UNIT 1
Text comprehension:
ⅠC
Ⅱ
1.F 2.F 3. T 4.F
Ⅲ
1. The answer to this question can be found in the first paragraph , in which the author implies
that for Mayblum the WTC was a symbol of power---- for its height and steadiness, and the force of storms was actually nothing to the WTC
2.The author means that the survival of the people inside the WTC would simply depend on their
locations , i.e. where they were at that moment .
3.Refer to Paragraph 9,13,19,and29 .Ramos went to help the panicked workers into a stairwell(on the 78th floor),helped the heavyset man down one more flight to an elevator (on the 53rd floor),and reassured the man he would be staying with him (on the 36th floor).
4.They helped the heavyset man 17floors down the building .They met him on 53rd floor and their attempt to descend ended on the 36th floor.
5.The sentence implies that Ramos ‘s wife refused to believe that Ramos did not make it out of the building.
Ⅳ 1.On that morning thousands of people in the WTC were thrown ,all of a sudden into a condition of terrible suffering and uncertainty. Mayblum was one of them.
2. It seemed that the tremendous sound of the collapse of the South Tower destroyed the man’s hope of climbing down the remaining stairs ,and thus took away his remaining energy.
Vocabulary
Ⅰ1.burning 2. something ,a situation of a circumstance ,that is dependent on one’s location in the building
3. in an intermittent manner 4. help you 5. Things are satisfactory up to this point.
Ⅱ1. scoffed 2. dilemma 3. collapsed 4.pandemonium 5. reassuring 6. rumble 7. glancing at
8.meet up with
Ⅲ1.panicky 2. descends/descended 3. enjoyable 4.expectation 5.morality 6. persuasion 7. strong 8.energetic ⅣA/D/C/B/D/C/A/D
Ⅴ1. amoral /nonmoral 2. disappear 3. wildly 4. uncover /disclose /reveal 5.dissuade 6.happily/joyfully/joyously 7. ordinary/common 8. small /thin /slender
Ⅵ1. helpful / helpless 2. childish /childlike/childless 3. active 4. persistent 5. revolutionary
6. successful 7.womanly 8.ladylike Grammar
Ⅰ1.would 2.would 3.used to would 4. used to 5.used to 6. used to 7.would 8.would 9.used to
10.would would would
Ⅱ1. used to travel 2.was not used to accepting 3. was not used to receiving 4. used to think 5. used to living 6. used to say 7. didn’t use to eat 8.am not used to driving
Ⅲ 1. insistence 2. habitual action 3. probability 4. willingness 6. probability 7. improbability 8. capability
Ⅳ1. could would might might should might 2.could /would should could might could would 3.should should would would could
Ⅴ 1.needn’t have carried 2.needn’t have bought 3. didn’t need to tell 4. needn’t have had 5.need’t have stood 6. didn’t need to hurry 7. didn’t need to open 8. didn’t need to take 9.needn’t have washed 10.didn’t need to work Ⅵ略 Translation
1. 对有些人来说，生死攸关的是她们所在的位置------不仅仅是哪幢楼，哪一层，更重要的事大楼的哪个角落
2. 周围噪声震耳，烟雾弥漫，火星四溅，美布勒姆没有意识到，他的朋友朱宏始终就在他身后的楼梯井里。
3. 她一点一点地拼出了哈里逃生的场景：飞机撞击时，他正在第87层楼
4. 但是，尽管她绞尽了脑汁，问了无数问题，他拼出的场景还是在第36层上逐渐模糊了。
1. Thanks to modern technology , the film about that ancient battle gives the audience the illusion of being on the battlefield themselves.
2. That ancient city was devastated by the fire ,but fortunately the stone tablet survived
3. The videotape and the story by the woman filled them with sympathy for the child who had become an orphan in the earthquake
4. In that earthquake , we heard many stories of teachers who had refused to leave their student behind and laid down their lives.
5. The construction of the Yu Yuan Garden began in 1558, but it was not completed until 1578 because building went off and on for lack of money .
6. In 1980 ,when I met up with her ,she had just returned from abroad with a master’s degree.
7. It was my first visit to New York , but I managed to find my way to the little firm,.
8. It is hard to make it to the top in the movie industry ,but as a director Xie Jin did it .
Unit 2
Text comprehension
I. C
II. 1 F; 2 F; 3 F; 4 T; 5 T.
III.
1. worshiping youth and fearing growing old. To delay the effects of aging with cosmetics and physical exercises.
2. three. Less concern for one’s appearance; less uncertainty about the unknowns in the future; surer self-identity.
3. feel uncertain about what will happen to them and what they should do.
