[教学]跨文化交际考试英语

[教学]跨文化交际考试英语 I.定义 Chapter 1 Culture Culture(from intellectual perspective)从知性角度定义文化:作为整体的人类智力成就的艺术和其他表现 Culture(from anthropologic perspective)从人类学角度定义文化:文化有清晰和模糊的行为模式构成，这些模式通过符号获得并传播，这些符号有人类群体的特别成就构成，包括具体的人工制品。文化的基本核心由传统思想和与其相关的价值观构成。 Culture(from psychological perspective)从心理学角度定义文化:文化是使一个人类群体成员区别于其他人类群体的思维的总体规划。 Culture(from sociological perspective)从社会学角度定义文化:文化是一种可习得的，基于群体的认知模式——包括言语与非言语符号，态度，价值观，信仰和非信仰系统以及行为。 Culture(from intercultural communication perspective)从跨文化交际学角度定义文化: 文化是个人和群体在种族发展过程中所获得的知识，经验，信仰，价值观，行为，态度，阶级，宗教，时间观，角色，空间观和艺术品的集合。 Culture Identity文化身份:认为自己归属于某一文化或民族群体的感觉。 Subculture亚文化:指存在于主流文化中的文化，其划分通常基于经济地位，社会阶层，民族，种族或地理区域。 Co-culture共文化——指具有独特的交际特征，感知特点，价值观，信仰和行为，区别于其他群体，社团以及主流文化的群体或社团。 Subgroup亚群体——相对于亚文化和共文化群体，亚群体通常规模不大，也不一定有文化群体时代相传积累的价值观念和行为模式。 Chapter 2 Communication and Intercultural Communication 1.Sender/Source信息发出者/信息源:指传递信息的人 2.Message信息:只引起信息接受者反应的任何信号。 3.Encoding编码:之信息发出者选择言语或用非言语的方式发出有目的的信息的行为。 4.Channel/Medium渠道/媒介 只发送信息的方法 5.Receiver信息接受者指注意到信息并且赋予信息某些含义的人 6.Decoding解码 指信息接受者赋予其受到的言语或符号信息意义的行为。 7.Feedback反馈 指信息接受者对信息源信息所作出的反应。 8.Noise干扰指妨碍信息交流的各种因素。包括外界干扰，生理干扰，心理干扰和语义干扰。 9. Context语境，指交际发生的环境，包括自然语境，社会语境和人际语境。 10. Intercultural communication跨文化交际， 指的是那些在卫华人之和符号系统上存在差异的人们之间的交际。这些差异足以改变整个交际事件。 11. International communication国际交流，指发生在国家和政府之间而非发生在个人之间的交际， 此种交际非常正式和仪式化。 12. Interracial communication跨种族交际，指交流信息的信息源和信息接受者来自不同的种族的交际。 13. Interethnic communication: 跨民族交际:来自一个国家或文化内部的不同民族群体的人们之间的交际。 14.Intercultural communication:文化内交际指统一文化内部的成员之间的交际。 Chapter 3 Culture’s Influence on Perception 1.Sensation感觉:是人们意识到周围环境的神经过程。 2.Perception知觉:是一种人们通过各种感觉来觉察事物，事件，任何人的行为的过程。它是解释感觉信息更为高价的认知过程。 3.Selection选择，是从周围的选择的刺激信息中筛选出所需要的信息的过程。 4.Organization组织:是把从周围选择的刺激信息，以一种有意义的方式整理，组合的过程。 5. Interpretation:释义，是赋予感觉信息意义的过程， 类似于解码过程。 Chapter 4 Intercultural Communication Barriers 1. Anxiety焦虑，当人们不知道如何迎合他人对自己的期待，过多的关注自己情绪以至不能全心投入到交际事物中去时，就会产生焦虑。 2.Uncertainty不确定，是指人们无法从认知的角度去解释交际活动中自己或他人的感觉及行为，这种认知角度解释能力的欠缺是某种引起焦虑的含糊情镜导致的。 3. Assuming similarity instead of difference假定一致性， 是指认为来自另一文化的他人和自己相似或他人的处境与自己处境的相似，儿事实上却并非如此。 4. Ethnocentrism民族优越感，只从本国文化得 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 出发，消极地审视另一文化。 5. Stereotypes文化定势，指基于明显的或受到认可的群体身份，对目标群体中的个体成员所持有的正面或反面的判断。 6. Prejudice偏见，指对于某一特定群体，种族，宗教，或性取向的无端地憎恶和怀疑。 7. Racism种族主义，指基于种族把性格特点或地位归因于个人的任意政策，做法，信仰或态度。 Chapter 5 Verbal Intercultural Communication Verbal intercultural communication:来自不同文化北京的人用言语进行的交际即言语跨文化交际。 Dialect方言指某一群体特有的语言，与整个群体的言语不同。 Sociolect社会方言指由于社会阶级或言语分割不同而产生的方言。 Pidgin洋泾浜;是一种特殊的语言变体，指为贸易等目的将两种或几种语言混合使用。 Creole当有人以洋泾浜为母语， 并成为某一地区永久的语言时，它就成为克里奥尔语或混合语。 Lingua franca通用语指作为国际间交流手段的一种特殊语言。 Taboo禁忌语指被禁止或避免的具有毛反省的不礼貌行为。 Euphemism委婉语是替代具有毛反省的不礼貌的禁忌语词语。 Jargon行话是指演变而来的专门的或科技词汇，用以满足特殊职业的特殊需要，例如医药或法律。 Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication Nonverbal communication非言语交际:不运用言语语言传递信息。 Proxemics 时空行为是指对空间关系的研究。 Chronemics时间行为是对于人们如何理解和利用时间的研究。 Paralanguage为增强其含义，伴随言语语言产生的可听到的声音符号系统。 Olfactics气味行为: 研究气味对于交流的影响的学科 Oculesics目光语: 对于有眼睛所传达的信息的研究。不同的文化对于交际时眼神的接触有不同的要求。 Haptics触觉行为:指通过身体接触来交流。 Chromatics色彩学:指对于影响人们人之，行为和他人印象的色彩的研究。 Kinesics身势语:指手势，面目表情，眼神交流，身体姿势，肢体运动和问候方式以及它们与交际的关系。 Chapter 7 Cultural Patterns Cultural patterns文化模式是指相对稳定的共有的信仰，价值观，标准和社会实践，这些文化模式在相似的情形下会使人产生相似的行为。 Context语境是指事件发生时周围的信息，对事件的解读具有重要参考价值。 High Context Communication高语境交际是指在交际过程中大部分的信息靠交际人本身传 递，只有少量信息被明确地用语言的形式传递。 