纳米技术在生物学与医学领域中的应用（Applications of nanotechnology in the field of biology and medicine）

纳米技术在生物学与医学领域中的应用（Applications of nanotechnology in the field of biology and medicine） 纳米技术在生物学与医学领域中的应用(Applications of nanotechnology in the field of biology and medicine) No. Volume 27 2 Journal of Xiangtan Normal University (NATURAL SCIENCE EDITION) ) Vol. 27, No.2 2005 June Journal, of, Xiangtan, Normal, University (Natural, Science, Edition) J un. 2005 Applications of nanotechnology in the field of biology and medicine X Hui Dong Li (School of chemistry and chemical engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology Hunan, Xiangtan 411201) CLC number : TQ03, Q81 document identifier : A article number : 1671 -0231 (2005) 02 -0049 -03 Abstract Biology as the center Combining physics Nanotechnology, which is developed in the fields of chemistry and biotechnology, has become the frontier of international research Research and application of drug carrier and disease diagnosis. Gene vector Hotspot issues。 The applications of nanotechnology in biomaterials, biochips, probes and genes are reviewed / Key word Nano Biotechnology Nano biomaterials Biochip Nano probe Drugs, Nanotechnology (Nanotechnology) refers to manipulating atoms in the nanometer scale, The science and technology of creating new substances with specific functions. Nano biological technology is a product of the combination of nanotechnology and Biotechnology A molecule or group of atoms; a group of molecules Rearrange them It can be used in biomedicine It can also serve electronics, materials science, and other social needs. At its molecular level, assembly has complex functions Device and system This has a lot to learn from in the field of biology. Twentieth Century Nanotechnology began in 80s 90 years The breakthrough has been made. Nanotechnology has been used in the United States, Japan, Germany and the rest of the world Priority projects for scientific research in twenty-first Century will be given priority. The development of nano biotechnology in China is compared with that of advanced countries Late start But during the "95" period "863 Plan" launched the national nano rejuvenation meter Mark "Fifteen", "863 Plan" will be listed as a special project of nano biotechnology, priority will be given to support the development. Nano biotechnology will take place in the new century "Period" Promote the development of information technology, biomedicine, environmental science, automation technology and energy science Will greatly affect human life Clothing, food, shelter, Lines, medical, etc. At present, nano biotechnology is mainly applied in the following directions Bioluminescence labeling [1], drug and gene vector [2], Detection of pathogens, bacteria and proteins [3] and DNA probes [4] and tissue engineering Isolation and purification of [5] and cell and Biomolecule [6], biopharmaceutical, electricity School of medicine, materials science and clinical diagnosis of medicine, etc.. The aim of the study is to apply nanotechnology in biology and medicine. 1 biological applications 1.1 nm biomaterials Generally, nano biomaterials fall into two categories A class of nanomaterials suitable for use in vivo It can either be biologically active or not nature Nor can it be biologically active Rather than merely being accepted by organisms , Without causing adverse reactions. Another is the use of biomolecules New nano materials characterized by development It may no longer be applied to organisms And is used in other nanotechnology or micro manufacturing industries. The unique capabilities of biological systems can be used to control the structure, phase, orientation, and topology of inorganic crystals. Lately Study They began to apply the principles of biological recognition to electronic, semiconducting, and magnetic materials. Combinatorial phage display techniques have been used for identification Combine to III 2, v, II, 2 and VI semiconductors (e.g. ZnSe and GaAs and peptides that bind to magnetic materials and calcium carbonate and phosphates Class. The reproducible nature and recognizable parts of biological macromolecules can be used to construct very fine nanowires. Existing computer chips Feature size (250 nm) is mainly determined by the limiting magnitude of light printing and etching agents. If a molecular scale device can be designed and positioned Suitable prototype Then the size of the chip can be reduced to a few nanometers. recently By scientists in The surface of DNA is covered with metal atoms Method Electrically conductive DNA chain. Jeremy, Lee et al Proper regulation of pH value DNA can stabilize zinc, cobalt, nickel and so on The metal ion is incorporated into its double helix Center And found the high Under the basic conditions such as pH value Stable The state of DNA containing metallic ions And still The ability to selectively integrate with other molecules A new one is obtained DNA conductor. 