野外生存,野外生存装备（Field survival, field survival gear）

野外生存,野外生存装备（Field survival, field survival gear） 野外生存,野外生存装备(Field survival, field survival gear) The soldiers in the absence of topographic map and compass and other standard equipment under the condition of using natural features to master some methods to determine the direction of the. "I", "U5 n+ m", "N4 A", "y* j% Z" Using the sun to determine directions is very simple (S8 |5 & R P (X. V can use a benchmark (the straight rod), perpendicular to the ground, put a piece of stone on the apex of A benchmark shadow; about 10 minutes later, when the vertex to B benchmark shadow, add a piece of stone. Connect A and B two points in a straight line, the line pointing to the East-West direction. The line perpendicular to the AB is north-south, and one side of the sun is south. (B1 ` p', O9, W*, I#, U*, T, Y, `6) uses the pointer watch to determine the direction of the sun. The method is that the watch is horizontally placed, the number of hours (24 hours) indicated by the hour hand is halved, and the position is directed toward the sun, and the direction of the 12 points on the dial is roughly north. If the time is 16 now, the scale of the watch 8 points to the sun, and the 12 moment refers to the north. [1 N6 N6 L1]] at night, with clear weather, you can use the Polaris to determine the direction. In search of the North Star, we should first find the Ursa Major (that is, we call the dipper). The constellation is made up of seven stars, beginning like a spoon. When the Big Dipper, along the edge of A, B two star connection to the opening direction is about 5 times A, B two spaced at a relatively bright star is the North star. The North Star is pointing north. Can also use the relative and the Big Dipper Cassiopeia to find the North star. Cassiopeia consisting of 5 stars and the Big Dipper similar brightness of the stars, like W. In the middle of the W notch, about two times the width of the entire gap, you can find the North star. 1 o0 E3 B: X9 E& (M R7, I0 P:, E$_ using feature to determine azimuth is a kind of subsidy method. When using, should use flexibly according to the different situation. Independent trees usually south of leafy, smooth bark. Tree rings are usually thin in the South and dense in the north. The main entrance of houses, doors, windows and temples in the country is usually south. The building, mound, highland ridge, the south is usually snow melt quickly, slowly melting north. Large rocks, mounds, big trees, dense vegetation in the south, and the north is prone to moss. 0. |5 x* t& S* J-. F'e lost in the wilderness, do not confound, but to immediately stop, always calmly recall the road, try everything possible to use the logo according to re set the direction, and then look for the road. The most reliable method is to return to the original point of departure. + S8 ^9 x+ W+ V: Q# A "f$U" in the mountains lost direction, should first climb afar, to determine what direction should go. Usually should be towards the direction of low-lying, so easy to hit water, river and most insurance, this point in the forest is especially important. Because roads and settlements are often built by Waterfront and linhe. H'/ G8 \ $U6? D8 `6 K* L3 l# N If you encounter a fork in the road, the road is more and more difficult, first of all to clear the direction of going, and then choose the right path. If the direction of the road a few roughly the same, unable to determine, middle of the road should go first, so you can have it both ways, even if the wrong way, will not be too much deviation. The T2 (D, E%}! X6: @ two, 3 |% complex terrain marching method `& I2 h% E4} In the mountain road, to avoid disorientation, save energy, improve the speed, should strive to be the road crosses a road through the woods, leaving the path, if there is no road, the choice of vertical ridge, ridge, mountain, river and forest tree brook edge, high volume, low grass, thin and sparse terrain on the road. Should strive to go, the beam does not take the ditch, go straight, do not go horizontal. % R2, X8}) t& S/ ` ` F7 ` Q ' When you travel, you can walk long. In this way, tens of kilometers down, you can be a lot of steps. The application of fatigue, relax slowly to rest, and don't stop. When rock climbing, the rock should be carefully observed, carefully identify the quality of rock and weathering degree, determine the direction and route of climbing. # M6 B: D4 K D. S, the basic method of