Low Context Communication低语境交际是指大量的信息通过明确的语言编码被传递的交际。 Uncertainty Avoidance不确定性规避是指某一文化的成员对不确定性因素的规避程度。 Power Distance权力距离是指机构或组织中权利较小的成员对权力被不平等分配的接受程度。 Chapter 8 Cultural Influences on Contexts Communication context:交际语境，交际无法脱离外部环境的影响， 所有的人类交接都或多或少受到社会，物理和文化场景的影响，这些场景成为交际语境。 Chapter 9 Intercultural Adaptation 1. Acculturation文化适应:指人们学习和适应新文化的社会 规范 编程规范下载gsp规范下载钢格栅规范下载警徽规范下载建设厅规范下载 和价值观念的过程。 2 Assimilation同化，指一个民族群体的人们逐渐失去自己原有的文化，接受新的主流文化的过程。 3. Integration文化融合:指人们在文化适应过程中高度接受新的主流文化，同时又保留了自己文化的完整性。 4.Separation分离， 指人们在文化室内光影过程中对自己原有文化进行重新肯定的认同，保留了原有文化，对新的主流文化及与其相关的微观文化不接受不认可。 5. Segregation隔离，当境界和政治上更强大的新主流文化不接受人们与它进行文化接触， 人们就会被这种文化隔离在外。 6. Marginalization边缘化， 指人们不但失去自己原有的文化身份，而且无法融入新的主流文化。 7. Culture shock文化冲击/休克指人们在进入一种新文化环境中遭遇的痛苦和难忘的经历。 8. Intercultural adaptation跨文化适应指人们不断提高自己的适应能力，以期达到新文化环 境的需要。 2. 判断 1.T The iceberg model of culture implies that it is very difficult to understand a culture thoroughly. 2.F Culture is innate as soon as a person is born. 3.T People may sometimes get confused about his or her cultural identity. 4.F Scholars prefer the term subculture to co-culture in describing a culture which exists within a dominant culture. 5.T A person could be a member of several different subgroups at the same time. 6.F Intercultural communication occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races. 7.T Communication and culture are inseparable and strongly connected. 8.F The sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message. This activity is called decoding. 9.T The process of communication has nine components:sender,encoding,message, channel, noise, receiver, decoding, feedback, and context. 10.T No two of us can assume that our sensations are the same.Different stimuli can produce the same sensations. 11.T The same stimuli can produce very different sensations. 12.T Our perception are influenced by who we are, including the accumulation of our experience. 13.F We give meaning to or “decode”the information that we have selected and organized during the selection stage. 14.T The psychological filters refer to the psychological factors, including the attitudes, beliefs, and dispositions of the individual. 15.T Ethnocentrism, stereotyping, prejudice and racism are learned. 16.T Although stereotypes are considered as being negative judgments,they can also be positive. 17.T When communicating with people from other cultures,an individual sometimes is likely to treat them as”his people”and to assume there is only one way of doing things:that is”his way”. 18.F Assumption of superiority may lead to assuming similarity instead of difference. 19.F Industrialization is not the reason for the persistence of ethnocentrism,stereotyping,prejudice and racism. 20.F An exacting style of communication can be found in Japan,China,and some Native American cultures. 21.F The self-effacement verbal style emphasizes the importance of boasting about one’s accomplishments and abilities. 22.T The elaborate,exacting,or succinct communication style deals with the quantity and/or volume of talk that is preferred across cultural groups. 23.T Dialect refers to geographic variation,while sociolect refers to variation in terms of social group. 24.T An elaborate style of communication can be seen in Arab cultures. 25.F Speaking is the only mode of effective communication. 