器生成一个r比特的序列，称为帧检验序列(FCS)。这样形成的帧将由(n+r)比特组成。这个帧刚好能被某个预先规定的数整除。接收器用相同的数去除外来的帧，结果无余数，则认为无差错。 循环冗余校验与奇偶校验不同，或者是一个字符校验一次，而前者是一个数据块校验一次。在同步通信中，几乎都使用这种校验方法。 二进制多项式的加减运算为模2加减运算，即两个码多项式相加时，对应系数进行模2加减。所谓模2加减就是各位做不带进位、借位的按位加减。这种加减运算实际上是逻辑上的异或运算，即加法和减法等价。 信息多项式和余数多项式可以合并成一个新的多项式(称为循环码的码多项式)，则该多项式是生成多项式的整数倍，即能被声称多项式整除。根据这一原理，在发送端用信息码多项式除以生成多项式所得的余数多项式就是所要加的监督位。将循环码的码多项式除以生成多项式，若能除尽，说明传输正确，否则说明出错。CRC校验的关键是如何求出余数，此余数即为校验码(CRC校验码)。以前用数字电路来实现，而现在可以用计算机来完成。 为了传输的正确性，在接收端要有一个CRC检验器。它的功能和发生器一样，当收到CRC冗余校验码后，做同样的模2除法(注意，这里采用的生成多项式一定要与发送端相同)。如果余数是0，则说明传输正确;否则，传输错误，应重传。 13 —— 参考文献 [1] 吴玲达，李国辉，杨冰 等著. 计算机通信原理与技术[M]. 国防科技大学出版社，2003 [2] 潘新民 著. 计算机通信技术[M]. 电子工业出版社，2003 [3] 孙丽华 著. 信息论与纠错编码[M]. 电子工业出版社，2005 [4] Proakis 著，张力军译. 数字通信(第四版)[M]. 电子工业出版社，2004 [5] 王福昌 熊兆飞 黄本雄.通信原理.清华大学出版社.2006 [6]王兴亮.《数字通信原理与技术》(第二版).西安电子科技大学出版社.2000 [7]沈越泓 高媛媛 魏以民.《通信原理》.机械工业出版社.2004 [8]李仲令 曹世文 葛造坤.现代通信系统仿真及应用.电子科技大学出版社.1998. [9]黎洪松 张卫刚等.数字通信原理.西安电子科技大学出版社.2005 [10]Peter M.Grant.Digital Communications(Second Edition).China Machine Press [11]H.S.Black.Modulation Theory.1993,Chap.4 14 —— 总结与致谢 课程设计是培养学生综合运用所学知识，发现、提出、分析和解决实际问题，锻炼实践能力的重要环节,是对学生实际工作能力的具体训练和考察过程。 本设计研究了循环冗余校验码的原理，以及利用MATLAB对其进行了编程和编译仿真，得到的结论和理论上是一致的。简单而且快捷。设计过程中查阅了大量的有关CRC设计的书籍，巩固了以前所学过的知识，而且学到了很多在书本上所没有学到过的知识。通过这次课程设计使我懂得了理论与实际相结合的必要性，只有理论知识是远远不够的，只有把所学的理论知识与实践相结合起来，从理论中得出结论，才能真正为社会服务，从而提高自己的实际动手能力和独立思考的能力。 在此次课设中，我学习了matlab仿真软件的运用，我们通过动手实践操作，进一步学习和掌握了有关CRC原理的知识，加深了对纠错技术的认识。在设计时我们根据课题要求，复习了相关知识，还查阅了相当多的资料，这也在一定程度上拓宽了我们的视野，丰富了我们的知识。在此次课设中我还深刻的体会到了小组之间的合作精神的重要性，在设计过程和后期处理过程中都存在着繁重的工作压力，数据的处理，仿真软件的模拟等等，在此过程中如果没有小组之间的团队精神，个人很难或者说基本上根本就不能完成此次课设，因此在工作和学习过程中我们应该懂得团结互助的原则。 综上所述，用计算机仿真电子通信系统，具有广泛的适应性和极高的灵活性。在软件中只需对相应的参数进行重新设置，同时利用Simulink的可视化建模仿真和MATLAB简单编程的特点，可以实现较为复杂的系统，因此MATLAB/Simulink在通信系统仿真方面具有强大的功能和优越性～ 这次课程设计，使我坚定了我在以后的学习中要认真学好基础知识，不能只做表面工作。读书不仅是要读书还要读活书，把学到的知识灵活地运用到实践中去，达到学有所用的地步。通过这段时间的亲身经历，我感觉自己学到了:收集、整理资料、共同协作、分析及处理问题等许多方面的知识。在设计的过程中，我还从老师身上学到好多东西:老师热心工作的精神感动了我们，他还用实际行动告诉我们在工作中要脚踏实地，在学术上要严谨，在思维上要活跃，在学业上要勤奋刻苦。 做设计的过程中，我有许多不懂得地方，在老师的指导下我一步步的解决问题完成论文，在完成过程中老师指导我去怎么选择资料，如何去利用网络资源， 15 —— 在这个学习的过程中，我了解到MATLAB的实用价值，更深的理解循环冗余校验码的原理。这都是老师的功劳。老师不厌其烦的一次次为我解答思路及程序上方方面面的问题。在作设计中，没有老师的帮助我是不可能完成的。感谢老师对我的关心和帮助。经过我的努力和老师的耐心指导本次设计顺利按时完成，它是对我们把所学的理论知识运用到实践中的一次系统的检验。 在实验室有限的条件和自己有限的知识里，非常感谢指导老师诲人不倦的精神，在接触课程设计之前，因为这门课程的难度很大。所有基础知识以及逻辑推理思维方面都是相当欠缺，在此我十分的感谢此次课设的所有的辅导老师，正是通过他们的认真传授和细心讲解我们才能如此顺利的完成此次课程设计。最后，感谢所有辅导老师的耐心指导和同学们热心的帮助。 16 —— (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen 17 —— party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations 18 —— repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth 19 —— Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political 20 —— Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision 21 —— of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and 22 —— to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on 23 —— a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a 24 —— total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > 25 —— real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years 26 —— implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, 27 —— exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should 28 —— be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective 29 —— convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts 30 —— of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application 31 —— of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation 32 —— made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give 33 —— expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental 34 —— organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post 35 —— processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in 36 —— the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in 37 —— the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management 38 —— of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, 39 —— around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one 40 —— size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are 41 —— relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < 42 —— new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform 43 —— comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation 44 —— of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 45 —— about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily 46 —— blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres 47 —— should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection 48 —— with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace 49 —— with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of 50 —— the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline 51 —— must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be 52 —— held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations. 53 ——