4. use contrast structure “Being young means…/ It means…” and “I …now/ I no longer…”
5. The writer learns the significance that the newer (younger) is not necessarily better, and she can be happier than before as she grows older.
IV.
1. Women are less capable of resisting the temptation of fashion than men.
2. make friends with different people in order to find a new identity for yourself.
Structural analysis of the text
1. see III 2.
2. Paragraph 3: the last sentence; Paragraph 4: the second sentence; Paragraph 5: the first sentence.
Section Four Consolidation Activities
Part one. Vocabulary Analysis
I. Phrase practice
1. are apt to= are likely to 易于……，有……的倾向
e.g. Infants are apt to put their hands into their mouths. 婴儿爱把手往嘴里塞。
2. fall apart= break up / disintegrate
3. in general= as a whole 通常，大体上；总的来说，从总体上看
e.g. In general, this company’s products are very reliable. 这家公司的产品通常是很可靠的。
In general, this paper is a bit difficult for these students to finish in an hour. 总的来说，让学生在一个小时内完成这份试卷有些困难。
4. at the mercy of= powerless against; completely controlled by 对……无能为力；任……处置，任由……摆布
e.g. Some people are born with the belief that they are masters of their own lives. Others feel they are at the mercy of fate. 有些人天生相信自己是生命的主宰，另一些人则觉得他们受到命运的支配。
I don’t want to put myself at the mercy of others. 我不希望任由他人摆布。
5. no wonder= not surprising / only too natural 不足为奇，并不奇怪
e.g. It is no wonder that it is so wet in the south. 南方这么潮湿，并不奇怪。
No wonder you’re so tired, you’ve worked three hours without a break. 难怪你这么累，你已经连续工作了三个小时。
It is no wonder that he failed his final exam. 他没能通过期末考试，这是不足为怪的。
II.
1. delay; 2. Feverishly; 3. fa?ade; 4. confronted; 5. premise; 6. dreaded; 7. automatically; 8. awaiting.
III. Word derivation
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the given words.
1. She has got this obsessive (obsess) fear of losing control, so she never shows her emotions.
2. People under a lot of stress at work will often experience moodiness (mood), irritability and a loss of confidence.
3. They wanted a tolerable (tolerate) existence — more food, better shelter, and peace.
4. In the end, the company and its investors came to a mutually beneficial (benefit) arrangement.
5. Working with the mentally handicapped can be a satisfying (satisfy) and rewarding experience.
6. Frogs can search for food underwater, hidden (hide) from birds of prey.
7. When I asked her about where she wanted the meeting to be held, she didn’t express any particular preference (prefer).
8. The committee has made four specific criticisms (critical) of the government’s transportation policy.
1. obsess v. （使）牵挂，（使）惦念，（使）着迷
obsessed a. 着迷的
obsession n. 困扰，沉迷，着魔
obsessive a. 着迷的，强迫性的，分神的
e.g. 爱丽丝被一个她刚刚认识的男孩迷住了。
Alice was obsessed by a boy she has just met.
他一直想要找到他的父亲，但是最近这变成了一种狂热。
He’s always wanted to find his father but recently it’s become an obsession.
2. mood n. 心情，情绪
moody a. 易怒的，喜怒无常的，情绪化的
moodiness n. 忧郁
e.g. 我每个星期日情绪都很坏。
I am always in a bad mood on Sunday.
我的妻子在医院里心情不好。
My wife is moody at the hospital.
3. tolerate v. 容忍，忍受
tolerable a. 可容忍的
tolerant a. 宽容的，容忍的
e.g. 她能忍受寒冷的天气。
She can tolerate the cold days.
这种炎热的天气在夜晚可以忍受。
The heat was tolerable at night.
4. benefit n. 利益；津贴
beneficial a. 有益的，有利的
beneficiary n. 受惠者，受益人
e.g. 这项工程对每个人都大有好处。
This project is of great benefit to everyone.
新鲜空气有益于健康。
Fresh air is beneficial to our health.
她的丈夫是她遗嘱的主要受益人。
Her husband is the chief beneficiary of her will.
5. satisfy v. 使满意，满足
satisfaction n. 满意
satisfactory a. 令人满意的
e.g. 观赏一幅美丽的图画使人心满意足。
Looking at a beautiful painting always gives one satisfaction.
她对现状根本不满意。
She is not at all satisfied with the present situation.
6. hide v. 隐藏，隐瞒
hiding n. 隐藏，躲藏
hidden a. 隐藏的，秘密的
e.g. 她设法不表露自己的感情。
She tried to hide her feelings.
警察正在追赶藏匿起来的杀人犯。
The police are following a murderer who’s in hiding.