26.F Chinese like to touch babies or small children,especially they like others to pat their children’s head. 27.T Saudi Arabs belong to touch cultures. 28.T The appropriateness of eye contact varies with different cultures. 29.T Paralanguage may imply the connotation of the actual words. 30.T Industrialized societies like the United States,the masteruy-over-nature view tends to predominate. 31.F The harmony-with-nature orientation draws chear distinctions among human life,nature,and the supernatural. 32.F Both Americans and British show respect for tradition. 33.T A doing orientation involves a focus on those types of activities which have outcomes that can be measured by someone else. 34.T In Being cultures,social status and position are more important than what a person does. 35.F In Saudi Arabia,greetings tend to be informal. Both men and women shake hands on meeting and leaving. 36.T In Finland,firm handshakes are the normal greeting for men and women. 37.T Americans might regard gift giving as a form of bribery. 38.F In Japan,one should open the gift in front of the giver. 39.T Mexican negotiators emphasize relational concerns prior to the real negotiation. 40.F Similarity of culture does not affect acculturation. 41.T Successful management of culture shock depends on an awareness of its symptoms and the degree of its severity. 42.F Similarity of culture does not affect acculturation. 43.T Successful management of culture shock depends on an awareness of its symptoms and the degree of its severity. 44.F The second stage of intercultural adaptation is called honeymoon stage or initial euphoria stage. 45.F All the activities of learning one’s culture are called acculturation. 46.F Insomnia can be one example of the physical symptoms of culture shock. 47.T Financial matters can result in culture shock. 3. 简答 1. Emotional problems as barriers to intercultural communication? a. Anxiety and uncertainty b.Assuming similarity instead of difference 2. Attitudinal problems as barriers to intercultural communication? a. Ethnocentrism b. Stereotyping c. Prejudice d. Racism 3.Five dimensions of stereotypes? a. Direction b. intensity c. specificity d. consensus e. accuracy 4.Reasons for the persistence of ethnocentrism,stereotyping,prejudice and racism, a. Socialization b. social benefits c. economic benefits d. psychological benefits 5.Translation problems as language barriers? a. Lack of vocabulary equivalence b. Lack of idiomatic equivalence c. Lack of grammatical-syntactical equivalence d. Lack of experiential equivalence e. Lack of conceptual equivalence 6.Verbal communication styles? a. Direct and indirect styles b. Self-enhancement and self-effacement styles c. Elaborate, exacting and succinct styles d. Personal and contextual styles e. Instrumental and affective styles 7.Language diversity? a. Dialects and socialists b. pidgin and lingua franca c. taboo and euphemism d. jargon 8.Functions of nonverbal communication? a. Repeating b. complementing c. substituting d. regulating e. contradicting 9.Edward T.Hall’s context—culture theory? a. High-context culture b. low-context culture 10. Hofstede’s dimensions of cultural variability? a. individualism and collectivism b. uncertainty avoidance c. power distance d. masculinity and femininity 11.Business etiquette norms? a. appointment seeking b. the data for business c. greeting behavior d. gift giving 12.Forms of culture shock? a. language shock b. role shock c. transition shock d. culture fatigue e. education shock f. adjustment stress g. culture distance 13.Stages of intercultural adaptation? a. U-curve pattern (a)honeymood period (b)crisis period (c)adjustment period (d)biculturalism period b. W-curve pattern 4. 