rock climbing is "three point" method, namely, two hands a feet or two feet fixed after moving the remaining one hand or foot, make the body center of gravity. Good coordination between hands and feet, to avoid moving at the same time, must be stable, light, fast, according to their own circumstances, choose the most appropriate distance and the most stable fulcrum, do not stride and scratch, pedal far point. P4 t/ L5 Q* R-) an @ climb below 30 degrees slope along the straight up. When climbing, the body slightly forward, the whole foot to the ground, two knees bent, feet out of the "eight character."", Don't move too fast. When the slope is greater than 30 degrees, the "Climbing" route is usually adopted. When you are climbing, legs slightly bent, upper body leaning forward, medial toes forward, the whole foot, toes slightly outward left lateral. In the course of careless slip, you should immediately face the slope, open arms, but straight legs, toes tilt, so as to move the body up to minimize the speed of the taxi. In this way, you can try to find the lift, the guide and the support in the taxi. Never sit outside, because that will not only skate faster, but also tumble on steep slopes. & R7, N#, U, S1, R, V rivers are frequently encountered obstacles in mountainous and plain areas. When you meet a river, do not rush into the water. After careful observation, determine the location and method of crossing the river. Mountain rivers are usually fast flowing, low temperature, rough bed. When crossing, in order to maintain the balance of the body, you should support the water upstream with a lunch or hold a weight of 15~20 kilograms of stones. When crossing a group, three or four people can row each other around the shoulder, and the strongest body is in the upstream direction. T&, N8, I, M5, U, I, k%, S8, O2, O, three, and methods for capturing food There are mainly two ways of m$/ X5 R& Y1 C7 B ^/ survival to obtain food. One is hunting wild animals, the other is collecting wild plants. "E# F3, t&, K0, O, T&, P," F%, c&,}8,. Z The hunting of wild animal must first know animal habitat, master the law of animal life, and then take pressure trapping, hunting, shooting and set traps for hunting card. This requires expert guidance, after a long period of training and practice in order to truly grasp. Here are a brief description of edible insects and edible wild plants and their edible methods. 2 * Z; D3 (O& Z Q V! [& ^ (at present, the people of the world in edible insects snails, earthworms, ants, cicadas, crickets, cockroaches, butterflies, insects, grasshopper, locust Meng Lake flies, spiders, praying mantis. People to eat insects although not used, even disgust, but cannot but in circumstances, in order to maintain life, keep fighting, and then complete the task, not against a test. However, it should be noted that, in fact, cooked or roasted to prevent insects from entering the human body, causing poisoning or illness. 2 B1 ` Q2 N4 P {;? # common edible insects, locusts; dipping sauce, roasted, boiled or fried also; Mantis: dewinging after roasted or fried, boiled or fried; Dragonfly: after edible:: raw or fried, cicada larvae also edible centipede;: dry fried, but poor taste; beetles: larvae can be eaten raw or roasted; ant: fried, taste good; spider: remove the foot grilled food; termites: fresh or fried food: Roasted pine caterpillar. - U, C, ~3, I6, A/, a, M0,, n/, J5, X', G Edible wild plants including edible wild fruit, wild herbs, algae, lichens, mushrooms, etc.. The identification of edible wild plants is a major source of knowledge from the bottom of the field. China's vast territory, suitable for all kinds of plant growth, which can eat about 2000 kinds. Our common edible wild fruits are: Mountain grapes, uliginosum fruit, thimbleberry, blind, sea buckthorn, torch fruit, Myrtle, Hu Tuizi, blueberry, emblica, especially No Kuriko, coconut, papaya are easier to identify, is the good food emergency survival. Common wild herbs with bitter herbs, dandelion, Houttuynia, purslane, thorn grass, shepherd's purse, wild amaranth, turbot, lotus, reed, Kochia scoparia, moss etc.. Wild vegetables may be eaten, fried, boiled or eaten by boiling. 