7. prefer v. 较喜欢；宁可
preferable a. 更好的，更合意的
preference n. 偏爱，优先，喜爱物
preferential a. 优先的；优惠的
e.g. 我更喜欢牛奶，而不是咖啡.
I prefer milk to coffee.
我父亲感到在乡村生活比在城市生活要好些。
My father finds country life preferable to living in the city.
对于求职者，我们优先考虑有一定经验的人。
In considering people for jobs, we give preference to those with some experience.
8. critical a. 批评的；决定性的，关键的
critic n. 批评家，评论家
criticism n. 批评，评论
criticize v. 批评；非难
e.g. 他的行为招致尖锐的批评。
His behavior called forth sharp criticism.
他批评了我的冒险活动。
He criticized my taking risks.
IV.
1. C; 2. D; 3. A; 4. A; 5. B; 6. D; 7. C; 8. B.
V. Synonym / Antonym
Give a synonym or an antonym of the word underlined in each sentence in the sense it is used.
1. Advertisements convince us to buy Grecian Formula and Oil of Olay so we can hide the gray in our hair.
Synonym: conceal, disguise
2. My legs were too heavy, my shoulders too broad, my waist too big.
Antonym: narrow
3. Their contentment holds out great promise for me as I move into the next — perhaps even better — phase of my life.
Synonym: satisfaction, happiness, joy
4. The Virtues of Growing Older
Synonym: merits, advantages
5. My rounded figure seems fine, and I don’t deny myself a slice of pecan pie if I feel in the mood.
Synonym: fat, plump
6. Dave lifted weights, took megadoses of vitamins and drank a half-dozen milk shakes a day in order to turn his wiry adolescent frame into some muscular ideal.
Synonym: well-built
7. The two of us enjoy wearing fashionable clothes, but we are no longer slaves to style.
Antonym: old-fashioned, outdated
8. Obviously, I still have important choices to make about my life, but I have already made many of the critical decisions that confront those just starting out.
Synonym: clearly, evidently
VI. Prefix
Write in each space one word that has the same prefix as underlined in each given word.
1. preface prepare 5. periphery perimeter
2. prologue progress 6. dialogue diameter
3. foresight foresee 7. semifinal semiconductor
4. paralysis parallel 8. devaluate decelerate
1. Explanation:
pre- : before someone or something
e.g. prewar, precondition, precaution, prediction
2. Explanation:
pro- : before
e.g. proceed, procession, provision
3. Explanation:
fore- : before or in the front of
e.g. foreword, foretell, forecast, forehead
4. Explanation:
para- :on one side
e.g. paragraph, parallel
5. Explanation:
per- : surrounding
e.g. periodic, period
6. Explanation:
dia- : pass through between sth.
e.g. dialectic, diagram, diagnosis
7. Explanation:
semi-: half or partly
e.g. semicircle, semi-final, semi-skilled
8. Explanation:
de-: reduce
e.g. declass, degrade, deduce
Part Two Grammar Exercises
1. concrete nouns & abstract nouns
Concrete nouns are words we use for people, places, or things that we can observe with at least one of our five senses. The abstract class is the opposite — we can never experience these nouns according to our senses.
While this distinction is sometimes useful, the boundary between concrete and abstract is not always clear. Some nouns can be used as uncountable nouns when they refer to a thing in general and countable nouns when they refer to a particular instance of it, consider, for example, the noun art, which usually refers to a concept:
e. g. Art is an important element of human culture.
But it can refer to a specific artwork in certain contexts:
e.g. I put my daughter’s art up on the fridge.
This is the problem of context within sentences.
I. Complete the following sentences with the appropriate forms of the nouns given.
1. agony.
2. agonies.
3. experience.
4. experiences.
5. youth.
6. a youth.
7. My children are __a great help__ to me. (great, help)
8. The boy had __a good knowledge__ of mathematics. (good, knowledge)
9. a gray hair
10. He is looking for __work__. (work)
II. 1 A; 2 B; 3 D; 4 C; 5 A; 6 B; 7 B; 8 C.
III. a lot of; a little; some; a few; A; some; some; a lot of; X.
many; X; a lot of.
2. quantifiers & determiners (every, each, everyone, every one, all)
Each and every have similar but not always identical meanings.
each = every one separately
every = each, all
Sometimes, each and every have the same meaning:
e. g. Prices go up each year.
Prices go up every year.
But often they are not exactly the same.
Each expresses the idea of “one by one”. It emphasizes individuality.
e. g. Each artist sees things differently.
Every is half-way between each and all. It sees things or people as singular, but in a group or in general.
e. g. Every soldier saluted as the President arrived.
Each can be used in front of the verb:
e. g. The soldiers each received a medal.
