定语从句讲解

定语从句讲解 、什么是英语从句, 要回答这个问题，先要弄清楚两个小问题: 1、什么叫英语的句子 一般情况下，英语句子中必定有一个主语和谓语，或者说，有主语和谓语组成的句子就是句子。例如: Mr. Wang teaches English in a middle school. Many trees were planted last spring. 2、英语句子的成份 英语的句子中，不仅只有主语和谓语，还有其它的句子成份，其中最主要的成份有:主语、谓语、宾语、状语、定语等。这几种成份在句子的位置大致是: (状语) + (定语)主语(定语) + (状语)谓语(状语) + (定语)宾语(宾语补足语) + (状语) 也就是，定语一般位于主语和宾语的前后;状语一般位于谓语的前后;及物动词后一般接宾语和宾语补足语。有一点请注意:英语句子中状语的位置非常灵活，它在句首、句中、句末都可以。 3、什么是英语的从句 在明白了英语句子的成份之后，再来讨论英语从句就比较简单了。因为，什么叫从句呢,就是英语句中的某一成份不是一个单词或词组，而是一个句子，那么这个担任成份的句子就叫从句。如果定语是一个句子，它就叫定语从句;如果宾语是一个句子，它就是宾语从句。依此类推。例如: The boy and the dog [that are in the picture ] are very lovely. (括号中that开始的句子就是定语从句) We revisited the village [where we had worked before.] (括号中where引导的句子也是定语从句) He learned [that this was a hard work (which must be finished in a week.)] (这句里有两个从句，方括号由that引导的是宾语从句;在这个宾语从句中又包含了一个由which引导的定语从句。) 因此，对于一个比较复杂的较长的英语句子来说，它就可能存在几个句子，即主句和担任各种成份的从句。从这个角度看，也可以说从句是句子中的句子。 二、定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。 关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。 关系副词有:when, where, why等。 18.1 关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 1)who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下: Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗,(who/that在从句中作主语) He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语) 2) Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换), 例如: They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。 Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。 3)which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如: A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which / that在句中作宾语) The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语 18.2 关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。 1)when, where, why 关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用，例如: There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。 Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗, 2)that代替关系副词 that可以用于 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如: His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。 He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如: This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you. 判断改错(注:先显示题，再显示答案，横线;用不同的颜色表示出。) (错) This is the mountain village where I visited last year. (错) I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. (对) This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year. (对) I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside. 习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。 内容提要 定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分，定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。状语从句分为时间状语从句，结果状语从句，让步状语从句，原因状语从句，条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句。名词从句包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句及there be句型。 一、 限定性定语从句 1. that即可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物;它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词，介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置 2. which作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which之间的介词不能丢 3. 代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括all, anything, much等，这时的that常被省略 4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语 5. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句 6. when引导定语从句表示时间 〔注〕值得一提的是，表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导 By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. I still remember the first time I met her. Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc. 7. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格 8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导 二、非限定性定语从句:非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常和主句间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立 1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分 2. 在引导限定性定语从句时，that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变，这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。 I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐，而他恰恰与我相反。 We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了。 3. 有时as也可用作关系代词 4. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物 定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分，定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。状语从句分为时间状语从句，结果状语从句，让步状语从句，原因状语从句，条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句。