基础语法-CET4 6

基础语法讲义 主讲：屠浩民 一、简单句和并列句 1. 简单句的五种形式：（1）主语+谓语(不及物动词）；（2）主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语；  The early bird catches the worm.（3）主语+谓语+宾语+补语；        I heard the birds singing merrily.（4）主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语； He bought the bird a cage.（5）主语+系动词+ 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 语。 系动词有两类：①be动词；②一些实义动词用作系动词：feel, taste, smell等； 2. 并列句：一个句子当中包含两个或更多互不相依存的主谓结构，中间用一些连接词连接起来的句子。  并列句不能只用逗号隔开，而要用连接词连接。 连接词：（1）并列关系句型：连接词有and, as well as, either…or…，neither…nor…,not only…but also…  eg: Last year I met kate and we became friends.  Either my uncle can do it, or my aunt can do it. （2）转折概念并列句型：转折词有but。  eg: It has no mouth, but it can talk.（3）对比关系的并列句型：            eg: He liked sports, while I would rather collect stamps. 练习：2009年6月阅读  Cerling’s team collected tap water samples from 600 cities and constructed a map of the regional differences.（简单句）    Most hydrogen and oxygen atoms in water are stable, but traces of both elements are also present as heavier isotopes. （并列句）  简单句和并列句是复合句的基础。 二、句子成分 句子六大成分：主谓宾、定状表。 主语、宾语和表语：通常由代词或者名词构成，定语：修饰名词；状语：修饰形容词或者动词；表语：接在系动词后面； （一）.代词：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词。    1人称代词：第一、二、三人称，主格、宾格、所有格；              I,you ,he,she, it,  me, you, him, her, it, my, your, his, her, its.    2 物主代词        ①形容词性物主代词：my, your, his, her, our, their，后面加名词；        ②名词性物主代词：mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs，后面不能加名词。　            　eg: May I borrow your pen?　Mine is missing.　 3反身代词：通过反身代词指代主语，使动作发出者把动作在形式上反射到发出者本人。强调人称问 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 。          eg：I myself took Mary to the airport.              I cooked it myself.      4. 指示代词：this, that, these, those 5. 不定代词：some，someone，something，any，anyone，anything，no，no one，nothing，all，both，neither，either，each，every，everybody，everyone，everything.    一些比较重要的不定代词之间的区别：  （1）all, each, every：        ① all和every可以指代三个或三个以上的人或物；all可以表示所有东西的总和，是一个不可分割的整体； each只能表示两个或两个以上的人，侧重个体；      ② all和every侧重整体，each侧重个体；              eg：Every staff of the university contributed to the fund.                  Two girls came, and I gave  an apple to each.      　 （2）everyone＆every one            everyone等同于everybody，all people，指的是所有的人；              eg：Everyone thinks they have the right to be here.                  every one既可以指人，也可以指物，强调一个个体，通常用every one of ；                eg：Every one of us has faults and shortcomings.              Every one of the films we have shown this year has been a succes. （3）no one＆none            no one 只能指人，none既可以指人，也可以指物，none后面还可以接of；            eg：No one failed the examination.                None of the students failed the examination.  6. it 的用法  （1）指代人，通常用于口语中；  （2）书面语：      ① it 用来指代时间、距离、温度、天气等  eg：It's three years since I saw him.      ② it 用来前指或者后指          eg：I've lost my book. Where is it？ There is no doubt about it that he was a fine teacher.      ③ it 做形式主语          eg：Is it possible to learn typewriting very quickly？      ④ it 做形式宾语，通常放在谓语动词和宾语补足语（形容词）之间，真正的宾语放在宾补之后      常见动词有：feel, consider, find, believe, make, take, imagine, think, suppose, regard      eg：She thinks it no use telling me.  He has made it clear that he wouldn't agree to the plan. ⑤ it 用于强调句，构成句型It's…that/who…      如何区分强调句中的it和形式主语中的it？  eg：It's clear that they have won.  如果It's和that去掉后，剩下的部分依然能构成完整的句子，就是强调句；否则，即为形式主语。 （二）名词 1. 可数名词    有单复数之分，若名词为单数，通常前面要加冠词a/an、the进行限定；若名词为复数，可以加上the，或者直接用复数名词，或者加上数词来进行限定。    名词的复数形式可以直接加s/es，以y 结尾的，变y 为i ，再加es,还有一些特殊形式的。    有些单数名词的形式，是集合名词，可以用作复数，如police，cattle，people，mankind等；    eg：Several hundreds police were on duty at the demonstration yesterday.            Cattle are allowed to graze on the village common.    不可数名词：通常是物质名词或者抽象名词 2. 不可数名词：通常是物质名词或者抽象名词，其前可以不加任何东西，若有特指，可以加the.    前面可以加上单位词，进行分类：    常见单位词：    ①a piece of +advice/bread/cloth/fortune/information/music/muse    ②a bit of、an item of、an article of 3. 名词在翻译中遇到的问题：    （1）不可数名词和可数名词间的转换形式：              eg：water＆waters（水域、海洋），sand＆sands（沙滩），wood＆woods（树林），goods（商品），ash和ashes（废墟）    （2）名词表示特指时，可以加冠词      ①不定冠词：a/an，通常表示一，但是不强调数目，翻译时注意；          eg：Germany is a European country.      ②定冠词：表示特定或特指          eg：Is this the book that you are looking for?          定冠词还可以使用于一些比较独特的语言现象：如指代地球或宇宙这种独一无二的事物          the+名词：表示全部或者整体          eg：Do you know who invented the computer？          用于乐器或专有名词前，如play the piano、the Thames （三）数词 数词分为基数词和序数词 1. 表示大约的词汇：about， approximately，around，roughly，some，more or less, or so;    eg：About 200 people were killed in the crash.            The town is 5  Miles or so from here.2. 表示多于的词汇：above，more than, over3. 表示少于，不到的词汇：almost，below，less than, under      eg：It's 2:57,  and it's almost 3 o'clock4. 一些可以直接表示数字的单词： dozen、score、decade、hundred、thousand、million    这些词前面出现基数词，表示确切的数时，不能加复数；若不能表明确切数字，只是说大约有多少的时候，以上这些词不可以加确切的基数词，但是可以将其变为复数，后加of；      eg：There are millions of kinds of matter in the world. （四）形容词和副词 1. 定语 用来修饰名词，通常是形容词；若是单个形容词，一般放在修饰名词前；若为词组，一般放在修饰名词之后；    形容词词组的两种情况：  （1）成对的形容词；    eg：She has many pencils, blue and red.  （2）形容词短语：    eg：I think he is a man suitable for the job.形容词还可以做表语，放在be动词之后； 英语 关于好奇心的名言警句英语高中英语词汇下载高中英语词汇 下载英语衡水体下载小学英语关于形容词和副词的题 中有一些词语作表语和作定语时，含义会有所不同：  （1）certain：          作定语时，表示特定的:            eg:  A certain Mr. Wang just came here to look for you.          作表语时，表示当然的，一定，相当于be sure； （2）complete：          作定语时，表示完全的:          作表语时，表示完成的或完美的； （3）ill：作定语时，表示坏的；作表语时，表示有病的；  （4）late: 作定语时，表示已故的；作表语时，表示晚的、迟到的；  （5）ready：作定语时，表示现成的；作表语时，表示准备好的、愿意做……；  （6）present：作定语时，表示目前的，相当于current；作表语时，表示出席，参加； the+形容词：表示一类人；    eg: the old, the poor, the blind, the rich, the young, the wounded 2. 状语：    通常由副词构成，副词可以修饰动词，形容词，乃至整个句子；    副词通常是褒义的，有部分是有否定含义的，常见否定含义副词有seldom，hardly，rarely，scarcely；  其它副词通常是表示肯定的概念； 3. 形容词和副词的比较级：  （1）一些没有比较级的形容词和副词：      ①单词本身的含义是表示比……年长、比……优秀、比……优等时，没有比较级概念；          如supreme，inferior，junior，senior，priorat ，后面搭配的介词一般是to，而不用than.      ②有些单词本身的含义即是最，独一无二，没有比较级概念；          如absolute，entire，excellent，favorite，final. （2）同级比较和异级比较：      ①同级比较：as…as…/…times  as…      ②异级比较：（倍数或修饰词，表示多或少）+比较级+than        常见的修饰比较级的词有：much、still，even，by far，a bit，a little, a good deal或者倍数；   eg：The photography of Mars taken by satellite are much clearer than those taken from earth.      ③比较级特殊用法词汇：          more…than…：          eg：He is more clever than honest.          the+比较级：越来越……          eg：The harder you work, the more you will learn. 三、时态和语态   一般 进行 完形 现在       过去       将来               （一）时态 1. 一般现在时（1）表示经常性、习惯性的动作；    eg：I get up at 7 o' clock in the morning.            I leave school for home at 6 every evening. （2）客观真理，客观存在，科学事实；    eg：The teacher told us: the earth moves around the sun.            Shanghai lies in the east of China. 2. 一般过去时    两种变化形式：在动词后加ed或不规则变化的动词；    在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态：  常用时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等；  eg：Did you  go  to Shanghai last week? 补充：used to/be used to    （1）used to + do："过去常常"，表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在；            eg：Mike used to take a walk.  （2）be used to + doing： 对……已感到习惯，或"习惯于"，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词；            eg：Mike is used to taking a walk.                  He is used to taking a shower with cold water.  （3）be used to do：被用来做……            eg：Leaves are used to fight  enemies in kong fu movies as the weapons. 典型例题  　 ---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it. ---- It's 69568442.      A. didn't  B. couldn't　C. don't　D. can't 答案 八年级地理上册填图题岩土工程勘察试题省略号的作用及举例应急救援安全知识车间5s试题及答案 A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时。 一般过去式和过去完成时的对比：（1）过去完成时：过去的过去；    eg：Before I came to Beijing, I had stayed in Shanghai.  ① 一个句子里有两个谓语动词，一个发生在前，一个发生在后，发生在前的用一般过去时，发生在后的用过去完成时；    eg：When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.  ② 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，却未能…"    eg：We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.        We had thought that he would take part in the competition，but he didn't. ③ 虚拟语气：      若虚拟的现象与过去事实相反，则用过去完成时；      eg：If you had come to my birthday party, you would have seen Yaoming.      