1.2 biochip technology Biochips are on a very small geometric scale To assemble or integrate a variety of biological activities Only by physiological or biological sampling Simultaneous detection and study of different biological cells, biomolecules, and The characteristics of DNA and the interaction between them And gain life Laws of micro activity. Protein chip and gene chip (i.e. DNA chip ) and so on It has the advantages of integration, parallel and fast detection , X received date : 2004-11-25 Brief introduction of the author : Li Huidong (1974-), male People from Inner Mongolia, Chifeng Doctoral student Ta Research directions Modern microbial technology. The ultimate goal of the development is to integrate sample preparation, biochemical reaction to the whole process of analysis and detection, so as to obtain the so-called micro total analysis system. (1) protein chip is a kind of high-density protein containing various trace proteins And a high throughput assay for the production of these proteins Activity of matter And the interaction between proteins and biological macromolecules. Protein chip has high throughput, miniaturization and automation spot Therefore, this technique has been gradually introduced into proteomics research. (2) gene chip is also called DNA chip It's based on DNA Technology of hybridization between nucleic acid chains derived from the principle of double helix : known DNA (probe) The side of an unknown nucleic acid sequence The ordered array is fixed to the chip Through Amplification by PCR amplification , Then hybridize with the other side of the fluorescent label. When the fluorescent mark Remember one side in Hybridization occurs when complementary sequences are found on the DNA chip The results of hybridization were detected by fluorescence and pattern recognition analysis. DNA core Chip technology allows rapid analysis of large amounts of genetic information. 1.3 nm probe hemolysin ) assembled on an artificial bilayer lipid membrane Add voltage to the sides of the membrane to make the pass Lane open At the same time, single stranded under the action of electric field DNA or RNA molecules pass through 115 nm wide ion channel Due to the different physicochemical properties of alkali, not The influence of the charge distribution in the channel and the channel on the ion flux is very significant Thus, the nucleic acid chain varies with the base sequence during passage through the channel Different forms of the current in a single channel can be recorded over time. This is a brand new nano detection technology The current rate has reached every point Millisecond 1 bases. A probe for detecting a single living cell The probe size is only nanometer When it is inserted into living cells Detectable Leading to an early stage of the tumor DNA damage. Tuan, Vo, -Dinh, and his colleagues have studied high selective and highly sensitive nano sensors that can be used for exploration The proteins of living cells and other biochemical substances of interest can be monitored. The sensor also detects the base Others will be about diameter Measure a lot of cell chemicals The color of the system changes from red to blue due to the surface plasmon resonance of the gold particles. This method is simple and inexpensive for the detection of pathogens. Kasianoviez and so on will be a bacterial ion channel (alpha -) When in solution, these , The chain is formed after binding with the complementary nucleotide sequence The final assessment of the health status of individual cells. Because of the expression and protein production of target cells Used to screen trace drugs To determine which drugs are most effective in preventing the activity of intracellular pathogenic proteins Dynamic. With the progress of Nanotechnology The gold particles of Elghanian13 NM Adhere to dna strand DNADNA chain network To make the spacing between the particles 2 Application in medicine 2.1 nanoparticles are used as drug and gene carriers 1) application of magnetic nanoparticle carrier. Magnetic nanoparticles are the focus of current drug delivery Of particular paramagnetic or superparamagnetic properties The ferrite nanoparticles are under the action of an applied magnetic field The temperature rises to The tumor can be killed at 40~45 degrees centigrade. German scholars Report Contain Superparamagnetic sugar nanoparticles of iron oxides from 75% to 80% Synthesis and physicochemical properties of (200~400, nm). Take