初中被动语态详细讲解

被动语态专题讲解 一、语态概述 我吃了一个苹果,那现在苹果怎样了?苹果被我吃了。正如汉语中的被字句,英语中的“被字句”我们称之为被动语态。英语中有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。 主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。巧记为:主动、主动、主去动。例如:Many people speak English. 谓语:speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。 被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,即行为动作的对象。巧记为:被动、被动、主被动。例如:English is spoken by many people.主语English 是动词speak的承受者。 例如:He opened the door.他开了门。(主动句) The door was opened.门被开了。(被动句) 二、被动语态的构成 被动语态由“be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。不及物动词本身没有被动语态。 及物动词---本身意义不完整,后必须带宾语,有些还可以带双宾。 不及物动词---本身意义完整,不需要带宾语,如带宾语必须通过介词。 人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。 三.被动语态的句型 肯定句:主语+be+动词过去分词 否定句:主语+be+not+动词过去分词 一般疑问句:Be+主语+动词过去分词 特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+be+主语+动词过去分词 四.各种时态的被动语态 一般现在时:am/is/are+动词过去分词 Cars are made by them. 一般过去时:was/were+动词过去分词 The MP3 was bought by my father. 一般将来时:will/shall/be going to be+动词过去分词 The bridge will be completed in ten days. 现在进行时:am/is/are being+动词过去分词 Is the bike being mended now? 过去进行时:was/were being+动词过去分词 The dinned was being cooked. 现在完成时:have/has been+动词过去分词 The meeting has been put off. 过去完成时:had been+动词过去分词 Many old houses had been pulled down by the end of last year. 过去将来时:would/should/be going to be+动词过去分词 1 Trees would be cut down. 注:被动语态没有完成进行时,也没有将来进行时,如果有这类时态的主动结构,要变为被动结构,可用完成时态和一般时态。 如: We have been discussing the problem for two days.→ The problem has been discussed for two days. We will be discussing it tomorrow.→ It will be discussed tomorrow. 五、含有情态动词的被动语态 含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时,由“情态动词+be+过去分词” 构成,原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留。歌诀是:情态动词变动,情态加be加“过分”。例如: we can repair this watch in two days. →This watch can be repaired in two days. We must finish this work soon. →This work must be done soon. We have to clean the classroom. → The classroom has to be cleaned by us. 六、被动语态的用法 (1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。 Some new computers were stolen last night. 一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。(不知道电脑是谁偷的) This book was published in 1981.这本书出版于1981年。(没有必要或说出出版者) (2)强调动作的承受者,而不强调动作的执行者。 The window was broken by mike.窗户是迈克打破的。 This book was written by Lun Xun.这本书是他写的。 (3) 为了更好地安排句子。 The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people. (一个主语就够了) (4) 被动语态还可以用于新闻报道中,为了体现新闻的客观性。 (5) 在科技文献中,为了客观描述事情以及一些过程,常用被动语态。 七、主动语态变被动语态的方法 1.把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。 2.把主动语态的谓语变为被动语态的谓语。 3.把主动语态的主语变为被动语态的by短语。(① by短语可以省。② by 短语后跟代词的宾格。) 主变被解题步骤 1. 找宾语 ----即动作的承受者 2. 判断宾语的单复数 ----即be动词的单复数. 3. 判断动词的时态 ----即be动词的时态. 4. 修改谓语的形式 ----即原句动词改为过去分词 5. 修改原句的主语 ----即by+ 宾语(原主语). They make shoes in that factory. Shoes are made by them. (主变宾,宾变主, 谓动be done 时不变,人称、数、格随着变) 八、主动语态变被动语态需要注意的几个问题. (1)时态保持一致。 I have repaired my computer.---My computer has been repaired. (2)如果要说出动作的执行者,并且这个执行者可以作主动语态中主语时,就用by短语,如果后面的词表示地点,不是动作的执行者,就用in短语。It is made by us. It is made in Wuhan. (3)主动句的主语是代词的主格形式,变成被动句by的宾语时要用其宾格形式。 He cleaned the car. → The car was cleaned by him. (4)否定句的被动语态中,not放在第一个助动词或情态动词之后。 You should not blame me. → I should not be blamed by you. (5)疑问句的被动语态,用be动词的对应形式代替do Does she drive this car? →Is this car driven by her? (6)祈使句的被动语态形式为Let +宾语(承受词)+be+动词过去分词Open the door please. → Let the door be opened please. (7)主动语态中有反身代词,变被动语态形式为“主动语态主语+be+动词过去分词” Tom hurt himself. → Tom was hurt. (8)主语时no one ,nobody,变为被动语态时,句子结构变为否定式,by短语变为 by anyone或by anybody No one can solve the problem. →The problem can’t be solved by anyone. (9)谓语为动词短语的被动语态不能丢掉动词短语的介词或副词。 His best friend often looks after him. --He is often looked after by his best friend. (10)主动句中有一些动词如buy,send,give,show,offer,tell,lend,teach 等,带有双宾语,一个是直接宾语(指物),另一个是间接宾语(指人),主动语态变为被动语态时,可以把间接宾语变成主语,保留直接宾语,也可以把直接宾语变为主语,保留间接宾语,但此时一般在间接宾语前加一个介词。 