英语国家概况教案（英文）

英语国家概况教案（英文） 英语家精语系列;一,国概况 Chapter 1 Land and People I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英的不同名及其各语成部分国称 1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名,不列语群语～大不列语和英格语。称 2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名,大不列语及北语语语语合王。称国 3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones. 不列语群语由大语大不列语语;语大的一,和语语语语～及成千上万小语语成。两个—个个 4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales. 大不列语语上有三政治,英格语、语格语和威语士。个区 (1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section. 英格语位于大不列语语南部～是最大～人口最稠密的地。区 (2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh语格语位于大不列语的北部。有三大自然,北部高地～中部低地及南部山陵。首它区 府,语丁堡。 (3) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff 威语士位于大不列语的西部。首府,加的夫 (4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast.北语语语是英第四域。首府,语语法斯特。国个区 5.The Commonwealth (of nations) is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. It was founded in 1931, and has 50 member countries until 1991. 1 英语邦是曾语英殖民地的、但语已立家所成的自由语合。成立于国独国构体它年1931 至年止已有个国成语。199050 英的地理特征国II. Geographical Features 1.Geographical position of Britain: 英的地理位置,国 Britain is an island country surrounded by the sea. It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east. 英是一语。位于大西洋北部～洲大语的北海岸隔海相望。南面的英吉国个国它与欧 利海和语面的北海洲其部分隔语。峡将它与欧它 2.The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands; and the east and southeast are mostly lowlands. 英的西部和北部主要是高地～语部和语南部主要是低地。国 河流湖泊与III. Rivers and Lakes Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in Britain (1,343m). 本尼语斯山语英最高峰～海拔国米。1,343 Severn River is the longest river in Britain (338km). 塞文河是英最语的河流。全语国公里。338 Thames River is the second longest and most important river in Britain. (336km).泰晤士河是英第二大河～也是英最重要的河。全语国国公里。336 Lough Neagh is the largest lake in Britain which is located in Northern Ireland. (396 square kilometres). 语湖;伊湖,是英最大的湖～位于北语语语。面语语内国平方公里。396 River Clyde is the most important river in Scotland. 克德河是语格语最重要的河流。莱 2 ;,Snowdonia is the highest mountain in Wales.1,085m 斯语多尼语是威语士的最高点～海拔米。1,085 气候IV. Climate 英有利的候件,国气条1. Britain's favorable climate Britain has a maritime climate-winters are not too cold and summers are not too hot. It has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The temperature varies within a small range. 英于海洋性候,冬季不语于寒冷～夏季不语于炎语。全年有语定可的降雨量国属气靠 气温语化幅度小。 2.The factors influence the climate in Britain: 影英候的因素,响国气 ,1The surrounding waters tend to balance the seasonal differences by heating up the land in winter and cooling it off in summer; 语语四周的海水。冬天～海水可使语升高～夏天语使降低～而起到平衡内气温气温从 季语差的作用～温 ,2The prevailing south-west winds or the Westerlies blow over the country all the year round bringing warm and wet air in winter and keeping the temperatures moderate; 一年四季盛行的西南语和西语在冬季大西洋语暖、潮的空～使适宜从来温湿气气温～ ,3The North Atlantic Drift passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them. 北大西洋暖流语不列语群语西海岸～使候语暖。气 降雨量,3.Rainfall 3 Britain has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The average annual rainfall in Britain is over 1,000mm. There is a water surplus in the north and west, and a water deficit in the south and east. 英全年降雨量语定～平均降雨量超语国毫米。 英北部、西部雨量语多～但是国1000 南部、语部有所缺乏。 人口 V. The People 人口分布,1.population distribution Britain has a population of about 57 millions and it is very unevenly distributed. 90% of the population is urban and only 10% is rural. The population of Britain is made up mainly of the English (81.5%), the Scottish (9.6%), the Welsh (1.9%), the Irish (2.4%), the Northern Irish (1.8%) and other peoples (2.8%). 英人口语国万～分布不均～极匀是城市人口～只有是语村人口。英国57090%10% 人口语成语,英格语人;,～语格语人;,～威语士人;,～语语语人、81.5%9.6%1.9% 北语语语人和其他民族居民。 2.The difference between the ancestors of the English and Scots, Welsh and Irish:英语三语民族的祖先, The ancestors of the English are Anglo-Saxons, the Scots, Welsh and Irish are Celts. 英格语人祖先于格语语克语人～而语格语、威语士和语语语人于语语特人。属盎—属 个性差语,3.The difference in character The Welsh are emotional and cheerful people. They are music lovers and are proud of their past. 威语士人感情富～情语高语～语语音语～语语去感到自豪。丰 The Scots are said to be a serious, cautious and thrifty people, and they are also hospitable, generous and friendly. 4 语格语人通常被语语语语、语而且语语～但是他语同语也语情、大方且友好。慎 语语语人充语魅力～生性活语。The Irish are charm and vivacity. 4.The difference in speech between southern England and northern England:英格语南方人和北方人语言上的差语, Southerners speak the type of English close to BBC English; In northern England, regional speech is usually "broader" than that of southern England. 南方人语的英语接近～北英格语人的语音通常要比南英格语人语。BBC 威语士人以语语的方式使他语5.The Welsh keep their language and culture in this way: 的语言及文化保持活力。 Throughout the year they have festivals of song and dance and poetry called Eisteddfodau. The great event of the year is the National Eisteddfod. On these occasions competitions are held in Welsh poetry, music, singing and art.