虚拟语气中可以用had+过去分词，表示对过去事实的虚拟； 3. 一般将来时  （1）shall/will,  shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替;        eg：Which paragraph shall I read first？  （2）be going to +不定式，表示将来；表示要发生的事情有了预先的计划、准备或有迹象表明要发生；        eg：What are you going to do tomorrow?                What will you do this afternoon?        will表示纯粹的将来； （3）be +不定式：表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事；    eg：We  are to/will discuss the report next Saturday.  （4）be about to +不定式：意为马上做某事，后面不可以接时间状语；        eg：He is about to leave for Beijing. 注意： （1）一般现在时有时也可表将来；        eg：The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.  ① 趋向性动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时表将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。        eg：When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.  ② 在时间或条件句中，用一般现在时表将来；        eg：I'll write to you as soon as I arrive in Beijing. （2）现在进行时也可表将来：通常用于口语，翻译为打算……；          come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等词可以用进行时表将来； 4. 现在完成时    现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果对现在造成影响。  （1）过去发生的动作发生到现在，刚刚完成；  （2）从过去发生的动作，发生到现在，刚刚告一段落，但是后面会继续发生；        eg：I have just finished my homework.                It has rained for 3 days. 过去时与现在完成时的区别： （1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。      eg：I came to Beijing in 1995.        I have stayed in Beijing since 1995. （2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与段的时间状语连用，或无时间状语；一般过去时常用时间状语：yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October…（具体时间）    现在完成时常用时间状语：for, since, so far…（长期的段时间）    eg：He had dinner with me yesterday.        I have played basketball for 3 hours. （3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know；过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等；    eg：He got married two years ago.      I have lived in Beijing for 10 years. 用于现在完成时的句型 （1）It is the first / second time…. that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。 It is the first time that I have visited the city. It was the third time that the boy had been late. （2）This is the… that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时. This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。 This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing.　这是我第一次听他唱歌。 典型例题 ---Have you ____ been to our town before? ---No, it's the first time I ___ here. A. even, come　 B. even, have come  C. ever, come　 D. ever, have come 答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，从句要用完成时。 since和for的用法：    since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度;    eg：I have lived here for more than twenty years.            I have lived here since I was born.    for后面多接一段时间，而since后面则接一个时间点，若since后面也出现时间段，则在时间段后加ago；    eg： I have lived here since  twenty years ago.    错句：I have worked here since many years. since句型：    It is +一段时间+ since从句，since从句要用一般过去时；    eg：It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.          It is three years since I joined the army. 5. 进行时态：一般进行时，过去进行时，将来进行时；6. 现在完成进行时：have/has+been+doing    现在完成进行时和现在完成时的区别：    eg：It has rained for 3 days.            It has been raining for 3 days.    现在完成时不强调某一动作在某段时间内持续发生，现在完成进行时表示某一时间段内某动作持续发生。    eg：I have been learning English for 5 years.            I have been learned English for 5 years. （二）语态                    一般              进行                  完成  现在        am/is/are+过去分词 am/is/are+being+过去分词  have/has+been+过去分词  过去        was/were+过去分词 was/were+being+过去分词  had+been+过去分词  将来        will+be+过去分词        被动语态基本形式：be+动词过去分词；  eg：Forest have been cleared.      They were given a warm send off.      Their wedding will be held in the church.  不强调施动者，而只强调受动者；    eg：The book was written 20 years ago. 四、真题举例： 1. 真题2009年12月：  Despite the hardship he encountered, Mark never ______________(放弃对知识的追求).  放弃：give up, abandon，quit  追求：pursuit    give up/abandon/quit the pursuit of knowledge    gave up/abandoned/quit  the pursuit of knowledge 2. 