Each can be followed by “of”:
e. g. The President spoke to each of the soldiers.
Every cannot be used for two things while each can:
e. g. He was carrying a suitcase in each hand.
Every is used to say how often something happens:
e. g. There is a plane to Bangkok every day.
Everyone means “everybody” and is used when you want to refer to all the people in a group:
e. g. Everyone in my family likes spaghetti.
But if you’re referring to the individuals who make up a group, then the phrase is every one. “Each and every one” you should never substitute everyone, for everyone as singular or plural:
e.g. We wish each and every one of you a Merry Christmas.
All is more often used with plural verb forms, though sometimes it is used with singular verbs. However, if we wish to specify the things or people under discussion, we can use all or all of with nouns and pronouns and the correspondingly correct singular or plural verb forms.
e. g. Has all (of) the cake been eaten?
Have all (of) the presents been distributed?
All of us are going to Sam’s party next week. We’re all going.
IV. Complete the following with every, each, everyone, every one or all.
1. all; Every one; Every.
A: He had eaten _______ the biscuits.
B: What? _____________?
A: __________ single one.
2. The pavement on ________ side was crowded with neat smiling people. each;
3. Every; 4. each;
5. Everyone. The girl is very popular. ____________ likes her.
6. Each;
7. everyone; everyone; 8. Each.
3. dangling participles
Dangling participles is a participle that is not grammatically linked to the word it is intended to modify. In “Driving down the street, the house came into view,” “driving” is a dangling participle. Though they are not rare in speech, dangling participles are avoided in formal writing because of the possibility of misunderstanding.
e. g. The burglar was about 30 years old, white, 5′10″, with wavy hair weighing about 150 pounds.
If properly installed, you shouldn’t be able to open the door without first pressing the safety button.
V. Correct errors in the following sentences.
1. When planting these flowers, care must be taken not to damage the roots.
you must take care
2. Though received late at night, he started to work on the document immediately.
Though he received the document … work on it….
3. Falling … we thought…. ------ When he fell
4. Reading the letter a second time, the meaning becomes clearer.
When you read
5. what he meant became clear to me ------- I became clear about what he meant
6. Shining in the sky we saw the first star.
We saw the first star shining in the sky.
7. The teacher walked behind the kids eating their lunches.
who were eating
8. While cleaning his gun, it went off unexpectedly.
he was cleaning
VI.
1. As long as…
As long as you are healthy, nothing can devastate you.
2. Obviously…
Obviously, enlarging your vocabulary is essential.
3. neither…nor…
Neither poverty nor failure frustrated the industrious student.
Part Three
I.
1．许多中年人去健身房锻炼，到街上跑步，为的是延缓衰老。
2．青年人最不稳定的因素就是，他们对价值观、人生目标和梦想还犹豫不定。
3．镇上开会我可以大胆发言，在商店里购物我也敢投诉，因为我不再害怕人们会笑我，也不再渴望人人都喜欢我。
4．我不再因为自己个性方面的缺陷责怪父母，也不会对他们在养育我的过程中所犯的种种过失耿耿于怀。
II. Translation exercises
1. 如今很多爱慕虚荣的年轻人，尽管还不富裕，但却迷上了漂亮的小汽车。（vain, be obsessed with）
Translation:
Many vain young people are obsessed with fancy cars despite the fact that they are not yet rich enough to afford them.
Practice:
被工作迷了心窍的人和酒鬼、吸毒者或惯赌都一样瘾头很大。
The man who is obsessed with his job is just as hooked as the alcoholic, the junkie, or the compulsive gambler.
你们这一代可能会因为感情关系的频繁变化而产生困扰。
Your generation may seem to be obsessed with relationships that change continually.
2．当他的婚外恋被妻子发现后，他们的婚姻终于破裂了。（affair, fall apart）
Their marriage finally fell apart when his affair with another woman was found out by his wife.
3．那位艺术家为了获得创作的灵感，在农村住了三年，放弃了生活上的许多享受。(inspiration, deny oneself something)
For artistic inspiration, the artist lived in the country for three years, where he denied himself many comforts of life.
4．我不知道明天去崇明岛的远足活动能不能成行，因为这要取决于会不会下雨。(excursion, at the mercy of)
I’m not sure if we can have the excursion to Chongming Island tomorrow. It is at the mercy of the weather.
5．他早年到日本学医，回国后却改变了主意，一辈子从事文学创作。(pursue)
When he was young he went to Japan to learn medicine, but after he returned to China he changed his mind and pursued a career as a writer all his life.