一年中他语有之语“语语年”的唱歌、跳舞、语歌语。一年中最重要的语日是全语歌称会国 音语比语。在那里语行威语士语歌、音语、唱歌和语语比语。会会 北语语语存在的主要语语,6.The main problem in Northern Ireland: The fight between the Protestants who are the dominant group, and the Roman Catholics, who are seeking more social, political and economic opportunities. 作语语治者的新徒和 要求 对教师党员的评价套管和固井爆破片与爆破装置仓库管理基本要求三甲医院都需要复审吗 更多社、政治及语语语利的语语天主徒之语的斗。教会教争 移民,7.Immigrants: About three million have come to Britain to live and find work since World War II.自二语以语有三百万人英生活、工作。从来来国 Chapter 2 第二章 The Origins of a Nation (5000BC-1066) 英的起源;公元前国年—年, 50001066 5 ;,I.Early Settlers 5000BC-55BC 早期的居民;公元前年公元前—年,500055 ,1The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians.人语所知的英最早居民是伊比利人。国来 , 2At about 2000 BC the Beaker Folk arrived from the areas now know as Holland and Rhineland. 语公元前年～语在的荷语和茵语地了语口陶器人。从莱区来2000 , 3The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC.语公元前年～克语特人到不列语语。来700 , 4The Celts came to Britain in three main waves. 克语特人到不列语有三次高潮。来 The first wave were the Gaels-came about 600 BC.第一次高潮是语公元前年盖语人的语。来600 The second wave were the Brythons-came about 400 BC.第二次高潮是语公元前年布立语;不列语,人的抵。达400 The third wave were the Belgae-came about 150 BC.第三次是语公元前年比利其人的到。达150 II. Roman Britain (55BC-410AD) 语语人语治语期的英;公元前国年—年,55410 1.British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. In 55BC and 54BC, Julius Caesar, a Roman general, invaded Britain twice. In AD 43, the Emperor Claudius invaded Britain successfully. For nearly 400 years, Britain was under the Roman occupation, though it was never a total occupation.有语语的英语史语始于语语人的入侵。公元前国年和年～语语语朱略斯将语撒次入两5554? 侵英～均未成功。直到公元国年～克语语才成功占语不列语。近四百年里～英将国43 人语于语语人的占语下～但语并非是完全的占语。 6 2. Roman’s influence on Britain. The Roman built many towns, road, baths, temples and buildings. They make good use of Britain’s natural resources. They also brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain. 语语人修建了语多城语～网澡很国道路～堂～语宇和其他建筑物。他语语好地利用了英 的自然语源。语语人语把基督教教语语新宗语到不列语。 3.Reasons for limited Roman influence on Britain. 语语语不列语的影有响限的原因。 First, the Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class. Second, never during the 4 centuries did the Romans and Britons intermarry. Third, the Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinary Britons.首先～语语人把不列语人作当隶属来奴语段的民语待。其次～在四世语语语语人和不列语人 通婚。最后～语语人也未影响普通不列语人的语言和文化。 前些天～友网语了我一好的个很个建语。就是在每部分的语解前～先语要介语一Samy 下本次语解的内你容。我也语得有了语语的语要介语～就可以使语一目了然～然后再看 后面的具容体内个～就比语容易理解。但是由于语语要是我自己语语而成～有些地方 可能语存在一些缺陷～语望大广朋友能语语解。 Summary: This is the second part of Chapter 2 (The Origins of a Nation). It introduced some important events and important people in England from 446 to 1066. These most important events are The Anglos-Saxons’ invasion; The Viking and Danish Invasions and The Norman Conquest. 语要,语是第二章“家的起源”的第二部分。在语一部分里～主要是国国介语了英( 从公元年到年所语生的重要事件及人物。语些重要事件分语是格语撒克盎—4461066 语人的入侵～北海和欧盗麦丹人的入侵及语曼征服。 ) III. The Anglo-Saxons (446-871) 盎—格语撒克语人;公元年,446—871 7 , 1Basis of Modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons. 盎—国格语语克语语代;奠定了英的基语, In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came to Britain. They were three Teutonic tribes. The Jutes, who fished and farmed in Jutland, came to Britain first. A Jutish chief became the King of Kent in 449. Then the Saxons, users of the short-sword from northern Germany, established their kingdom in Essex, Sussex and Wessex from the end of the 5th century to the beginning of the 6th century. In the second half of the 6th century. In the second half of the 6th century, the Angles, who also came from northern Germany and were to give their name to the English people, settled in East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. These seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria have been given the name of Heptarchy. 五世语中～朱特人、撒克语人和格语人不入侵不列语。语是三叶盎断条支日耳曼;语, 部落。 居住在朱特语语;语丹麦从来从国南部,上事打语语耕的朱特人先抵不列语。后德北部 来国从的使用短语的撒克语人在埃撒克斯、语塞克斯和威塞克斯建立了王～语治期五 世语末至六世语初。六世语后半叶来国盎盎麦～同语自德北部的格语人～在语格利语、西 语以及语森伯利定居～同语也他语也来国个国把名字语了英人。语七主要王;肯特、埃 塞克斯、语塞克斯、威塞克斯、语格利语、西语和语盎麦称国森伯利语,～合语七王。 ,2The early Anglo-Saxons converted to Christianity. 最早的格语撒克语人盎—教改信基督。 The Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain. Christianity soon disappeared, except among the Celts of Cornwall, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. In 597, Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine, the Prior of St. Andrew’s Monastery in Rome, to England to convert the heathen English to Christianity. In 579 St. Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. He was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility, but the conversion of the common people was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks in the north. 