名词从句包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句及there be句型。 一、 限定性定语从句 1. that即可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物;它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而 且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词，介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置 2. which作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which之间的介词不能丢 3. 代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括all, anything, much等，这时的that常被省略 4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语 5. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句 6. when引导定语从句表示时间 〔注〕值得一提的是，表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导 By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. I still remember the first time I met her. Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc. 7. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格 8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导 二、非限定性定语从句:非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常和主句间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立 1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分 2. 在引导限定性定语从句时，that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变，这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。 I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐，而他恰恰与我相反。 We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了。 3. 有时as也可用作关系代词 4. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物 三、定语从句结构错误 1. 缺关系词 2. 从句中缺成分 摘自《简明英语语法》 在英文中，有两种定语从句:限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句。这两种定语从句在其功能和形式方面都有明显的区别: 限定性定语从句限定性定语从句与主句的关系很紧奏，对其先行词起限定、修饰的作用。如果将其去掉，会影响句子意思的完整性;有时甚至于引起费解、误解。例如: Rainforests are being cleared for valuable timber and other resources to speed up the economic growth of the nationsin which they are located . 为了加速他们各自所在国家的经济发展，热带雨林作为有价值的原木和其他资源正为人们所砍伐。 Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow. 洋流影响其流经的附近地区的气候。 They explained the reason to us why they had hated us before. 他们向我们解释为什么他们不喜欢我们的原因。 非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句在形式上就与主句很松散，它与主句之间有一个逗点"，"隔开;它对其先行词没有限定、修饰的作用，只起补充、说明的作用。有时也用它来对全句进行补充、说明。即使将其去掉，也不会影响句子意思。由于上述原因，非限定性定语从句在表达意思方面也有别于限定性定语从句。另外，非限定性定语从句在中文译文里，我们往往将其作为一个分句处理，而不把它作定语翻译。 例如:Earlier , the Babylonians had attempted to map the world , but they presented it in the form of a flattened disc rather than a sphere , which was the form adopted by Ptolemy . (此句中，非限定性定语从句是对先行词a sphere进行补充、说明。) 更早之前，巴比伦人曾试图绘制世界地图，但是他们把它绘制成平盘状而不是托勒密所采用的球体状。 The combination of satellites, which transmit information , computers , which store information , and television , which displays information , will change every home into an education and entertainment center . (此句中，三个非限定性定语从句分别对三个先行词:satellites ，computers和television进行补充、说明。如果去掉这三个非限定性定语从句，那么句子可简化为: The combination of satellites , computers and television will change every home into an education and entertainment center .)卫星能传输信息，计算机能储存信息，电视能显示信息，把这些手段结合起来可以使每个家庭都成为教育娱乐的中心。 The sun heats the earth , which makes it possible for plants to grow .(此句中，非限定性定语从句是对全句进行补充、说明,将全句表达的意思看成"一件事情)。太阳给予大地热，这就使植物的生长成为可能。 The old man has a son , who is in the army .(此句中，非限定性定语从句是对先行词son进行补充、说明。但本句所传达的信息是:"这位老人只有一个儿子" 。如果将此句改写成限定性定语从句: The old man has a son who is in the army . 那位老人有一个在部队工作的儿子。那么，限定性定语从句就要对先行词son进行限定、修饰。这样一来，句子所传达的信息就变成了:"这位老人有一个儿子在部队工作，还有其他的儿子在干别的工作"。)那位老人有一个儿子，他在部队工作。 I 概念 定语从句通常是指用来修饰或限制某一名词或代词的从句，其作用相当于形容 词。 1.先行词:被定语从句所修饰和限制的名词或代词称之为先行词。 2.关系词:引导定语从句的词。 关系代that, which, who, whom, whose, as, 词 but, than 关系 词 关系副when, where, why 词 解题思路:找先行词，看先行词在定语从句中充当何种成分，然后确定用何种关系词。 He still lives in the house ______is in the north of the city. He still lives in the house ______window faces to the south. He still lives in the house ____there is a piece of furniture. (先行词the house分别在定语从句中作主语、定语、地点状语。因此分别用which/that; whose; where.) I’ll never forget the days ______we spent together. I’ll never forget the days ______we stayed together. (先行词the days分别在定语从句中作宾语、时间状语。因此分别用which/that; in which/ when.) The reason ______he gave us was reasonable. The reason ______he didn’t attend the meeting was that he was ill. (先行词the reason分别在定语从句中作宾语、原因状语。因此分别用which/that; why.) This is the only way ______you can find. I didn’t like the way _____he spoke to his mother. (先行词the way分别在定语从句中作宾语、方式状语。