6．她最近和足以做她父亲的老头好上了，这使她父母感到非常丢脸。（take up with, disgrace）
Translation:
She’s taken up with a man old enough to be her father, which is a disgrace to her parents.
Practice:
她的父母很不明白她为什么会和一个失业的男演员交往。
Her parents could not understand why she had taken up with an unemployed actor.
有名望有权势的男人似乎对“保姆型”的女人情有独钟，如秘
书
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、助手和乘务员等等。
Powerful men seem to take up with the young women whose job was to tend to them and care for them in some way: their secretaries, assistants, flight attendants, etc.
7．1978年以来，我国经济发展神速，相比之下，一些发达国家的经济反而滑坡了。（witness, contrast）
Translation:
Since 1978, our economy has witnessed a rapid development; in contrast that of some developed countries has declined.
Practice:
谢谢你和我分享中国的故事，我会再来中国见证她的变化。
Thanks for talking and sharing China’s story with me. I will return to China and witness all its happenings.
“十一”之前我肯定能回到中国，我个人也愿意见证中国的欢腾时刻。
I am sure to come back to China before October 1st. Personally I would like to witness the important gala of China.
8．地震切断了这个城市和外界的联系。人们的食品供应也许捱不过冬天了。（hold out）
Translation:
The earthquake isolated this city from other areas. I’m afraid their food supplies will not hold out through the winter.
Practice:
如果供给品充裕的话，我们将在此继续露营一个星期。
If our supplies hold out, we will camp here for another week.
那位飞行员说，因为缺乏燃料，他只能再坚持一小时，然后就不得不把飞机降落在水面上。
The pilot said he could hold out for another hour before he would have to ditch the plane because of lack of fuel.
VI Writing Practice
Paragraph development — the topic sentence
A topic sentence is a statement of the controlling idea that the rest of the paragraph clarifies, exemplifies, or supports. It is usually the most general statement of the paragraph but meanwhile specific enough so that it can be fully developed in a single paragraph. A good topic sentence promises what is to come.
A good topic sentence has three characteristics: it includes a topic and a controlling idea; it is limited; and it lends itself to development.
Exercise 1. Write a topic sentence to sum up the following details.
Set A
1. Denver, Colorado, is named for James Denver, a soldier and administrator of the Western frontier.
2. Mississippi’s capital Jackson is named after the seventh President of the United States.
3. Cleveland, Ohio’s largest city, gets its name from Moses Cleveland, a man who invested a lot of money in the area.
Topic sentence: Many American cities are named after important people who are or were locally or nationally famous.
Set B
Topic sentence: Happiness means different things to different people.
Exercise 2. For each of the following two paragraphs, the topic sentence has been taken out. Read them carefully and work out for each paragraph a topic sentence that you think can hold all the following details together.
A. The problem isn’t that there’s no interest in teaching. I constantly meet young people who’ve graduated from colleges and have signed up for teaching in some of the country’s toughest urban public schools. They are strongly interested in helping those so-called difficult kids. They find the work extraordinarily rewarding; the kids they teach benefit from their creativity and enthusiasm. But by the end of two years, most have either changed careers or moved to suburban schools — a consequence of low pay, a lack of support from the educational bureaucracy, and an overwhelming feeling of isolation, but never because of the lack of interest in teaching.
B. It means paying teachers what they’re worth. There’s no reason why an experienced, highly qualified, and effective teacher shouldn’t earn $100,000 annually at the peak of his or her career. Highly skilled teachers in such critical fields as math and science — as well as those willing to teach in the toughest urban schools — should be paid even more.
Unit3
Text comprehension
I. C
II. 1. F; 2. T; 3. F; 4. T; 5. F.
III.
1. Paragraph 4: She fled 逃往from Germany to Belgium to escape fascism 法西斯主义; then moved to Paris, surviving the occupation 侵略占领时期by placing German subtitles 字幕on French films.
2. Anne is an independent and honest lady.
3. Paragraph 10: Anne assured her husband that he’d done the right thing. This means she appreciated his decision.
4. Paragraph 8: she could endure difficulties in the hardest time but she couldn’t tolerate her husband’s complaints and feeling sorry for himself.自我难过/自责/自惭形秽.
5. Paragraph 12: She believes in tough love, and doesn’t let him just lie around but forces him to overcome his troubles.
IV.
1. But I also made some effort to adjust myself.
2. …because I am sometimes too proud of myself.
Structural analysis
Chronological account (Paragraph 1—2) – (Paragraph 8) –(Paragraph 14).
Flashback (Paragraph 3—4) –(Paragraph 5—7) –(Paragraph 9—10) –(Paragraph 11—13)
Chronological account (1—2) –Flashback (3—4) –(5—7) –Chronological account (8) –Flashback (9—10) –(11—13) –Chronological account (14).