8 盎—教国格语撒克语人把日耳曼宗语到了英。除了康瓦语、威语士、语格语和语语语中的克语特 人语信奉基督外教教很～基督快就消失了。公元～教圣皇格里高一世把语语安597 德语修道院的副院语圣奥异教国皈古斯丁派遣到英格语～其使命是使徒的英人依基 督教。公元年圣奥教国皈教古丁成语坎特伯雷大主。在使王和语族依基督方面～579 奥皈很教古斯丁特语成功。但是普通人的依大程度上语功于北部修士语的语活语。 ,3The Early Anglo-Saxons make the contributions to the English state.早期格语撒克语人语英盎—国献做出的语。 The Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state. Firstly, they divided the country into shires, with shire courts and shire reeves, or sheriffs, responsible for administering law. Secondly, they devised the narrow-strip, three-field farming system which continued to the 18th century. Thirdly, they also established the manorial ;, system. Finally, they created the Witancouncil or meeting of the wisemento advise the king, the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today.盎—国国国划格语撒克语人语英家的形成打下了基语。首先～他语把家分语郡～郡法庭 和郡法官、或行政司法语官语语语法。其次～他语语语的窄条三圃田语耕制延用至世语。18 此外～他语语建立了语地制。最后～他语语语立了语会语人语会～向国王提供建语～语就成() 语了今天仍存在的密枢院的基语。 ,IVViking and Danish invasions 北海和欧盗麦丹人的入侵 ,1The invaders were the Norwegians and the Danes. They attacked various parts of England from the end of the 8th century. They became a serious problem in the 9th century, especially between 835 and 878. They even managed to capture York, an important center of Christianity in 867. By the middle of 9th century, the Viking and the Danes were posing a threat to the Saxon kingdom of Wessex. 入侵者是威人和挪麦从丹人～世语末语始～他语不语语英格语的各地方。断个世语～89 尤其是公元年语已成语语重语语。他语甚至占语了语克郡～公元年语的基督教835-878867 中心。到世语中～北海和叶欧盗麦国丹人威语到撒克语人的威撒克斯王的安全。9 9 ,2King Alfred (849-899) and his contributions 艾语弗雷德王;国,和他所做出的语献849-899 Alfred was a king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them in 879. The Danes gained control of the north and east, while he ruled the rest. He also converted some leading Danes into Christians. He founded a strong fleet and is known as “ the father of the British navy”. He reorganized the Saxon army, making it more efficient. He translated a Latin book into English. He also established schools and formulated a legal system. All this earns him the title “Alfred the Great.” 阿语弗雷德是威塞克斯的王。他国麦并打语了丹人～于公元年他语成了友与达879 好语语。语语语定丹麦麦区区人控制英格语北部和西部;丹法,～而他语治其他地。他语语 服一些丹麦教首语成语基督徒。 他因语建立了强大语语～而以“英海语之国父”语名于世。他改语了“弗立德”;撒克 语语语,～使之更语高效。他一本将翻学并拉丁语的语语成英语。同语他语建立了校～且语明 了法律 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 。所有语一切使他之当称号无愧于“阿语弗雷德大王。”的。 ,VThe Norman Conquest (1066) 语曼征服;公元年,1066 ,1Reasons for William’s invasion of England after Edward’s death. 威廉在语德语死后入侵英的国原因。 It was said that king Edward had promised the English throne to William, but the Witan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, during the important battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him. One Christmas Day, William was crowned king of England, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England. 据语～语德语王曾国会国答语把英格语王位语语语曼底公爵威廉～但是语人语挑语了哈语德语 王。公元年月～在哈斯丁斯附近的激烈交语中～威廉打语了哈语德语语～同语106610 哈语德也在此语中语争死。 10 ,2The Norman Conquest and its consequences 语曼征服及其语生的影。响 The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and the civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners and architecture were introduced. The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts. 年的语曼征服也语是英语史上的最国几没著名事件。征服者威廉乎收了所有土1066 地～其分语语他的语将随曼追者。他用强有力的语曼政府代替了语弱的语克语政府。于是～ 封建制度在英国与欧完全建立。语放了洲大语的语系～文明和商语得到语展～引语了语 曼—国教会与教会与法文化、语言、语止和建筑。语语的语系更语密切～法庭世俗法庭分 离。 ,3The English is a mixture of nationalities of different origins. The ancestors of many English people were the ancient Angles and Saxons. Some English people are of the Norman-French origin. 英是一国个体国国盎集不同民族于一的家。语多英人的祖先是古格语和撒克语人。而 语有一些英人的是语国曼血语。 This is one of the most difficult parts. In this part, I will introduce some Kings in English history and their reformations. Though we have to remember a lot of things in this part, we also learn more about English history. Chapter 3 第三章The Shaping of the Nation (1066-1381) 英的国形成;公元, 1066-1381 11 I. Norman Rule (1066-1381) 语曼语治;公元,1066-1381 ;,1. William's Rule 1066-1087 威廉一世的语治;公元,1066-1087 England's feudalism under the rule of William the Conqueror在威廉语治下的英国封建制度 ?Under William, the feudal system in England was completely established. ??According to this system, the King owned all the land personally. William gave his barons large estates in England in return for a promise of military service and a proportion of the land's produce. These estates were scattered far and wide over the? country, so that those who held them could not easily combine to rebel the king. ?The barons, who had become William's tenants-in-chief, parceled out land to the lesser nobles, knights and freemen, also in return for goods and services. At the? bottom of the feudal scale were the villeins or serfs. One peculiar feature of the? feudal system of England was that all landowners must take the oath of ～allegiancenot only to their immediate lord, but also to the king.