因此分别用that或省略;in which/that或省略) 那么该如何确定关系词呢,首先看在限制性定语从句中: 一 当先行词在定语 主语 宾语 表语/宾补 从句中作主语、宾语 who; that who; whom; 人 that; / 或表语/宾补时: which, which; that; / that 物 that 人和物that that; / 1) The lady who/that came to our class is from Australia. 2) I visited the country which/that had been bombed by the US-led NATO a month before. 3) He is the person (who/whom/that) I met in the park yesterday. 4) I’ll never forget the years (which/that) I spent with my cousin in Australia? 5) Watch the girl and her dogare crossing the street. that 6) We liked the farmers and their farm (that) we visited yesterday. 7) He is not the man that he used to be. 8) Hong Kong isn’t the city that it used to be. 9) I’m not the fool that you thought me. 注意: 1.先行词指人，在定语从句中作主语时，一般用who或that都可以。但在下列 情况下，通常用who，而不用that。 1) 当先行词是people, those, one/ones, anyone/anybody等时 People who can see sometimes act just as foolishly. Those who were either fools or unfit for their offices could not see the cloth. Anyone/Anybody who breaks the rules is punished. One who doesn’t work hard will never be happy. 2) He who„„用于谚语、格言中 He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man不到长城非好汉 He who plays with fire gets burnt.玩火者必自焚 He who makes no mistakes makes nothing.不犯错误的人一事无成 He laughs best who laughs last.谁笑到最后，谁笑得最好. He who hesitates is lost.当断不断,必受其乱 3) 在非限制性定语从句中 Charlie Chaplin, who died in 1977, is considered one of the greatest and funniest actors in the history of the cinema. 4) 在分隔定语从句中 A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German. 教你们德语的老师明天来 5) 一个句子带有两个定语从句，一个用who，另一个用that. The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is very modest and studies very hard. 在会上受到表扬的那个学生是班长，他谦虚好学 2.在下列情况下,通常用that,而不用who 1) 先行词前面有the first, the last, the only或the same等所修饰时 She is the last man (that) I want to see. 她是我最不愿意见到的人 She is the only person that understands me. She is the same teacher that was praised the other day. 2) 主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时 Who that has common sense will do such a thing? Which one of us that knows something about physics does not know this? 3.先行词是物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，一般用which或that都可以。 但在下列情况下, 通常用that，而不用which.。 1).先行词被形容词最高级或者序数词所修饰时，通常用that This is the best article that has been written on the subject. This is the first composition (that) I have written in English. 2).当先行词是all, any, anything, nothing, everything, much, little 等 时，通常用that I have done all (that) you told me to. Is there anything (that) I can do for you? This book contains much/little that is useful. 3).当先行词被all, any, the very, the only, the last 等修饰时，通常用 that. All the books that have been selected are useful ones. Is there any question that troubles you much? Corn was not the only food that was taken to Europe. 4).主句是which开头的特殊疑问句时，通常用that. Which of the books that you have read is the most instructive? 4.在下列情况下，通常用which，而不用that. 1) 介词的宾语 He paid the boy 10 dollars for washing ten windows, most of which had not been cleaned for years. 2) 在非限制性定语从句中，代表前面的名词或整个句子 One of the Charlie Chaplin’s most famous films was “The Gold Rush”, which was made in 1925. Carol said the work would be done by October, which personally I doubt very much. The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect. 5.当先行词在定语从句中作主语时，关系代词通常不能省略。但是，当定语从句 是there be 结构时，可以省略。 We must make full use of the time (that) there is left to us and do as much as I can for the people. 我要充分利用我剩下的岁月尽量为人民多做些事 This is the fastest train (that) there is to Nanjing. 这是到南京的最快的一班车 6.注意下列两种句式的定语从句: 1) It is (high/about) time (that)„过去式 2) It/This/That the first/second/third„time (that)„ 从句is/will be 的时态用现在完成时 It/This/That was the first/second/third„time (that)„ 从句的时 态用过去完成时 It is time we went to bed It is the first time that he has come to meet me at the station. It will be the second time that I have been there. It was the first time that he had passed the examination in English. 7.注意避免出现以下几种情况: 1) The storybook (which/that) I have just read it cannot be easily forgotten. 定语从句中不可使用与关系词意义相重复的词。应删除it，因为it与关系代词 which/that在意义相重复。 2) Her two daughters who are studying in Beijing. 缺少谓语动词，应去掉who，改为Her two daughters are studying in Beijing. 3) Prices of daily goods are bought through a computer can be lower than store prices. 两个谓语动词，缺少连接词。