案例 Case 34 What Is Sue’s Problem? This case can reflect nonverbal intercultural communication should be according to the different context, too. Context refers to the actual setting when communication occurs and is also important in nonverbal communication. In this case, Sue knew how to wai and she knew that bowing was generally important in the Thai culture, but, as is so easy to do in a new environment, she forgot to consider the context. Relational hierarchy is very important in Thailand. Sue’s differential actions may have appropriate in certain settings, but given her status of elder visitor such actions directed toward the children were extremely confusing and uncomfortable for the students and teachers alike. 这个案例反映出非言语的跨文化交际也应该根据不同的语境。语境指的是当交流发生时的现 场环境。它在非言语的交流当中很重要。在这个案例中，Sue 知道如何去wai 并且她知道 鞠躬在泰国文化中通常是很重要的。但她在一个新环境中轻易就鞠躬，她忘了考虑语境。等 级关系在泰国也很重要。Sue不同的举动可能在一些环境当中是合适的。但是作为一个参观 者，她向比她年龄小的孩子做这样的动作是十分让人学生们和老师们困惑和不舒服的。 Case35 A Quarrel This case can reflect the different use and understanding of silence can influence the actual intercultural communication. Different culture might have different interpretations to the silence. The Eastern culture usually attaches more meanings to silence, while the most western cultures consider silence to be absence of communication and most rude communicative behavior. In this case, Li Hua wanted to provide the opportunity for them to calm down and think about the matters carefully and so she kept silence, while this silence was misunderstood by Smith as the absence of communication and he might think Li Hua looked down upon him and became angrier. 此案例反映出对沉默的不同使用和理解能够影响现实的跨文化交际。不同的文化对沉默有着 不同的解读。东方文化通常赋予沉默更多的意义，而西方文化通常认为沉默是交流的缺失， 是非常鲁莽的交际行为。在此案例中，李华想要提供一个机会让他们冷静一下，仔细考虑一 下事件，因此，她保持沉默。然而这种沉默被Smith误解为交流的缺失。他可能认为李华看 不起他，所以他变得更加愤怒。 Case 42 Wrong Signal? Ning Tong was not observing the house rules for watching TV, which was probably why he eventually stopped saying anything in the argument. Usually, when a Chinese chooses not to say any more things in an argument, it would mean one or both of the following: the person feels that he/she is wrong; the person wants to stop the argument by not talking any more. The latter would often mean tolerance as one has to resist the impulse of reasoning with the other, especially when one feels he/she is right. When Ning Tong became quite, he was hoping that his silence could stop Tom since Tom would not have anything to respond to. Tom was clearly frustrated at not being able to relax and enjoy some programs connected with what is happening back home. Tom probably thought Ning Tong’s decision to stop arguing was “passive aggression”---making the other person look bad by pretending to be mild-mannered or even not interested---yet not yielding in an argument. 错误的信号, 宁童没有观察房子里看电视的 规则 编码规则下载淘宝规则下载天猫规则下载麻将竞赛规则pdf麻将竞赛规则pdf ，这就是为什么他最后在争辩中停止说话。通常来说，一 个中国人在辩论当中选择不再说话，这可能有如下的理解:这个人觉得自己说的是错的;这 个人想通过不说话来停止争论。