it with the nano Dimensional SiO2 interaction The strength of the particle matrix is improved The application of nano magnetic particles in molecular biology was also studied. try Nanoparticles with a certain surface ratio of dextran and silica were examined. Compared with industrial artificial magnetic beads : DNA Automatic purification, protein detection, isolation and purification, detection of retroviruses in biological materials, endotoxin clearance and magnetic cell separation, etc.. Zhang Deyang Magnetic nanoparticles have been used to treat liver cancer , The study included magnetic targeting of magnetic adriamycin albumin nanoparticles in normal liver and in rats The distribution in vivo and the therapeutic effect on transplanted liver cancer in rats. The result shows Magnetic adriamycin albumin nanoparticles have highly effective magnetic targets To In rats, the aggregation of transplanted liver tumors increased significantly And it has a good effect on transplantable tumor. Xiang Juanjuan et al were dextran coated The iron oxide nanoparticles were used as gene vectors It is found that it exhibits DNA's combining power and resistance DNA SE digestion. 2) application of nano liposome carriers. Liposome is a drug carrier for timing targeting It belongs to a new dosage form of targeting drug delivery system. Twenty century Early 70s Rahman, Y, E and so on are based on the study of biomembrane Liposome was used as the carrier of enzymes and some drugs for the first time. Nano lipid Advantages of plasmids as drug carriers (1) the vesicles are composed of phospholipid bilayers encapsulated in aqueous vesicles It is distinguished from various solid microsphere drug carriers Lipid Large body elasticity Good biocompatibility (2) the drug is widely adaptable Water soluble drugs are loaded into the water phase Lipid soluble drugs, soluble in lipid membranes within Two, the pro drug can be inserted into the membrane on And, in the same liposome, both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs can be entrapped at the same time (3) phospholipid itself is a cell Membrane composition Therefore, nano liposomes were injected into vivo without toxicity High bioavailability Does not cause an immune response (4) protect the drugs contained Prevent fluid against drugs Dilution of substance And breakdown by enzymes in the body. 3) application of polymer nano drug carrier. Another hotspot of nano drug carrier is the biodegradable polymer drug carrier or Gene vector. Biodegradability of polymers is one of the important characteristics of drug carriers or gene vectors By degradation Carrier and drug Gene fragment After orienting into target cells The surface carrier is biodegradable The core of the drug release to play a therapeutic effect Drugs are avoided in other tissues Release. Biodegradable polymers, nanoparticles and gene vectors have become the mainstream in the diagnosis and treatment of malignant tumors In research and invention Exceed 60% of the drugs or gene fragments are biodegradable polymer biomaterials as carriers. The most prominent feature of this material is biological degradation Hydrolysis and biocompatibility. Biological macromolecule material Such as proteins, phospholipids, glycoproteins, liposomes, collagen and so on Make use of their affinity Biological polymer nanoparticles are formed by combining with gene fragments and drugs Combine to contain RGD directional recognizer Targeting and target cells Fifty The surface integron is combined to deliver the drug to tumor cells To achieve the purpose of killing tumor cells or making gene transfection of tumor cells. medicine Nano carrier technology is one of the important development directions of nano biological technology It will be used to treat diseases such as malignant tumors, diabetes and Alzheimer's disease Revolution. Application of 2.2 nm biotechnology in surgery 1) application in the prevention of liver cancer. Some high incidence areas of liver cancer Such as Qidong County The geographical distribution of liver cancer incidence was negatively correlated with selenium content , It is found that increasing the selenium content of crops can reduce the incidence of liver cancer. Selenium supplementation is effective in reducing a variety of human cancers Prevention and control of various Animal tumors induced by environmental factors. A selenium containing nanoparticle prepared by nanotechnology has the low toxicity of elemental selenium At the same time And it has higher bioavailability The acute toxicity was only selenite 1/8 provides a new approach for the prevention of liver cancer. 