在威廉语治下～英的国确国国封建制度得到完全立。?根据此制度～王语有全? 所有土地。?威廉把英的大国条片土地分语语族～件是语取语方服役和收租。?语些地 语分散于各语～语语土地语有者就不易语合起来国国反叛王。?已成语王土地承租人的语 族又把土地分配语小语族、语士和自由民～同语语取语物和服役。?在封建等语底语的是语 奴。?英国独封建制有的特色就是～无语是土地承租人语是二佃语～都必语要宣誓效 忠于直接语主～而且要效忠于王。国 2. King Henry II and his reforms 亨利二世国王和他的改革 The ways King Henry II consolidate the monarchy. 亨利二世固君巩径主制的途。 Henry II took some measures to consolidate the monarchy. He forced the Flemish mercenaries to leave England; recalled grants of Royal lands made by his previous 12 king Stephen; demolished many castles built in Stephen’s time; strengthened and widened the powers of his sheriffs and relied for armed support upon a militia composed of English freemen. 亨利二世采取了一些措施固君巩佣离主制。他迫使弗语德斯雇语语英～国蒂收回史语 芬森语出皇室土地～拆几蒂并除十座史芬森语造德城堡～加强语大了他的行政语官语 的语力～依靠国由英自由民语成的民兵语取语事支持。 The ways Henry II reform the courts and the law. 亨利二世语法院及法律语行改革的方式。 King Henry II greatly strengthened the Court and extended its judicial work. He divided the whole country into six circuits and appointed justices to each. Cases were therefore heard before the intermittent justices who applied the law impartially. During his reign, a common law was gradually established in place of the previous laws of the local barons. He also introduced a new jury system to replace the old ordeal-based trial system. Besides, he shifted the trial of clergymen charged with criminal offenses from the Bishop's court to the King's court. 亨利二世大大加强了王家法院～语展了其司法工作的语语范语。他全分语将国个六语制 区并。案件更多地由巡回法官语理～不偏不倚地使用法律。在他语治语期～逐语建立 起超越地方语主法律的普遍法。另旧残外～他用陪语语制度代替了的酷的语判制度。 他语持被控犯有刑事罪的神语人语语由王法国教庭语判～而不由主法庭语判。 ,IIContents and the significance of the Great Charter 《大语章》的内容及意语 Great Charter was signed by King John in 1215 under the press of the barons. It consists of sixty-three clauses. Its important provisions are as follows: (1) no tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council; (2) no freemen should be arrested, imprisoned or deprived of their property; (3) the Church should possess all its rights, together with freedom of elections; (4) London and other towns should retain their traditional rights and privileges, and (5) there should be the same weights and measures throughout the country. Although The Great Charter has long been 13 popularly regarded as the foundation of English liberties, it was a statement of the feudal and legal relationships between the Crown and the barons, a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the powers of the king. The spirit of the Great Charter was the limitation of the powers of the king, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land. 《大语章》是语翰国王年在封建语族语力下语定的。《大语章》语共条～其中最重121563 要的内容是,未语大语同会税意～不得征～只有根据国家有语法律才能逮捕、(1) (2) 语禁自由人以及语他语的语语～剥教会语享受其所有语利且有语语自由～;, 语敦和(3)4 其城语语保它留其古语的语力和特语～全要使用语一的重量和语度度量衡。国尽管人(5) 语普遍语语《大语章》语英的自由国国奠定了基语～但语语章只是语定王和语族之语封建语系 和法律语系的文件～保语了的自由～教会国国限制了王语利。《大语章》的精神是限制 王语力～使其在英国内封建法律允语的范语活语。 III.The origins of the English Parliament 英语语的起源国会 The Great Council is known to be the prototype of the current British Parliament. In 1265, Simon de Montfort summoned the Great Council, together with two knights from each county and two citizens from each town. It later developed into the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Its main role was to offer advice. There were no elections or parties. And the most important part of Parliament was the House of Lords. 大语是会当国会今英语语的原型。年～西语德孟福语召语大语～各语有名语士～各会两1265 语有名市民加。大语语两参会来会展到后演语成语～分语上语院和下语院。其作用是咨语而 非决没党会定～也有语语和政。语的最重要的部分是上语院。 ,IVThe Hundred Years' War and its consequences. 百年语及其语争果 The Hundred Years’ War refers to the war between England and France that lasted intermittently from 1337 to 1453. The causes of the war were partly territorial and partly economic. The territorial causes were related with the possession by the English kings of the large duchy in France, while the French kings coveted this large slice. The economic causes were connected with cloth manufacturing towns in 14 Flanders, which were the importer of English wool, but they were loyal to the French king politically. Besides, England's desire to stop France from giving aid to Scots and a growing sense of nationalism were the other causes. The English's being driven out of France is regarded as a blessing for both countries. If the English had remained in France, the superior size and wealth of France would have hindered the development of a separate English national identity, while France was hindered so long as a foreign power occupied so much French territory.百年语争指年到年英法之语一语语语的语～语的起因有语断断争争既土因素13371453 又有语语因素。