改为Prices of daily goods (which are) bought through a computer can be lower than store prices. 4) Is this museum they visited last week? 缺少表语，加上the one 使句子成立。改为Is this museum the one they visited last week? /Is this the museum they visited last week? 5) We all like Harry because he is a man whom everybody thinks is pleasant to get along with. 将whom改为who. everybody thinks是插入语。 He made another wonderful discovery, which I think is of great importance to science. 二 当先行词在定语从句中作定语时: 指人 of whom whose 指物 of which 1) They study in a classroom whose windows (the windows of which/of which the windows) are broken 2) Do you know the man whose house (the house of whom/of whom the house) was burned down? 2. “介词+whose+宾语” 引导的定语从句。 1) The boss in whose department Mr. King worked called at the hospital. 2) The engineer, from whose doctor we know all the truth, was put in a women’s room. 3) The doctor, with whose help the sick child was saved, is very kind to her patients. 3 在下列情况下，只能用of whom, of which. 而不用whose引导定语从句。 1).定语从句的主语是some, most, many, few, much, little等时. About 200 people, many of whom were Europeans, worked on the project. Those foreign engineers, most of whom have never been to China before, are enjoying their work here. They gave me much ink, little of which is red. 2).定语从句的主语是all, none, both, neither, each等时 She has two sons, both of whom are PLA men. He gave us many books, none of which was interesting. 3).定语从句的主语是数词时 In Barcelona the Chinese team got 16 gold medals, 12 of which/of which 12 were won by women. There are forty-five students in our class, two thirds of whom are girls. 4).在定语从句中作表语的定语时 Look! There come a lot of students, of whom Lucy is one. The stories about the Long March, of which this is one example, are well written. 三 当先行词在定语从句中作状语时: When 时间状语 地点状语 Where 状语 原因状语 Why 方式状语 in which; that; / 1). My girl friend told me the day on which /when she was born. 2) The bookstore in which/where his sister works is the largest one in Nanjing. 3). The reason for which /why I’m writing to you is to tell you about a party on Saturday. 4). I don’t like the way (in which / that) you speak to her. 注意: 1.when/where=at/in/on which等 why=for which. 2.原因状语其先行词通常是reason，方式状语其先行词通常是way 3.当先行词是situation, point, case, conditions等相当于under which, in which等。表示“在什么情况下，从„„中”。 He has got himself into a dangerous situation where he has no control. The newly-married couple quarreled so much that they reached the point where they had to separate from each other. 这对新婚夫妇吵架吵得这么凶，以至于到了不得不分手的地步 we had to face the conditions where pressure was heavy. 我们必须面对压力很大的情况 四 as的用法: 1.引导限制性定语从句 当先行词被the same, such, so, as所修饰时，关系代词通常用as 1). You have the same opinion as I have. 2). He’s such a funny sort of person as I don’t understand at all 3). Here is so heavy a stone as no one can remove. 4). You will see as many children as come 你将见到所有到来的孩子们 比较: That is the same bike as I lost.那辆自行车和我丢失的一模一样 (the same„as „泛指同一类) That is the same bike that I lost.那就是我丢失的那辆自行车 (the same„that„特指同一个) 2.引导非限制性定语从句 as引导非限制性定语从句，代表整个句子的概念，在句子中充当主语或者宾语。可以位于句首、句末或者句中。 As was usual with him, he went out for a walk after dinner. 他又像往常一样，吃完晚饭后出去散步了 He was late for school, as is often the case. 他上学迟到了，这一点对他 来说是常有的事 The Beatles, as many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool. 你们这样年纪的人大多还记得披头士乐队吧，他们都是利物浦人 3.as和which的区别 as与which引导非限制性定语从句，代表整个句子的概念时,意思是“这一点”。 常常可以通用。 This elephant is like a snake, as/which anybody can see. 但是: 1).as引导非限制性定语从句，代表整个句子的概念，可以位于句首、句末或者 句中。而which引导非限制性定语从句只能位于句末。 As is known to us everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. = The moon travels round the earth once every month, as is known to us everybody. = The moon, as is known to us everybody, travels round the earth once every month. 2) as引导的非限制性定语从句，除了具有which的功能外，还多了一层含义: “正如„„所(期待/预料/想象/猜测/知道/„„)的那样”。 Cyprus, as you know, is an island in the Mediterranean. He was punished, as I had expected. 3) 当从句和主句语义一致时，用as;反之用which. She has married again, as was expected. She has married again, which was unexpected. 4) 定语从句是主谓宾补结构或是否定句时，用which而不用as. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, which, of course, made the others unhappy. Betty always tells a lie, which her parents find strange. Mr. Smith usually praises his student Rose in public, which she doesn’t like at all. 