My father gave me a book. →(1)I was given a book by my father. → (2) A book was given to me by my father. She showed me some photos. →(1)I was shown some photos by her. → (2) Some photos were shown to me by her. 注意:有些双宾语动词,如do,pass,sell,send,sing,bring,write等,变为被动语态时,通常以直接宾语作主语,保留间接宾语,其前面根据情况用介词to或for She wrote me a letter. → A letter was written to me by her. 有些双宾语动词如answer,save,envy(羡慕)等,通常以间接宾语作被动语态主语,保留直接宾语。He answered me that question. → I was answered that question by him. (11)主动语态若有复合宾语,(即句子结构为主语+谓语+宾语+宾补),将主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语,宾补不变。 They call him Louis. --He is called Louis. Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为The boy was caught smoking a cigarette. (12)主动语态句中使役动词和感官动词的宾语补足语为不带to的不定式,但变为被动语态时要加上to,这类的动词有make, have, let, notice, see, watch, look at, hear, listen to, feel help等。 Mr. Lee made him wash the dishes. → He was made to wash the dishes. I saw a boy cross the street . → A boy was seen to cross the street. (13)非谓语动词的被动语态 v.+ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被动语 态(一般时态和完成时态) 。 例I don't like being laughed at in the public. (14)It is said that+从句及其他类似句型 一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“It+be+过去分词+that 从句”或“主语+be+过去分词+to do sth.”。有: It is said that… 据说,It is reported that…据报道,It is believed th at…大家相信,It is hoped that…大家希望,It is well known that…众所周知,It is thought that…大家认为,It is suggested that… 据建议。 例It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. (=The boy is said to have passed the national exam. ) 九、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义 1、(1)英语中有很多动词如 break,catch,clean,drive,lock,open, sell,read,write,wash,cut,wear等,当它们被用作不及物动词来描述 主语特征时,常用其主动形式表达被动意义,主语通常是物。 例 This kind of cloth washes well. The coats sell well. The knife cuts well.这刀好使。 The shoes wear long.这鞋耐穿。 注意:主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征,而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。 试比较:The door won't lock.(指门本身有毛病) The door won't be locked.(指不会有人来锁门, 指“门没有锁”是人的原因) (2)表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语,如:happen, last, take place, break out, come out(出现), come about(发生), come true, run out(用尽), give out(产生,散发), turn out(产生,证明是)等以主动形式表示被动意义。 How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何引出来的呢? (3)系动词没有被动形式, 但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel, sound, taste, book, feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。 Your reason sounds reasonable. 2、在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义。 (1)在need,want,require, bear等词的后面,动名词用主动形式表示被动意义,其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。 The house needs repairing(to be repaired).这房子需要修理。 (2)形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义,即be worth doing,但不能跟动词不定式;而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。The picture-book is well worth reading.(=The picture-book is very worthy to be read.) (3)动词不定式在名词后面作定语,不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时,又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系, 不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。 I have a lot of things to do this afternoon. (to do与things 是动宾关系,与I是主谓关系。) 试比较:I’ll go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? ( 此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明you不是post动作的执行者。) (4)在某些“形容词+不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中,句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时,这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice,easy,fit,hard,difficult, important,impossible,pleasant,interesting等。 This problem is difficult to work out .(可看作to work out省略了for me). (5)在too… to…结构中,不定式前面可加逻辑主语,所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。 继续阅读