第二层意思可能意味着忍耐当一个人不得不抵抗和另一个人 理论的冲力，尤其当一个人感觉他/她是对的时候。当宁童沉默时，他希望他的沉默可以让 Tom停下来因为Tom将没有什么话可以回应。 Tom感到非常尴尬当他不能放松并且欣赏节目。Tom可能认为宁童决定停止争论是消极进 攻---这能使另一个人看起来很坏通过假装态度温和或甚至是不感兴趣---但却又不能在争论 中发飙。 Case 44 When Shall We Meet For Dinner? Uncertainty avoidance orientation can be seen in this case. In the dialogue presented below, Kelly and Keiko are interacting about a dinner invitation. Kelly, from the United States, possesses a relatively low uncertainty avoidance index, while Keiko, from Japan, comes from a culture with a relatively high uncertainty avoidance index. In the dialogue above, Keiko is confused by Kelly’s easygoing attitude toward the evening’s plans. Coming from a high uncertainty-avoidant culture, Keiko would prefer to plan ahead to avoid uncertainty and prepare her script for the evening. Kelly, on the other hand, is a perfectly comfortable making plans based on how the evening progresses. Without a plan, how will Kekio know how to act? 不确定性规避情况能在此案例中看见。在对话中， Kelly 和 Kekio在讨论晚餐邀请。Kelly， 来自美国，有着一个相对较低的不确定性避免指数，而Kekio，来自日本，来自一个有着相 对较高避免不确定性行指数的文化中。 在下面的对话中，Kekio被Kelly随意的制定晚餐的态度所迷惑。来自与一个有着较高避免 不确定性的文化，Kekio更喜欢提前制定好 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 以避免不确定因素，并且为晚上的事写出手 稿。而Kelly，更喜欢根据晚上事情的进程来制定计划。没有一个确定的计划，Kekio怎么 知道该怎么办呢, A Danish Woman in New York The case can reflect assuming similarity instead of difference. When communicating with people from another culture, one is likely to regard and treat other people as “his way”. In this case, the Danish woman assumes that her behavior of leaving the baby alone, which is common in Denmark, is also appropriate in New York. Here, she assumes what is suitable in her own culture is also indisputable in another culture. That is why the small conflict happens. 丹麦妇女在纽约 这则案例反应了假定一致性, 当同来自于其他文化的人交流的时候，会认为他人和自己相 似， 并会以自己的方式对待他人。 在这则案例中，在丹麦把孩子独自留在家中是很普遍的， 因此丹麦妇女认为在纽约也是这样。 这里，她假设自己文化中适宜的事情在另一个文化中 也是无可争辩的， 这就是为什么发生了这个小冲突。 Ambiguous Time This case can reflect ethnocentrism. Cultures train their members to use the categories of their own cultural experiences when judging the experiences of people from other cultures. They will believe that their culture is the center of the world and their standard should be the role model for the rest of the world. Concerning this case, somehow Chinese people have habitually referred 12:00 a.m. as the time around lunchtime, making 12:00p.m. midnight. Fortunately, the way they tell other times are the same as that used in the States, so there’s usually no misunderstanding between people from the two cultures. However, there is this one difference and Fan learns it by paying a fine since she may hold that her culture is the center of the world. 模糊时间 这则案例反应的是民族优越感。 当判断其他民族文化时，从自己的文化标准出发来判断。 他们认为他们的文化是世界的中心文化，他们的标准应该是其他标准的典范。 在这个案例 中，中国人习惯将上午十二点作为午饭时间，将午夜十二点作为午夜。 幸运的是，他们和 别人说时间的时候和美国是一样的， 因此在这个方面通常没有误解。 然而，有一个差别， fan在交罚金的时候感觉到她的文化就是世界的中心。 