真题2009年6月：  The study shows that the poor functioning of the human body is  _______  (与缺乏锻炼密切相关)    is+doing/形容词：    be closely related to：    the lack of exercises：缺乏锻炼；    is closely related to the lack of exercises 3. 真题2008年12月： Throught the project, many people have received training and  (决定自己创业)      have received：现在完成时；      decided to：决定；      创业：launch their own enterprise      decided to launch their own enterprise 4. 真题2008年6月： I can’t boot my computer now. Something must （一定出了毛病）with its operating system.      出了毛病：out of control      Something must be out of contrlo/wrong with… 五、定语从句：    eg：I know the girl.          The girl comes from Beijing.          I know the girl who comes from Beijing.    步骤：    1.找到两个句子中相同的名词；    2.将两个名词中的一个进行替换，若是人，用who替换；若是物，用which替换；that既可以指人，又可以指物；    3. 将who 或which引导的句子放在相同名词之后；    eg：I like reading books.          The books were written by O Henry.          I like reading books which were written by O Henry. eg：I planted a tree.          The tree is taller than the house.          The tree which I planted is taller than the house. 1. who/that/which所引导的句子必须放在相同名词之后；    eg：The teacher prized the boy.            The boy is my neighbor.            The boy who the teacher prized is my neighbor. eg：This is the book.            You are looking for the book.            This is the book which you are looking for.    eg：This is the book.            You are interested in the book.            This is the book which you are interested in. 2. 谓语动词（结构）和后面的介词有两种关系：关系紧密＆关系疏远；    关系紧密：谓语结构和介词合成在一起，联系紧密，不可分割，一旦分割意思就会发生改变；    eg：look for, be interested in , look after, look at    定语从句中如果谓语结构和介词关系紧密，则介词必须保留在谓语结构的后面，不能做任何位置的改动；如果谓语结构和介词关系疏远，介词一般提到which/who/that的前面；    eg: This is the book which you are looking for.          This is the book which you are interested in.          This is the book in which you are interested .          This is the book which you  asked for. 3. 关系代词和关系副词：    eg：Beijing is the place.            I was born in the place.            Beijing is the place which I was born in.            Beijing is the place in which I was born .    定语从句中，如果介词+which表示地点，则可以用where替换；            Beijing is the place where I was born .        eg:  I can't forget the day.            I join the army on the day.            I can't forget the day which I join the army on.            I can't forget the day on which I join the army .            I can't forget the day when I join the army . 判断：This is the mountain village where I visited last year.              This is the mountain village in which I visited last year.              This is the mountain village which I visited in last year.    正确：This is the mountain village which/that I visited last year. 4. 判断关系代词和关系副词的方法：（1）不管是关系代词还是关系副词，都取决于从句中的谓语动词；        若该谓语动词为及物动词，则一定使用关系代词；若该谓语动词为不及物动词，且其后没有介词，则一定使用关系副词；          eg：I will never forget the days when I worked together with you.                  I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.                  I will never forget the days which I spent in the countryside. （2）通过判断先行词在定语从句中的成分        eg：Is this the museum （that ） you visited a few days ago?                the museum：充当visit的宾语                Is this the museum ( in which/where ) the exhibition was held? 关系代词：前面句子里的先行词也要在后面的句子里充当主语或者宾语的成分；介词+which，恰好表示时间和地点，可以替换成when，where这样的关系副词； 5 限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句 (1) 非限定性定语从句：先行词（即名词）后有一个逗号；      eg: In our school，there were 8 foreign teachers who come from Australia.（限定性定语从句）        In our school，there were 8 foreign teachers， who come from Australia.（非限定性定语从句）      限定性定语从句：定语从句和关系词关系非常紧密，删掉定语从句后，整个句子意思会改变；      非限定性定语从句：定语从句和关系词关系不是很紧密，删掉定语从句后，整个句子意思不会改变，定语从句只起到补充说明的意义；      eg：This is the house which we bought last month. （2）非限定性定语从句： ①先行词是前面的整句话；      eg: He won the first place in the competition, which is out of our expectation.        We will spend the Spring Festival in Guangzhou, which was decided last year.              This is the house, which we bought last month. ② 非限定性定语从句：which引导非限制性定语从句只能放在后面，as则只能放在句子前面；      eg: Smoking is harmful to our heath, which we know.            