五 but的用法: but作关系代词引导定语从句时,用于否定词语之后,相当于who do/does not或that do/does not意思是 “无人/事物不„„”. There is no man but feels pity for starving children. = There is no man who does not feel pity for starving children 没有人不同情那些嗷嗷待哺的孩子 There is not one of us but wishes to help you. = There is not one of us that does not wish to help you. 我们没有一个人不想帮助你 六 than的用法: than作为关系代词，引导的一个带有比较意义的定语从句。 其先行词是more或者more所修饰的词。在从句中做主语、宾语。 Yesterday he ate more than was good for him. 昨天他吃的太多了，对健康没好处。 You spent more money than was intended to be spent. 你花的钱超出了原来的打算 II 非限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句通常和主句之间用逗号隔开。 指人who 主语 指物 which 指人 whom 宾语 指物 which 定语whose 时间状when 语 状语 地点状 where 语 Einstein, who cared little for money, made great contributions to modern physics. The young musician, whom you often talk about, will go abroad for further study. The museum, which we visited last week, is newly built. His grandfather was born in 1937, when the Anti-Japanese War broke out. Galileo lived in the city of Pisa, where there is a leaning tower about 180 feet high. 注意: 1. that; why不能引导非限制性定语从句。 先行词在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时，不能省略。指人用whom，指物用 which.。 2.限制性定语从句是主句不可缺少的一部分，不用逗号隔开，翻译成 “ „„的”. 而非限制性定语从句是对主句的补充说明，常用逗号隔开，翻译成两个简单句。 比较: Her brother who is a teacher is strict with her. 她那位当老师的哥哥对她要求严格(不止一个哥哥) Her brother, who is a teacher, is strict with her. 她哥哥是一位老师，对她要求严格(只有一个哥哥) The journalists who reached Beijing yesterday have already started to work. 昨天到达北京的那些记者们已经开始工作了 (暗示还有更早到达或尚未到达的记者们) The journalists, who reached Beijing yesterday, have already started to work. 那些记者们已经开始工作了，他们是昨天到达北京的 3.当先行词是人名、地名等专有名词时，或当先行词是世界上独一无二的事物时， 一般用非限制性定语从句。 Abraham Lincoln, who led the United States through these years, was shot on April 14,1865 at a theatre in Washington D. C. His father, who is a drug-taker, is very weak. I have been to Mount Everest, which is the highest mountain in the world. The earth, which we live on, is round. 4.破折号后面和括号里面的定语从句看作是非限制性定语从句 The government----which promised to cut taxes----will be popular. 这个政府将会得人心,它保证要减税 The house (for which he really paid too much money) stands in a large garden. 那房子座落在一个大花园里,那房子他确实买贵了 III 介词+关系词 whom(人) 介词+ which (物) 1这一结构用什么关系词取决于先行词的指代.指人用whom,指物用which..注意 不能用who或that,也不能省略.用什么介词取决于定语从句中谓语动词结构及 “介词+whom/which”在句中的作用. He is the man for whom my sister bought a gift. (先行词指人,用whom, 谓 语动词是buy sth. for sb.这一习惯搭配.故用for whom) The two things of/about which Marx was not sure were the grammar and some of the idioms of English. (先行词指物，用which. 谓语动词是be sure of /about这一习惯搭配.故用 of/about which) 2.这一结构中的介词的位置比较灵活.但是“动词+介词”构成的短语动词一般 不拆开. The person (who/whom/that) you should write to is Mr. Ball. =The person to whom you should write is Mr. Ball. Nearby were two canoes (which /that) they had come to the island in. =Nearby were two canoes in which they had come to the island. The babies (who/whom/that) the nurses are looking after are very healthy. Is this the book (which/that) she was looking for? 3.where 和when有时用作关系代词相当于which point/place和which time 用来充当定语从句中介词的宾语 His head soon appeared out of one of the second storey windows, from where he could see nothing but trees. He stood near the north window, from where she could see the whole garden. I met him ten years ago, since when I haven’t seen anything of him. 4.介词+which+宾语 In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p.m., by which time many people have gone home. (by which time即by after 5:30 p.m.“到五点三十分以后”) Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance, in which case I would but stand there. Water boils at 100C,at which temperature it changes to gas Jane spent four years in college, during which time she studied medicine. Ten years of hard work changed her greatly, for which reason he could hardly recognized her at first sight. I called her by the wrong name, for which mistake I apologize. 5.“短语介词+which”的结构. They arrived at a house, in front of which sat a small boy. Sound is a tool by means of which people communicate with each other. He was found disappointed at his failure, because of which he was criticized. 四.分隔定语从句 一般说来，定语从句是紧跟在先行词后面作先行词的定语，但有时出于平衡句子 结构或强调某个成份的需要而将定语从句与先行词分隔开来。这样的从句称为分 隔定语从句。 I was the only person in my office who was invited. (被状语分隔) Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace? But the Southern states wanted to set up a country of their own, where they would be free to keep black slaves. (被定语分隔) What have I said that makes you so angry? 