Girl-ness This case can reflect one of the translation problems: the lack of conceptual equivalence, which refers to abstract ideas that may not exist in the same fashion in different languages. Different cultures may attach different meanings to the same thing or person. Concerning this case, we should know what young females call themselves is very different in China from the States. In China, “girl” means someone who is young and single. In a way, it makes a female sound more desirable to be called a girl rather than a woman. For most people, “woman” means someone who is married and who probably is not young. In fact, most single Chinese females, such as university students, would be insulted to be called “women”. While in the West, in formal, public settings, it is customary to call any woman who is past puberty a woman, even though she may not be legally old enough to vote, marry, purchase alcoholic beverages, drive a car, or sign a contract. This terminology became widespread during the “women’s liberation movement in the 1960s”. The term “girl” is sometimes interpreted to be demeaning or disrespectful. 女生 这个案例反映了翻译的问题:由于没有概念的对等，就是抽象的想法在不同的语言里没有对 应的词。对于相同的事情或人在不同的文化间有不同的意义。 在这个例子中，我们应该知 道在中国和美国的称呼是不同的。 在中国，“girl”指的是年轻单身的女人。这样，女士们 就比较喜欢被叫女孩儿而不是女人。 对于大多数人来说，女人知道是那些已经结婚，不在 年轻的人。事实上，大多数的中国单身女性，比如说大学生，都因为被叫做女人而羞耻。 而 在西方， 在正式，公共的场合，对于过了青春期的女性都会叫成女人， 即使她还没有够年 龄去选举， 结婚，买酒，开车或签 合同 劳动合同范本免费下载装修合同范本免费下载租赁合同免费下载房屋买卖合同下载劳务合同范本下载 。 这个术语在“60年代妇女解放运动”中广泛流 传， 而“girl”这个词则被翻译为一种降低身份，不尊重人的称呼。 Case 28 Two Different Communication Styles The dialogue takes place between a young couple who have been dating for a short time. The man is a U.S. student, and the woman is from an Asian culture. Note the misunderstanding that results as a consequence of the use of direct and indirect modes of communication. In all likelihood, Jim is not going to get much of an answer from Michiko. She continues throughout the dialogue using rather general answers to Jim’s very specific and direct questions about her feelings toward the United States, Michiko might believe that Jim is being far too direct and invading her privacy. Besides, the fact that she has traveled halfway around the world should lie indicative of her desire to be here, right? There must be something about the United States that attracted her. Michiko cannot possibly say something critical about the United States that attracted her. Michiko cannot possibly say something critical about the United States because she would lose face, as a native. She relies on imprecise and indefinite answers. 两种不同的交流风格 这段对话发生在一对刚交往不久的年轻人身上。男的是美国学生，女的来自亚洲文化。主要 误解的产生是源于直接交流和间接交流两种交流模式的运用。 Jim并不打算从Michiko那里得到答案。在对话中，她继续用非常概括的答案来回答Jim非 常具体和直接的问题关于她对美国的感受。Michiko可能认为Jim说话太直接了，侵犯了她 的隐私。除此之外，她绕了半个地球来到美国也隐瞒不了她来这的渴望，不是吗,美国一定 有什么吸引她的地方。Michiko不可能批判的来评价美国因为因为面对Jim这个美国人 她会感到很丢脸。于是她依赖那些不准确不确定的答案。 Case 29 Misunderstanding Idioms are simply statements that are not strictly true, but their meaning is understood by a group of people. If you ask what happened to Martha and people say, “She kicked the bucket, ” it does not mean that she literally did this: it means she died. Just like in the case my student’s friend did not literally mean that Shang should get out of the apartment. Idioms are common in all cultures, but when used in intercultural settings they can create a lot of confusion. One potential area of misunderstanding related to idioms is when to use them and with whom. For example, I would not use the “kick the bucket” idiom just any setting or with just any person. If I am talking with my grandmother and I am going to tell her about someone who has died, I may use what is often perceived as a gentler idiom and say the person has “passed away.” Understanding the context of when an idiom is appropriate or sensible is part of intercultural knowledge. 误解