Smoking is harmful to our heath, as we know.            As we know, smoking is harmful to our heath.      eg：Alice received an invitation from her boss（      ） came as a surprise .              A. It      B. that    C. as    D. which (3)that和which的区别：①什么时候不能用that，只能用which：非限定性定语从句中，即逗号之后；    eg：The tree , that is 400 years old, which is very famous here. ②什么时候不能用that，只能用which：非限定性定语从句中，即逗号之后；介词后面不能用that，只能用which；    eg：The tree , that is 400 years old, which is very famous here.            We depend on the land, from which we can get our food .      in that：因为； （4）什么时候不能用which，只能用that：    ① 前面的先行词是不定代词，包括all，anything，nothing，the one， much，little等；  eg：Have you taken down everything that Mr. Lee has said ?    ② 如果先行词中出现了the only, the very等；  eg：This is the only way that we can think out.    ③ 如果先行词中出现了序数词和形容词最高级；  eg：This is the best film that I have ever seen.    ④ 如果先行词中即有人，又有物；  eg：They are talking about the school and the teachers that they visited yesterday. 例：Medical researchers are painfully aware that there are many problems                          (他们至今还没找到答案）.      they havn't found solutions/answers to these problems.    there are many problems which  they havn't found solutions/answers to. 例：（与我成长的地方相比），this town is more prosperous and exciting.        Compared with the place in which/where I grew up, 例：（听到他告诉我的消息），I couldn’t help laughing．        Hearing the news which/that he told me, 例：Career experts say that one of the ways job seekers can stay safe while using the Internet to search out jobs is to conceal their identities. 当先行词中是the way的时候，后面的连接词可以用that，可以用which和in which，甚至可以不填； 六.名词性从句 名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、补语从句及同位语从句；定义：在句子中起名词作用的句子，且在句子中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等成分； （1）同位语从句    eg：I know the man, the president of the New Oriental School.        同位语从句：对前面名词的进一步解释；        英语中的简单句：陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句。    eg：He is a student.            Are you a student?            Who is a student?        同位语从句：关系词不再和前面的名词有关系，而是取决于后面的从句；    eg：I know the fact.            He is a student.            I know the fact that he is a student. eg：I have a question.            Are you a student?            I have a question weather you are a student.            I have a question  who is a student. ①  从句仍然接在名词之后，名词有可能为answer，belief，concept，explaination，fact，hope, message, news, promise, prove, question, thought等，后面可以接同位语从句； 形式：名词+从句；连接词取决于后面的从句是什么样的形式；        如果是陈述句，直接加that引导；        一般疑问句：先把一般疑问句变成陈述句语序，然后在其前加上weather或者if；        特殊疑问句：直接保留特殊疑问词，后面的句子变成陈述句语序；          eg： The news soon spread the whole school.                  They had won the game.                  The news that they had won the game soon spread the whole school.                  The news that they had won the game came.                  News came that they had won the game. eg： Information has been issued.    More middle school student will be adimited to universities.    Information that more middle school student will be adimited to universities has been issued.    Information has been issued that more middle school student will be adimited to universities. eg： The question was answered by the family doctor      Weather we should  send for an specialist.    The question  weather we should  send for an specialist was answered by the family doctor. 同位语从句的形式和定语从句的形式非常相似，两者最大的区别在于同位语从句的功能在于对前面的名词进行进一步的解释，定语从句的功能在于对前面的名词进行进一步的修饰和限定； 如果关系词为weather，how, what, 一定是同位语从句； 如果名词前的关系词为when, where, why，若when前面的名词是地点，where前面的名词是时间，why 前面的名词是原因，那么一定是定语从句；若when, where, why前面不是地点、时间和原因，那么是同位语从句； 如果关系词为which，则通过中文翻译进行区分；若which能翻译成哪一个，则一定是同位语从句，若不能，则为定语从句； 如果关系词为that，则需要对句子进行成分分析来判定；如果that在句子中充当成分，则是定语从句，否则即为同位语从句； eg：The suggestion that she should stay in the room is good.      The suggestion that she has given in the meeting is good. 例：The fact that ordinary citizens are now starting to think seriously about the nation's moral climate, says this ethics professor at the University of Chicago, is reason to hope that new ideas will come forward to improve it.