语土起因尤其是英王语有法的与国国国阿基坦大片公爵语地有密切语系～ 随国国内与着法王语力日增～他语渴望占语语片在他语语土的土地。语语原因语弗语德斯有 语。弗语德斯地生语区国棉布的城语是英羊毛的主要语口商～但语些城语在政治上却效 忠法王。其他国国国国帮断原因语有英语语阻止法助语格语人～以及不语醒的民族意语。 语的语争国赶国两个国果,把英人出法语家国国都是幸事,若语人语语留在法语～那语法 国会离国国人在语土和语富上所占的语语必然阻碍分的英民族的语展～而法民族被外 国众语力占语了多的语土～语展更是语期受阻。 V. The Black Death 黑死病 The Black Death is the modern name given to the deadly epidemic disease spread by rat fleas across Europe in the 14th century. It swept through England in the summer of 1348. It reduced England's population from four million to two million by the end of the 14th century. The economic consequences of the Black Death were far-reaching. As a result of the plague, much land was left untended and there was a terrible shortage of labour. The surviving peasants had better bargaining power and were in a position to change their serfdom into paid labour. Some landlords, unable or unwilling to pay higher wages, tried to force peasants back into serfdom. In 1351 the government issued a Statute of Labourers which made it a crime for peasants to ask for more wages or for their employers to pay more than the rates laid down by the Justices of the Peace.黑死病是指由鼠疫蚤语播的致命的淋巴腺鼠疫～是一语流行疾病～在世语语播了14 到洲。欧年夏天语全英。英的人口在横国国世语末从万语至减万。134814400200 黑死病语语语造成的后果更语深语。鼠疫语致了大片土地无人照管和语语力度语乏。地主极 想把耕地语语人力需求语少的牧语。存活的语民语于有利的语价语价地位～语从佣奴语语雇语 语力。于是一些支付不起或不愿意支付语高工语的地主想方语法迫使语民重返语奴地位。 年政府语布“语工法令”～语定语民语语工语的要求～或者是雇主支付比地方官制1351 语的工语水平要高的工语都是犯罪。 VI. The Peasant Uprising of 1381 and its significance 年语民起语及其意语1381 Armed villagers and townsmen of Kent and Essex, led by Wat Tyler and Jack Straw, moved on London in June, 1381. The king was forced to accept their demands. Most of the rebels dispersed and went home, while Tyler and other leaders stayed on for more rights. Tyler was killed at a meeting with the king. The uprising was brutally suppressed, but it had far-reaching significance in English 15 history. First, it directed against the rich clergy, lawyers and the landowners. Second, it dealt a telling blow to villeinage, and third, a new class of yeomen farmers emerged, paving the way to the development of capitalism. 年月～在瓦特 泰勒和杰克 斯特语语语下～语特郡和埃塞克斯郡的语民和市民13816 武装来并国数起语语起语～向语敦语语。王被迫接受了他语的要求。大多起语语民解散回家 但泰勒和其他语的语民决来教留下要求得到更多的法律、宗和政治语利。泰勒在又一 次王的语中被语与国会死。 尽国响真会管起语被血腥语语～但在英语史上留下了深语的影。语次起语具有语的社性～ 把矛语直接语准了富有的语人语、教沉律语和地主。语次起语重打语了封建语奴制度～语生 了全新的自耕语语语～语语本主语语展语语了道路。 Chapter 4 第四章 Transition to the Modern Age (1455-1688) 向语代英的语国渡 I. Transition to the Modern Age (1455-1485) 向语代英的语国渡年年(1455-1485) The Wars of Rose 玫瑰争语语 The name Wars of the Roses was refer to the battles between the House of Lancaster, symbolized by the read rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white, from 1455 to 1485. Henry Tudor, descendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Fireld in 1485 and put ht country under the rule of the Tudors. From these Wars, English feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened.玫瑰争从语是指～语年到年～以语语玫瑰玫瑰象征的语语斯特大家族和以白14551485 语象征的语克家族之语语的争称普遍接受的名。年～语语斯特家族的后代亨利都语1485 取得了博斯沃恩语役的语利～建立了都语王朝。语些语使英的争国封建主语受到致命打 语～语族语语受到了削弱。 II. The English Reformation 英的国教宗改革 Henry VIII was above all responsible for the religious reform of the church. There were three main causes: a desire for change and reform in the church had been growing for many years and now, encouraged by the success of Martin Luther, many people believed its time had come; the privilege and wealth of the clergy were resented; and Henry needed money. 最重要的是～亨利八世语语语行的教会教个宗改革。改革原因有三主要方面,改革 教会的渴望已有多年～语在又受语丁路德成功的鼓舞～语多人语语语机已到～人语痛恨 教语人语的威望和语富～亨利需要语。 The reform began as a struggle for a divorce and ended in freedom from the Papacy. Henry VIII wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon but the Pope refused. Henry’s reforms was to get rid of the English Church’s connection with the Pope, and to make an independent Church of England. He made this break with Rome gradually between 16 1529 and 1534. He dissolved all of England’s monasteries and nunneries because they were more loyal to the Pope than to their English kings. The laws such as the Act of succession of 1534 and the Act of Supremacy of 1535 made his reform possible. He established the church of England as the national church of the country, and he made himself the supreme head of the church of England. 改革以争离脱离教与离取婚而语始～以皇而告语。亨利八世欲阿拉语的语瑟琳婚～但 是教脱国教会与教独教皇拒语了。亨利改革的目的是语英皇的语系～成立立的英格语 会。年至年语逐语地语语了语系。他与脱离国解散了所有英语的修道院和修女15291534 院～因语后者语教国国皇比语英王更忠语。年的《语位法》和年的《至尊法案》15341535 使改革具有了可行性。年他语“英格语最高首语”之。教会称号1535 Henry VIII’s reform stressed the power of the monarch and certainly strengthened Henry’s position; Parliament had never done such a long and important piece of work before, its importance grew as a result. His attack on the Pope’s power encouraged many critics of abuses of the Catholic Church. England was moving away form Catholicism towards protestaintism. 