1 U1 g- N d$L5 S; however, the average person needs under the guidance of experts after a certain period of training to master the knowledge, this paper introduced a simple method of identification of wild poisonous plants, for emergency use. Usually a small cut is cut into the plant, placed in a pinch of salt, and then carefully examined to see if the original color has been changed. The normally discolored plant is inedible. "A$I") g (B9 U+ B5 X2 Q four) method for obtaining drinking water Z* _6 + R, U4 A0 J H9 L) approach to obtain drinking water usually has two: one is the mining of groundwater, the other is a surface water purification. We only introduce the method of obtaining drinking water from surface water. (n', S&, T) u, P (P4, N7, K (W) u, usually rainwater can be drunk directly. When it rains, a large number of available cloth, plastic cloth can also be used to collect rainwater, empty cans, cups, etc. the container receiving rain helmet. ) N# V (D, A1, W4, B0, p&, K, x#,...) When there is no reliable drinking water, and no test equipment, you can according to water color, flavor, temperature, water traces, water quality is generally identified * D/ V. Y4 R, T)]: water,}% m survival skills to collect water An C. C b+ i%) \ $_9 R* Q life without boiling water, Without food, normal people can live for three weeks, but no water, three days can not live, so water should be given priority, a few tips, hoping to help you quickly find or collect water in the field. D1! C/ J# e e 1.) `# first choice is to find water at the bottom of the valley area, mountain area to find water, should be along the rock cracks to dry river 4 q% y M); a) I* ~ bed sand zone often dug into the spring. R6 Q1 J5 V), A9 e* C& x V 2. [# on the coast, should be dug in the highest above the waterline, is likely to have a thickness of about 5 cm in the sink float filter layer with higher density on the sea. F*. A G e# f+ I0; t ([0 y 3. hollow water water drinking, must first sterilization, precipitation after boiling drinking. - j%, q:, G; n:, d:, q:, ~5, a, I 4. collect rainwater: dig a hole on the ground, spread a layer of plastic, surround with clay around, can collect rainwater effectively. ~5 X. t0 N5 E4 _/. Y; K 5. condensed water: a plastic bag is placed on a dense shoot of leaves, and the transpiration of leaves produces condensation water. S4 w- B0 d* K'G& # P 6. tracking animals, birds, insects, or human traces can find water. Z& B8 F& & U$F1 K R+ a O7 Q.}!!; U 7. water plants: bamboo plants such as hollow internodes are often water, vines tend to have drinking juice, cactus, palm fruit and stem are rich in water. _ +: M- P, X {# 8. solar stills: in arid desert area by using the following methods can be used to collect water: digging a about 90 cm wide and 45 cm deep hole in the relatively moist ground, put a pit at the bottom of the central water catchment, a pit surface hanging pull shaped plastic film. Light increases the temperature of the moist soil and air in the pit and evaporates, producing water vapor. The water vapor is in contact with the plastic film, freezes and condenses into water droplets and glides into the vessel. 9 h! W+, K3, C9, N Field fire skills % M: C |8 R}! "(Z% J ^ $) [fire? Cook the food well. Bingo～ It also has many uses: flame heat release of warmth, will save the body heat dissipation; drying clothes; and the carnivorous can be a long time preservation; can scare off dangerous beasts; its smoke to drive away insects, but also calcined metal making tools...... Well, teach you a few tricks to learn how to make a fire in the open. "L5 C6 Y9 E7 R8 K" "o* L* O" The first is to find flammable tinder: hay, dried leaves, birch bark, pine needles, turpentine, twigs, paper, cotton, etc.. * K'J d I ("N! C _) followed by picking up firewood: dry to select a dry, non corrupt tree trunks or branches. We should select pine, oak, oak, birch, cherry, apricot tree, mountain like hardwood, long burning time, fire, charcoal and more. Do not pick up firewood close to the ground, firewood close to the ground is very humid, not easy to burn, and smoke more smoked people. G'T5 h/ / ~8 D. y R$K}$; The next step is to clear a safe, smooth, and dry land from Bacillus subtilis. The kindling placed above the middle, gently placed on the small pine, such as fine dry, and then set up a larger wood longer, then ignited the kindling. The setting of the fire should be in accordance with the local conditions, and can be designed into cone-shaped, star shaped, parallel, zigzag, roof shaped, ranch shaped and so on. The use of stones can also be a dry or below the rock wall, leaned in the wall to dry, placed in the following figures cited after the ignition can be. Under normal circumstances, in the shelter dug a diameter of about 1 meters, about 30 cm deep pit. If the ground is hard and hard to dig, you can find some stones and form a circle. The size of the circle depends on the size of the fire. Then the middle circle on the figures cited above, frame some logs, lit figures cited bonfire accompli. If the kindling will burn when the fire has not yet, the gap should be from the sticks in to add kindling, burning dry up until the date, instead of re ignition diesel aircraft. 