2) application in cancer diagnosis. The early diagnosis of cancer is of great clinical significance. The domestic scholars carried out superparamagnetic oxygen Study on liposome of iron superfine particles The application of nanometer particles in medical diagnosis has been successful Proved by animal experiments Use this program The results can be found to be smaller than the diameter Functions. Studies have shown that drug loaded nanoparticles can prolong the average retention time of drugs in the blood The drug system can reduce the dosage of the drug under the premise of ensuring the action of the drug The poisonous side reaction. Magnetic target carriers have been studied in the United States 3 nm Liposomes and emulsions. Drug loaded nanoparticles exhibit many excellent properties and novel approaches because of their structural specificity. They include nanoparticles, Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are often used. The development of nano drug delivery system opens up new ways for the chemotherapy of HCC Hepatic Hepatoma. Apply this result Influence without surgery. Under these circumstances Regularly detect high-risk groups of liver cancer The results showed that nanoparticles containing ferric oxide MRI were present, So as to achieve the purpose of early diagnosis. Mintorovitch et al will contrast enhancement agents Resovist Injection (SHU -555A) The Resovist Injection significantly enhanced liver contrast imaging Early detection of new organisms. Liver cancer is often caused by tumor location, invasion and metastasis And it has the function of sustained release and controlled release. And Nano borne Besides, the utility model has the function of targeting transportation Therefore, it is possible to achieve, mitigate or avoid all Drugs are introduced into the aorta By magnetism MTCs is targeted and stranded in pigs Important parts of the body After removing the magnetic field MTCs will not redistribute. Histopathological findings showed that In the range of the magnetic field The particle density is higher. The local targeting of chemotherapeutic drugs was tested by this method. The result shows That can be used in animals MTCs accurately targets the liver For non hand liver cancer It provides a scientific basis for the treatment. 3) application of gene therapy. The use of nano biotechnology enables DNA is localized to cells by active targeting Plasmids DNA Condense to 50~200 nm in size with negative charge It is helpful for the effective invasion of the nucleus. plasmid DNA after insertion of the target cell Repairable Multiple genetic errors or treatment factors (e.g. polypeptides, proteins, antigens, etc ). Use the affinity of biological polymer materials with gene fragments and drugs The substance binds to form a biological macromolecule nanometer or micrometer particle. Directed recognition of amino acid sequences containing arginine, glycine, and aspartic acid was used For. When targeting binds to the target cell surface, the drug is pumped into the tumor cell to kill tumor cells or cause tumor cells to develop The purpose of gene transfection. Application of nanotechnology in disease diagnosis It will lead to a new technological revolution in the field of medical diagnosis Diagnosis, detection techniques, and clinical The development of medical treatment to micro, micro, micro, minimally invasive or non-invasive, rapid, real-time, functional and intelligent. With the rapid development of nano biological technology Development It will not just mimic the existing molecular assemblies of nature Rather, it achieves deeper and more purposeful control of molecular structure and function At nanometer To study and manipulate biological macromolecules on the level. It has a wide range of applications and a clear prospect of industrialization in the fields of medicine and health Especially It is a nano drug carrier, nano biosensors and imaging technology, and micro intelligent medical devices, etc. Medical diseases, diseases, diseases, etc It plays an important role in gene therapy and health care. Can predict With the progress of chemistry, biology and materials science, etc. Na. Rice biotechnology will be studied more extensively and intensively. It has developed rapidly in biochip, molecular motor, biological probe and nano biological material At the same time It will also lead to other new fields of nano biotechnology. Reference : [1], BruchezM, MoronneM, GinP, WeissS, Alivisatos., AP:Semiconductornanocrystalsasfluorescentbiologicallabels[J]., Science 1998, 281: 2013-2, 16 [2]MahC, ZolotukhinI, FraitesTJ, DobsonJ, BatichC, Byrne. BJ:Microsphere-mediateddeliveryofrecombinantAAVvectorsinvit ro And, in, vivo[J] Mol, Therapy, 2000, 1: 239. 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