改革的三大影,响会亨利的改革强语了君主语力～自然加强了亨利的地位～语以往 从教未做语如此漫语而重要的工作～自然其重要性也有所加强～他语皇语力的打语鼓 舞语多人批语指语天主～教会并从教教希望天主语向新。 III. Elizabeth I (1558-1603) 伊莉莎白一世;年年,1558-1603 Elizabeth's religious reform and her foreign policy 伊莉莎白的宗改革教和外交政策 Elizabeth's religious reform was a compromise of views. She broke Mary's ties with Rome and restored her father's independent Church of England, i.e. keeping to Catholic doctrines and practices but to be free of the Papal control. He religious settlement was unacceptable to both the extreme Protestants known as Puritans and to ardent Catholics. For nearly 30 years Elizabeth successfully played off against each other the two great Catholic powers, France and Spain, and prevented England from getting involved in any major European conflict. Through her marriage alliances which were never materialized, Elizabeth managed to maintain a friendly relationship with France. So England wad able to face the danger from Spain. 伊莉莎白的宗改革教她断与是各语语点的妥语。中语语语语的语系～独恢语父王语立的英格语 教会教教条教她教既极～也就是语保持天主及语俗～但不受皇控制。的宗和解不被 端的新徒;徒,所接教即清教教受～也不语虔语的天主徒所接受。 近年的语语～伊莉莎白成功地令两教国国从大天主强法和西班牙互相斗语～而30 免于英国欧国冲她从体卷入任何主要的洲的突。通语未具化的语姻～伊莉莎白语法 与国国来法语持友好语系～因此英能面语自西班牙的危语。 IV. The English Renaissance 英文语语语国 Distinctive features of the English Renaissance 英文语语语的特点国 1) English culture was revitalized not so much directly by the classics as by 17 contemporary Europeans under the influence of the classics; 2) England as an insular country followed a course of social and political history which was to a great extent independent of the course of history elsewhere in Europe;3) Owing to the great genius of the 14th century poet Chaucer, the native literature was sufficiently vigorous and experienced in assimilating for foreign influences without being subjected by them; 4) English Renaissance coincided with the Reformation in England. 英文语语语的国个五特点,,英文化的语语不是直接通语国并崦古典作品～是通语受1 古典作品影同语响欧代的洲人语语的～,英格语作语一大语隔的家～其社个与离国会2 语史语程很独欧它国大程度上立于洲其家～,由于世语语大的天才语人语的叟出语314 英本文国国学国学响并从属得以蓬勃语展～能语在吸收外文影的同语～未语于地位 ,英文语语语文首先是语语的～其次才是国学学学哲的和语的～,文语语语和英格语的45 宗改革教在语语上有所交叉。 VI. The Civil Wars and their consequences Because of the absolute rule of Charles, the confrontation between Charles I and the parliament developed into the civil war. The war began on August 22,1642 and ended in 1651. Charles I was condemned to death. The English Civil War is also called the Puritan Revolution. It has been seen as a conflict between the parliament and the King, and a conflict between economic interests of the Crown. The economic interests of the urban middle classed coincided with their religious ( Puritan) ideology while the Crown’s traditional economic interests correspondingly allied with Anglican religious belief. The English Civil War not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe. It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history. 由于语语斯的“君语神授”语治语～他语的语语语与会内争展成了语。语语语始于年月16428 日～语束于年。最后语语斯被语死。221651 英语国内称清教又语徒会国冲与革命。语是语和王语的突～也是城市中语语语的语语利益语皇 室语语语语利益之语的冲与教清教突。城市中语语语语语利益语好他语的宗;,思想吻合～相 语地～皇室语语的语语利益语公的与圣会教教国内翻宗信仰相语合在一起。英语不语推了 英的国欧国内封建制度～而且语语了洲封建语语的基语。英语通常被看作是语代世界史 的语端。 The Restoration 王政语辟 When Oliver Cromwell died in 1658 and was succeeded by his son, Richard, the regime began to collapse. One of Cromwell's generals George Monck, occupied London and arranged for new parliamentary elections. The Parliament thus was elected in 1660 resolved the crisis by asking the late King's son to return from his exile in France as king Charles II. It was called the Restoration. 年利奥儿国即弗克语威语去世～他的子理语德语任语公～政语立语始瓦解。克语威语1658 的一位语语治将会蒙克占语语敦～安排新的语语语。年语出的语要求上一会国任王的1660 儿国国国从决辟子语期流亡地法回作王语语斯二世～而解了危机。语就是所语的王政语。 18 The Glorious Revolution of 1688 年光语革命1688 In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James was brought up in exile in Europe, was a Catholic. He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious vies. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years ago. So the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution. 年语语斯二世去世～由其弟詹姆斯二世语位。詹姆斯二世从欧小在洲流亡语大～1685 是天主徒～他个教弃个教国希望不放人宗信仰语治家。但是的英已不国象168840 年前那语能容忍天主徒王了。英政教当国国吁教客反语詹姆斯二世～他语呼信奉新 的王～语治语王威语入侵英语国奥国取王位。年月日威廉在托语比登语占并16881115 语语敦。语一占语相语平～未流静既国称血也未语死王～所以就语“光语革命”。 The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 年1605 The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 was the most famous of the Catholic conspiracies. On Nov. 5,1605, a few fanatical Catholics attempted to blow King James and his ministers up in the House of Parliament where Guy Fawkes had planted barrels of gun-powder in the cellars. The immediate result was the execution of Fawkes and his fellow-conspirators and imposition of severe anti-Catholic laws. The long-term result has been an annual celebration on Nov. 5, when a bonfire is lit to turn a guy and a firework display is arranged. 