我说了什么，把你气成这个样子, The days are gone when we used foreign oil. (被谓语分隔) The film brought the hours back to me when I was taken good care of in (被宾语分隔) that far-away village. But his enemies, the slave owners in the south and the bankers in big cities, who had grown rich on the work of slaves, could not let Lincoln continue (被同位语分隔) his work. 五.定语从句中的主谓一致 (1).先行词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句中谓语动词的单复数以及其形式取 决于先行词。 A biologist is a person who has a great knowledge of biology. I, who am your friend, will try my best to help you. (2) 在„„one of„„who/that„„的结构中，先行词是of后面的复数名词， 定语从句中的谓语动词用复数形式 在„„the(only/very)one of„„who/that„„的结构中，先行词是 the(only/very)one,定语从句中的谓语动词用单数形式 He is one of the students in our class who were praised by the headmaster yesterday. 他是我班昨天受到校长表扬的学生中的一个 He is the only one of the students in our class who praised by the was headmaster yesterday. 他就是我班昨天唯一受到校长表扬的那个学生 六.定语从句和其他结构的区别 1.定语从句与分词 Who is the comrade that is standing by the door? =Who is the comrade ? standing by the door They built a highway which leads into the mountains. =They built a highway leading into the mountains. They’re problems =They’re problems that have been left over by history.left over by history. 2.定语从句与并列结构、独立主格结构 A team of 15 Indian experts are organizing a workforce of 400 Cambodians, most of whom are women. = A team of 15 Indian experts are organizing a workforce of 400 Cambodians, and most of them are women. =A team of 15 Indian experts are organizing a workforce of 400 Cambodians, most of them women. 3.定语从句与强调句型 Was it the day on which /when you joined the army? Was it on the day that you joined the army? 如果It is/was„的后面接的是名词词组，一般是定语从句。 如果It is/was„的后面接的是副词、介词短语，一般是强调句型。 4.定语从句与主语从句 Anyone who leaves (Those who leave) the room last ought to turn off the lights. =Whoever leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights. As is known to us all, Charles Babbage invented the first computer. =It is known to us all that Charles Babbage invented the first computer. 5.定语从句与宾语从句 1)由what-clause引导的宾语从句 His father’s second wife did all/everything (that) she could (do) to help him. =His father’s second wife didshe could (do) to help him. what 2)介词后面的宾语从句 Kennedy and Johnson, both of whom were murdered in their terms, once co-worked as president and vice-president It was a matter of who would take the position. He will shoot at whoever comes near him. 6.定语从句与表语从句 What is worth remembering is the time when we came here =What is worth remembering is when we came here This is the place where we met last time =This is where we met last time Is that the reason why you are late? =Is that why you are late? This is the way (in which/that) the whole city is fed. =This is how the whole city is fed. 7.定语从句与同位语从句的区别 We heard the news which/that had spread quickly. We heard the news that our team had won. 引导定语从句的关系词，在定语从句中必须充当句子的成分。 引导同位语从句的that，在同位语从句只起连接作用，不充当句子的成分。that不能省略，也不能用which来代替。 8.定语从句与结果状语从句 He is such a good teacher as we all love and respect =He is such a good teacher that we all love and respect him Here is so difficult a question as no one can answer = Here is so difficult a question that no one can answer it. 解题时，看从句中是否缺少成分。缺少成分as，是定语从句;不缺少成分，用 that，是结果状语从句。 9定语从句与地点状语从句 After living in Paris for fifty years, he returned to the small town where he grew up as a child. He found her calculator where she lost it. Bamboo grows best in places where it is warm and where it rains often. = Bamboo grows best where it is warm and where it rains often. 解题时，看有没有表示地点的名词作先行词，在从句中充当成分。如果有，是定 语从句;如果没有，是地点状语从句。 10定语从句与插入语 1) The navy was planning an expedition to the South Pacific Ocean with the purpose of watching a very unusual event, that is the planet Venus passing between the earth and the sun in 1769. that is “即,也就是说”。起同位语从句的作用。不能用which is代替。 2) He wears, what is common in his country, a red coat. = He, as is common in his country, wears a red coat. = He wears a red coat, is common in his country. which 他穿一件红衣服，这在他的国家是常见的 Her condition is, what worries me, getting worse. = Her condition, as worries me, is getting worse. =Her condition is getting worse, which worries me. what is common in his country /what worries me在句中作插入成分，起评 注性状语从句的作用