1) [Z6 R2 H Y; finally, choose the best point of the fire near water, or in the fire to prepare some mud on the side, sand, moss for timely fire. O7 W6 S1 F6}% 'U! K6 w sleeping bag survival skills using 9 _4 X$J7 D (I Sleeping bags are skillful. People who don't sleep can use cold and cold sleeping bags (minus 35 degrees) at normal low temperatures (5 degrees below zero) and feel cold, so how can you sleep more warmly? When sleeping bags are used, there are many external factors that affect the performance of the sleeping bag. It is important to note that the sleeping bag itself does not generate heat. It only reduces the loss of body heat effectively. The following conditions will help you sleep more warmly. % w+, S:, O4, |9, P:, F9, F, B7, Z The M (Y3 x0 'safe moisture {3 ~2 h; L In the wild, a cool tent can provide a warm sleeping environment. In the choice of the camp, do not choose the bottom, there is a gathering of cold air, avoid withstand strong winds or a ridge. A good mat can effectively separate sleeping bags from cold and damp ground. The inflatable effect is better, and two ordinary damp pads are needed on the snow. Q (n$G8 _ /. I (P3 d+ A "Keep dry bag 3 V6 h& (not I. @ moisture absorption sleeping bag mainly from outside the body, but, even in extremely cold conditions, the body in sleep is still at least a small cup of water will be discharged. The insulation cotton will lose its elasticity and decrease its thermal insulation ability when it is wetted with moisture. If the sleeping bag is used for many days, it is best to dry in the sun. Regular cleaning of sleeping bags can keep the warm cotton elastic. 9 Q8 C (m: @& @ - K - to wear more clothes D5, m+, P5, N2, X "{some softer clothes can be used as thickening pajamas.". The gap between the sleeping bag and the sleeping bag can be filled, and the heat preservation of the sleeping bag can also be strengthened. 8 B/ Z# c$K4 _9 _: q&} Long before the warm-up ) $I, G7, H4, Y, U., S1 ^ the human body is the source of heat for sleeping bags, such as doing a short warm-up or drinking a hot drink before going to bed, it will increase your body temperature slightly and help shorten the time for warming up your sleeping bag. J8 D& U0 K3 I (_ ` survival skills of V2 Q / A# standing first aid box "J1 W6 H5 d: H In the wild, no one could predict what was going on. A first-aid kit can prolong your life and be sure to carry it with you. \# L9 A3 L \ c$N3 I!! |- first-aid box holds the following items to prepare basic first aid for: ^1, s$, J9, q; a:, A, J4, K; K/ B (A) bandage 5 B (width and material, N& o* C6 K& s}'@ - to deal with different types and different damage area. 3 P (Z4 {3 H (| general: 3 i* W (V8 G% s# Y Gauze, strip, bandage: suitable for the treatment of general wounds, mainly for fixed dressing purposes. J6: N, P) P0 T P5 n/ K "['the B7 P elastic bandage rolling!: flexible, except for the treatment of wounds, can be used in the treatment of general strain, sprain, varicose veins and other injury disease, to fix the injured limb and reduce swelling. 4 y% c% G* v. y]3]&! ~ triangular bandage bandage can be used: full width, or folded into a narrow width different bandage. Usually used for hanging hands to support the upper limb. "S O6 K4 t {7 V!" Dressing 4, r%, d*, U) N3, O, S0, k+, Z [made of several layers of gauze, flexible in texture. Mainly used for covering wounds and absorbing secretions; bleeding and secretions are more numerous and can be thickened to cover. (`& `* {} (N (F @! "X the dressing bag G2, J7, {E9, A9, R5, W8, T., J, k*, K dressings are made of cotton pads and rolled strips of bandages. Cover the wound with a cotton pad [dressing] and then fix it with an attached roller bandage. [@7] \7 E0 L0 \ ` K1}} disinfectant Q# W5 {Z K/ L2 W2 B8 I Introduce the use of some common disinfectant: 8 N6 P6 J3 A1 O7 t+ A. t- L |- \, 1. gentian violet (gentian violet): accelerate wound scab, accelerate wound healing. 