Section Four Consolidation Activities
Part one. Vocabulary
I. Phrase
1. tie the knot = get married
2. given that = if one takes into account that 考虑到，假定
3. then and there = at that time and place, esp. without any delay 当场，当时当地
4. in the midst of = when 在……之中，当……的时候
5. set … apart = distinguish 使分离，区别
II.
1. wrapped up; 2. fatal; 3. fluent; 4. has undergone; 5. stretch out; 6. financed; 7. consequences; 8. neighbourhood.
III. Word derivation
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the given words.
1. The principal would be less insistent (insist) on kids wearing school uniforms if the school had to pay for them.
2. It’s so depressing (depress) the way no one seems to care what’s happening to this country.
3. I really miss my mother. My only consolation (console) is that her suffering was not prolonged.
4. The progressive Chinese intellectuals in the early days of the 20th century drew much of their inspiration (inspire) from the revolutionary ideas flooding out of Europe at that time.
5. Three people were killed in a head-on collision (collide) between a bus and a car.
6. Much progress has been made in the diagnosis (diagnostic) of genetic disease.
7. Then suddenly, despite all their assurance (assure) they broke the agreement and signed a deal with a rival company.
8. A heavy concentration of the drug may produce dizziness or even unconsciousness (unconscious).
1. insist (v.) 坚持；强调
insistence n. 坚持，坚决主张；强调
insistent a. 坚持的
2. depress v. 使沮丧；降低，压下；压抑
depressed a. 沮丧的；降低的；不景气的
depressing a. 令人沮丧的
depression n. 沮丧；萧条
3. console v. 安慰，慰藉
consolation n. 安慰，慰藉
consolatory a. 慰问的，可慰藉的
4. inspire v. 使……感动；激发；煽动
inspiration n. 灵感，启示
inspiring a. 令人振奋的，激励人的，鼓舞人心的
5. collide v. 碰撞，互撞；抵触
collision n. 碰撞，冲突
6. diagnose v. 判断，诊断（疾病）
diagnostic a. 特征的；诊断的
diagnosis n. 诊断
7. assure v. 使确信，使放心；确保
assurance n. 保证；确信，肯定；自信
assured a. 确实的，保障的；有自信的
8. unconscious a. 失去知觉的
unconsciously ad. 无意识地，不知不觉地
unconsciousness n. 无意识，意识不清，失去知觉
IV.
1. A; 2. B; 3. C; 4. D; 5. C; 6. D; 7. A; 8. D.
V. Synonym / Antonym
Give a synonym or an antonym of the word underlined in each sentence in the sense it is used.
1. My Stroke of Luck
Synonym: fortune
2. At dinner with friends, she’d set a place for me as if it were the most natural thing in the world to eat lying on the couch.
Antonym: unnatural, artificial
3. Noel and I survived, but the men in the plane died instantly.
Synonym: immediately
4. Anne has such good judgment and intuition, she rarely makes a wrong decision.
Synonym: seldom, hardly
5. When we went out, Anne would put me in the rear of the station wagon, where I could stretch out.
Synonym: back
6. In L.A., I could get the best care for my spinal injury and start seeing psychiatrists for my very real “survivor’s guilt”.
Antonym: innocence
7. Born in Hanover, Germany, she fled to Belgium to escape fascism as a teenager.
Synonym: escaped
8. After our first meeting, I called to invite her to supper at Tour d’Argent, one of Paris’s best restaurants, with fantastic views of the Seine.
Synonym: marvelous, wonderful, terrific
4 Prefix / Suffix
Write in each space one word that has the same stem as underlined in each given word.
1. intend pretend
2. implicit explicit
3. occur recur
4. transfer refer
5. admit commit
6. reject inject
7. express depress
8. conform reform
Part two Grammar Exercises
1. Negation and inversion
Inversion involves putting an auxiliary verb before the subject of a clause. In formal English, it is quite common to use inversion after negative adverbial expressions and restrictive words such as only, never, hardly, little and seldom.
e. g. At no time did he get permission for what he was doing.
Not until the next morning did she realize how serious it was.
Only later did they learn his terrible secret.
Hardly had we walked in the door when the phone started ringing.
In some negative sentences, “not” is to negate the predicates in form, but actually it is used to negate other elements of those negative sentences. Therefore, while translating, we should transfer the negation in some cases.
e. g. Every man cannot be a scientist.
A high executive does not have a large vocabulary merely because of the opportunities of his position.
A negative may be transferred from a certain part of the sentence to another in translation.
e. g. We don’t believe that our mother tongue is inferior to any other language in the world.
I don’t think Father will fancy living an idle life like that.