5 O+ D1 J? F+ j% R5 Q / D; 2. mercurochrome (red syrup): to protect the wound and has antibacterial effect. L: "q/ N6 |) U4 A2 P / b! 3. alcohol and iodine: used for surface disinfection non mucosal wound. Not for use in disinfection of damaged wounds. 0, a$, M4, I3, B1, U5,]2, I4, {7, h-, R,, hydrogen peroxide: basic disinfection for contaminated mucous membranes or damaged wounds. C4, d- |2 S t* n |%; The clean cotton ball - Q$E& |7 P1 P- a |$_. Used to clean wounds; dip in disinfectant when used. 8, i$, v/, s+, v*, Q, K9, I The disinfection tape 8, A0, J (e*, M1, F2, z', A7, W, F) are usually used to deal with smaller wounds. Before applying adhesive tape, make sure that the skin around the wound is dry and clean, otherwise it can not be firmly affixed. * U: \9 W1 j& A and R7 J/ W e: tape ") \9} Used to fix dressings, rolling strips, bandages, or triangular bandages. "H P$, B6, P1,, S4, Z1, J%, K) s$Z." The various kinds of pills W7 E8 A4 - |- `9 N, U3 [6 C* Q, such as Kangtaike Ganmaotong, berberine, nhjdt and Panadol, Huoxiangzhengqi pills, stomach medicine etc. T6 O1 u- D! |% Sheyao 9 ]$$W "H _! C- o'z+ M O Q (serving vacuum disinfector, Shanghai snake, Ji Desheng Sheyao 7 O# ^ O (m) C ~ O The other 9 O2 U$G0 C V j# Y1 J ~!) eye drops, Wanhua oil, hemostasis, cool oil, wind and oil etc. J2 z'"G I; ` survival skills -- how to find the correct distance 0 b* J7 Y8 l$W: @'. \, T" P$K6 w The skills needed to find the right path must be accumulated through the usual outdoor activities. For example: usually develop a habit of referring to maps and compass at any time, while actively observing the surrounding terrain and surrounding plants to determine the correct location. 1 b! Y! U8 Y2 P# V3 M0 Z. The sun comes out of the East and goes down in the West. This is the basic way to identify the direction. Can also be used to stick into shadow method to measure, in the sun to shadow when on the flat vertical straight sticks (1 meters), put a stone in the shadow of the ends of the sticks (or other mark), the shadow stick will move with the movement of the sun. 30--60 minutes later, put another stone at the top of the stick's shadow. Then draw a straight line between the two stones and draw a straight line perpendicular to the middle of the line. Then your left foot will be on the first mark, and your right foot will be on the second mark. At this time, the front of the person standing is the north, the back is the south, the right hand is the East, and the left hand is the west. % w%, G8, f&, M6, x, W, B', I, R, J2 ~! If you get lost on a cloudy day, you can learn the orientation by growing on the moss of trees or stones. In the northern hemisphere, for trees, the prosperous part of the leaves is the south. If cut trees, the ring width of a wide side, wet moss side is the north. 3 I*} (K; |5 N; C3 A (W& y) The stars in the northern hemisphere: the aim is usually to polaris. The key to using the North Star to identify directions at night is to find the North Star accurately in the vast sea of stars. Understanding the North Star has many kinds, here is a simple and effective: Y3 D1 g; ~7. M I0. D! First of all, look for the dipper a, and you can find the D on this straight line by extending the distance between the two stars on the dipper handle by five times. In general, the star on the two structural handle is the key star. If you don't see the Big Dipper, looking for the opposite direction of Cassiopeia (b), Cassiopeia formed by five stars, they look like English letters M or W shape tend to side. From Cassiopeia star in a painting line, in the big dipper and almost to the same distance from the North Star to find the North star. The North Star is in the right direction. 2, V/, "[]] Q1, B3, v#, O8, H see the azimuth by the watch: want to know the azimuth, but there is no compass in hand. In this case, as long as there is the sun, you can use the watch to find the location. 9 u% t* O7 S W: U will match erected on the ground, then put the watch horizontally on the ground, will match the shadow and needle overlap, direction and short twelve point surface refers to scale is in the middle of the south, the opposite side of the north. 5 u# o/ C "|- U'Q" V If there is no match, you can also use small branches, as far as possible to make the shadow more accurate. If you're in a challenging lifestyle, remember to wear a watch, and an ordinary watch is worth more than a digital watch. Because the table on the hour and minute, when necessary, will become an important tool for survival.