I.
Change each sentence into a negative with the given word.
1. I hope it will rain. (not)
I hope it will not rain.
2. She has seldom been so successful before.
Seldom has she been so successful before.
3. You will find gold in Iceland. (nowhere)
Nowhere in Iceland will you find gold.
4. Donald had never imagined that this strange incident would help him to find a job.
Never had Donald imagined that this strange incident would help him to find a job.
5. He had scarcely any time to pack his suitcase.
Scarcely had he any time to pack his suitcase.
6. In no circumstances must you tell him this secret.
7. We rarely get more than three consecutive days of hot weather in summer.
Rarely do we get more than three consecutive days of hot weather in summer.
8. I had ever worked hard as I did yesterday. (hardly)
I had hardly ever worked as hard as I did yesterday.
Hardly had I ever worked as hard as I did yesterday.
II.
1. 无爱之人不可能真正幸福。
2．人人皆有过失。
3．闪光的并非都是金子。
4．这些都不是白做的。
5．我不明白他为什么不在这儿。
6．能不做的事她决不会做。
7．我认为他没说真话。
8．玛丽只求安宁。
2. Unit noun
There are a number of nouns in English which can be used with mass nouns to indicate units that you can count after all. Some of the other unit nouns have more restricted collocations: they combine with certain nouns but not with others. Here are a few examples:
a slice of cake
a loaf of bread
a lump of sugar
a pinch or grain of salt
a stroke of luck
Complete each sentence with an appropriate expression of quantity from the box below.
an ear of a blade of a litter of a head of
a lump of a piece of a flash of a herd of
1. The teacher wrote the words with ___a piece of_____ chalk.
2. a lump of
3. There wasn’t ___an ear of____ corn left in the vegetable garden.
4. a flash of
5. a head of
6. a blade of
7. a herd of
8. Tom found __a litter of__ five pups in the backyard.
3. as … as, as vs. like
“As … as” is used as comparative subordinating conjunctions to join two clauses.
e. g. The house was as large as two put together.
The coat of paint is not as fresh as it used to be.
“Like” (when used to mean “similar to”) is a preposition. “As” (when used to mean “in the same manner”) is a conjunction. Prepositions govern nouns, pronouns, and words used as nouns. Conjunctions join clauses.
e. g. Do as I say!
He eats like a pig.
When used as a preposition, “as” means “in the position of, in the form of”.
e. g. Dad dressed up as Santa Claus.
Insert as or like as appropriate in each sentence.
1. In 1939, ___as___ in 1941, there was a great surge of patriotic feeling.
2. as; 3. like; 4. like; 5. as; 6. like; 7. like; 8. like; 9. as; 10. as.
V.
VI.
1. as if:
2. After all:
Part three. Translation exercises
I.
1．1995年我中风后情绪低落，常常有自杀的念头，她又一次救了我。
2．安妮帮助我度过了一些最困难的时刻，这可不是件容易的事，因为我有时候是个自负的演员。
3．在我刚刚摆脱死神，还沉浸在劫后痛苦中的时候，她一直安慰我，但她不能容忍我自怨自艾——她把这个看得很重。
4．她通过帮助别人——如和病友们谈心，交流她的经验，与六位癌症康复者一起建立了妇女癌症研究会——和癌症作斗争，并且彻底康复了。
II.
1. 那些粉丝在雨中苦苦等了足足两个小时，这位“超女”才到达。（show up）
Translation:
The fans waited anxiously in the rain for two hours before the “super girl” finally showed up.
Practice:
令我百思不解的是他们为什么没有出现。
What puzzles me is why they didn’t show up.
一月份举行的首届美国电影学院大奖被戏称为“逃兵奖”，因为该奖项的17名得主中有11名没有出席颁奖典礼。
The first American Film Institute Awards ceremony, held in January, was instantly dubbed the “MIA awards” because 11 of the 17 winners didn’t show up.
2. 他们恋爱八年，经历了种种苦难，才终成良缘。（go through）
Translation:
They have been in love for eight years, and they went through many agonies before they finally got married.
Practice:
所有产品在整个生产过程中都必须通过五道质量检查关。
All products have to go through five quality checks in the whole manufacturing process.
为了正义事业赴汤蹈火，在所不辞。
I wouldn’t hesitate to go through fire and water for the just cause.
3．I was upset by the loss of my wallet, but I could only console myself—it coiuld have been worse. What if I had lost my passport at the airport?
4．Given his age and inexperience / Given that he was young and inexperienced, his performance in his first movie was excellent.
5．经理每次出差都授权助理代理他的事务，因为公司业务不容拖延。（authorize）
Translation:
Every time he left on business, the manager would authorize his assistant to act for him, as the business of the company couldn’t wait.
Practice:
地方政府批准建造一个新机场。
The local government authorized the construction of a new airport.
中央人民政府根据需要授权或协助香港特别行政区政府作出适当安排。
The Central People’s Government shall, if necessary, authorize or assist the government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region to make appropriate arrangements.
6．The poor old man did not have much to eat but he kept healthy because he believed in the benefit of doing exercise.
7．Of all the ancient civilizations, only that of China has endured through the ages and is still full of vitality.
8．和许多其他作家一样，这位青年作家主要叙写爱情这个永恒的主题，他的出众之处在于他对中国农村生活的深刻体验。（focus, set apart）
Translation:
Like many other writers, this young writer focuses on the eternal theme of love. What sets him apart from others is his keen observations of rural life in China.
Practice:
这个
方案
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区别于其他方案的原因在于它有可行性。
What sets this proposal apart from others is its feasibility.
在这次选美比赛中，她的美貌、优雅和机智都比其他参赛选手略胜一筹。
In this beauty contest, her beauty, grace and wits all set her apart from other contestants.
VI Writing Practice
Paragraph development — Illustration
Explanation and illustration are two of the most basic devices we employ to develop a paragraph based on a topic sentence.
Explanation, illustrative numbers, statistics, or examples used in a writing helps the writer:
·to explain the idea, concept, or term that is new to the general reader
·to put new meanings into a seemingly old concept
·to make his argument effective and convincing
·to help the readers understand what has led up to the current scene, situation, or result
Exercises: Write two separate paragraphs respectively based on the following two topic sentences with explanation and illustrative examples.
1. Violence is destroying the sport of soccer in China.
Ideas for reference:
A football player’s leg was broken by his rival.
Players attack each other.
Stars hurt people in pubs and on the street.
They promote the sales of newspapers but alienate people from the sport.
Sample:
Violence is destroying the sport of soccer in China. Just a few months ago, one of the country’s top football clubs lost its best striker, a player from Honduras. He had been in only less than half a season in China before his left leg was so severely and “skillfully” broken by his rival in an otherwise dull match that he was sent back to his own country to recover. Almost every other week, players are seen on live TV kicking, punching, or spitting on each other, or even worse, the referee. Off field, China’s football players are also violently active. Now and then, stories of some star attacking people in pubs late at night, or on the street in broad daylight, make newspaper headlines. They promote the sales of newspapers but alienate more and more people from the sport. It has lost most of its audience. The number of TV viewers regularly watching live broadcasting of football matches has been decreasing. Sponsors are worried. They do not want to burn money for this bloody sport.
2. College students should have more (less) time of their own.
Ideas for reference:
a lot of assignments from different courses
desire to probe into territories outside majors
need to discover more about ourselves
want to go deep into the real world
Sample:
College students should have more time of their own. Last week, my Reading class teacher required us to read a 300-page novel; my Communicative English course teacher asked us to prepare a short play within three days; the professor who teaches us grammar told us that a test would be given on all the three new units of this semester; and, as the last straw, the composition teacher expressed his opinion that, in order to improve our writing skill, we should “write something” every day and she expected us to complete a 200-word essay during the weekend. All these conscientious and responsible teachers seem to think that they are just helping us. Apparently it never occurs to them that we college students should have more time of our own to do a lot of other things as well as school assignments. Yes, I am an English major, but that does not mean I have already made up my mind about my future career path. I want to have time to discover about other fields of knowledge. Likewise, students of other majors might also desire to probe into territories outside their own special branch of learning. And that takes time. In addition, we also need to discover more about ourselves: what we have a passion for, what we would really hate to do, where our strengths really lie, which section of the future job market would offer the best opportunities. Lastly, we need time to play, to make friends, to go deep into the real world outside our classrooms. If we are always buried in our teachers’ assignments, we will lose so much and, in the end, lose ourselves.
Unit4
Text comprehension
I. B II. 1. T; 2. F; 3. T; 4. T; 5. T.
III.
1. “snail mail”.
2. “an essential stepping stone on the road to success”.
3. “the profound relationship between language and culture that lies at the heart of society”.
4. “the means to shape our views of the world”.
5. “to negotiate the boundaries between languages and to compromise in translation”.
6. “to use linguistic skills, to think differently, to enter into another culture’s mentality and to shape language accordingly”.
IV.
1. with convenient ways to reach any part of the world.
2. It seems that everyone is able to always get in touch with anyone else if he or she can afford to.
3. is the most important to society.
4. a fundamental skill in today’s world, where different cultures interact.
5. are finding ways to interrelate different cultures.
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