年的火语语语案是最著名的天主语语。教年月日～几个教狂语的天主徒16051605115 企语在语大会国窖厦炸死王和大臣～盖伊福克斯已在地放了炸语桶。语果是福克斯和 同被立语伙即教死～以及更语语的反天主法律的语语。语斯语果是每年月日语行语祝语115 式～点燃火堆焚语盖伊模语像燃并放烟火。 第五章 The Rise and Fall of the British Empire (1688-1990) 大英帝国的语衰 I. Whigs and Tories 语格人和党党托利人 These two party names originated with the Glorious Revolution (1688).语政名两个党称皆起源于年的光语革命。1688 The Whig were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists. The Whig were to form a coalition with dissident Tories in the mid-19th century and become the Liberal Party.语格人是党教教党指那些反语语语王语～支持新徒宗自由语利的人。语格人在世语中19 叶与党党持不同意语的托利人语盟语成自由。 The Tories were those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.托利人是党国党党指那些支持世语王语、不愿去除王的人。托利是保守的前身。 19 I. Agricultural Changes in the Late 18th Century 世语末的语语革命18 During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the “open-field” system ended when the Enclosure Act was passed. The movement lasted for centuries. Agricultural enclosure had good as well as bad results: 世语末、世语初的语语革命期语～随着《圈地法》的语布～语语的“语放田地”制语束。1819 圈地语持语了近一多运将个运世语。语语圈地语的利弊共存, ;, 1Farms became bigger and bigger units as the great bought up the small; 由于大语语兼并来了小语语～语语成语越越在的生语语位～ ;, 2More vegetables, more milk and more dairy produce were consumed, and diet became more varied; 人语消语的蔬菜～牛奶奶来丰及制品越越多～语食语语愈加富～ ;, 3Enclosure was a disaster for the tenants evicted from their lands by the enclosures. These peasant farmers were forced to look for work in towns. Enclosure led to mass emigration, particularly to the New World; 圈地语佃家而言是语语～他语被灾赶找运出土地～被迫到城语工作。圈地语语致了大语模 的移民～尤其是移民至新大语。 ;, 4A new class hostility was introduced into rural relationships. 语村语系中语生了新的语语语立。 II. The Industrial Revolution (1780-1830) 工语革命;,1780-1830 ,1The industrial Revolution refers to the mechanisation of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. 工语革命指的是世语末、世语初英工语的国会构机械化～以及因此而语致的社语语1718 和语语语的语化。构 ,2Britain was the first country to industrialize because of the following factors:英成语第一工语化的家～国个国原因如下, (1) Favourable geopraphical location. Britain was well placed geographically to participate in European and world trade; 语越的地理位置,英地理位置语国参与欧与越～适合洲世界语易～ (2) Political stability. Britain had a peaceful society, which, after the 17th century, was increasingly interested in overseas trade and colonies. International trade brought wealth to merchants and city bankers. They and those who had done well out of new farming methods provided capital in large quantities for industralization.政治局面语定。世语后的英社～语海国会宁静国外语易和殖民地语趣日增。语语易语商17 人和城市语行家语语富～他语加上由于新语作法而语家的人语语工语化来笔提供了大语金。 (3) Good foundation in economy. The limited monarchy which resulted from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 ensured that the powerful economic interests in the community could exert their influence over Government policy. 年光语革命限制了君主的语力～语使得强大的语语利益集语能语语政会响策施加影。1688 (4) It was a country in which the main towns were never too far from seaports, or from rivers, which could distribute their products. 20 英的主要城语国靠运皆近海港或河流～语物送便利。 (5) Britain had many rivers, which were useful for transport but also for water and steam power. Britain also had useful mineral resources.英语多河流不语用于国国交通～语提供水力及蒸汽语力。英语有可用的语语语源。 (6) British engineers had sound training as craftsmen. 英工国程语语语语有素的手工语人。 (7) The inventors were respected. They solved practical problems.语明家受人尊重～他语解决了语语语语。 (8) Probably laissez faire and “Protestant work ethic” helped.很教可能利益于“放手干”及“新工作道德”。 (9) England, Scotland, and Wales formed a customs union after 1707 and this included Ireland after 1807. So the national market was not hindered by internal customs barriers. 年后～英格语、语格语和威语士形成语语税盟～年后语语语加入。因此～全市语国17071807 不再受语于部的语内税障碍。 (10) The enclosures and other improvements in agriculture made their contributions by providing food for the rising population, labour for the factories, and some of the raw materials needed by industry. 圈地语和其语语运它厂改良语增加的人口提供了粮食～语工提供了语语力～语工语提供了 所需的一些原材料。 ,3Typical examples of the inventions during the Industrial Revolution工语革命中一些重大语新 (1) John Kay’s flying shuttle in 1733; 年～语翰语的语梭～1733 (2) James Hargreaves’ Spinning Jenny in 1766; 年詹姆士哈格里夫斯詹妮语语机～1766 (3) Richard Arkwright’s waterframe in 1769; 年理语德阿克语特的水力语语机～1769 (4) Samuel Crompton’s mule in 1779 年塞语语克朗普语的走语语语机～1779 (5) Edmund Cartwright’s power loom in 1784; 年语德蒙卡莱特特语明的力语机～1784 (6) James Watt’s steam engine in 1765. 年詹姆斯瓦特的高效蒸汽机。1765 ,4Consequences of the industrial Revolution 工语革命的语果 ;, 1Britain was by 1830 the “workshop of the world”; 英成语了“国世界工语”～ ;, 2Towns grew rapidly and became the source of the nation’s wealth.城语迅速语起～成语家语富的源国泉。 ;, 3Mechanization destroyed the livelihood of those who could not invest in it . The working men worked and lived in a appalling conditions. 21 机械化摧怕条与毁了不能投入其中的人语的生活。工人语在可的件下语语生活。 ;, 4The industrial revolution created the industrial working class, the proletariat, and it later led to trade unionism. 工语革命语生了工人语语～即来会无语语语。后形成了工制度。 III. The Chartist Movement (1836-1848) 语章语;运,1836-1848 1. Reasons for parliamentary reforms. 语会改革的原因 (1) Power was monopolized by the aristocrats. 语力由语族操语。 (2) Representation of town and country, and North and South was unfair.城语和语村～北方和南方的代 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 语不平极等。 (3) There were also various so-called rotten or pocket boroughs. 语有各语之语称区区衰语或口袋语的语。 ,2Three Reform Bills 三个改革法案 Between 1832 and 1884 three Reform Bills were passed. 年至年语通语了三个改革法案。18321884 a) The Reform Act of 1832 (also called the “Greater Charter of 1832) abolished “rotten boroughs”, and redistributed parliamentary seats more fairly among the growing tows. It also gave the vote to many householders and tenant’s, based on the value of their property. 年的《改革法案》;也语称年的大语章,语除了“衰语语”～在新语城语中语区18321832 语公平地重新分配了语席～以语语价语语基语语予语多屋主和佃家。 b) The New Poor Law of 1834 forced the poor people into work houses instead of giving them sufficient money to survive in their own homes. 年的新语困法强迫语人语工～而有语他语厂没足语的语在自己的家里生存。1834 ,3A People’s Charter 人民语章 There was widespread dissatisfaction with the Reform Act of 1832 and the New Poor Law. In 1836, a group of skilled workers and small shopkeepers formed the London Working Men’s Association. They drew up a charter of political demands (a People’s Charter) in 1838, with the intention of presenting it to Parliament. It had six points: (1)the vote for all adult males; (2)voting by secret ballot; (3)equal electoral districts; (4)abolition of property qualifications for members of Parliament; (5)payment of members of Parliament; (6)annual Parliaments, with a General Election every June. 年的《改革法案》和《新语困法》引起了普遍不语。年～一群技语工人和小店18321836 主语成语敦工语厂盟。他语于年起草了有语政治要求的语章;人民语章,～想把它1838 呈送语语。语章有会内六点容,;,所有成年男子都有语语语～;,语行无语名投票～12 ;,平等语～;区,语语语语语除语语语格要求～;,语语语有语酬～;,语会每年六月语3456 行大语。 ,4Results of the Chartist Movement 语章语的语运果。 22 Chartism failed because of its weak and divided leadership, and its lack of coordination with trade-unionism. The working class still immature, without the leadership of a political party armed with correct revolutionary theory. The Chartist movement was, however, the first nationwide working class movement and drew attention to serious problems. The 6 points were achieved very gradually over the period of 1858-1918, although the sixth has never been practical. Lenin said that Chartism was “the first broad, really mass, politically formed, proletarian revolutionary movement.” 由于语语语的语弱和分～由于缺歧与会运当少工的语语～语章语失语了。语的工人语语语未成 熟～有正的没确装党运国革命理语武的政语语。但是～语章语是第一次全范语的工人语语 运语～引起了语语多语重语语的语注。在至年语～六语要求逐语到～达尽管第六18581918 语未成语语语。列语语章语是“第一从宁运个广真众参与泛的、正群的～有政治语语形式的 无语语语革命运语。” Trade Unions and the Labour Party 工和工会党 1. The Trade Union Act of 1871 legalized the trade unions and gave financial security. 年通语的《工法会会并》使工合法化语其语政保障。1871 2. The Labor Party had its origin in the Independent Labor Party(ILP), which was formed in January, 1893. In 1900, representatives of trade unions, the ILP, and a number of small socialist societies set up the Labor Representation Committee (LRC). The LRC changed its name to the Labor Party for the general election called for in 1906. 工起源于立工～于党独党年月成立。年～工会独党代表～立工和语多189311900 小型社主语社语一起成立了工人会会代表委语。年的大语迫使工人代表委语及语会1906 更名语工。党 II. Colonial Expansion 殖民语语 1. The growth of dominions 自治语的语起 English colonial expansion began with the colonization of Newfoundland in 1583. Encouraged by Britain’s control of the seas, especially by the rising tide of emigration, British colonialists stepped up their expansion to Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, in the late 18th and the early 19th centuries. By 1900, Britain had built up a big empire, “on which the sun never set”. It consisted of a vast number of protectorates, Crown colonies, spheres of influence, and self-governing dominions. It included 25% of the world’s population and area. 英殖民语语语始于国年语芬语的殖民化。在世语末、世语初～受到海外移民浪15831819 潮的鼓舞～英殖民者国很快加他语的语语到加拿大、澳大利语、新西语。到年英国1900 已建立了“日不落”的大英帝国国国～包括受保语、英殖民地、语力范语和自治语～ 占世界人口面语的与。25% Canada was ceded to Britain by the 1763 Treaty of Paris. French rights were guaranteed by the Quebec Act of 1774. The Canada Act of 1791 divided Canada into 23 Upper Canada where the British had settled, and Lower Canada populated by the French. The British North America Act of 1867 established Canada as a dominion. 年语语的《巴黎条将国语》加拿大割语语英。年的《魁北克法》保语了法的语国益。17631774 之后～年《加拿娃哈哈》把加拿大分语上加拿大和下加拿大～前者是英人国1791 的定居地～后者是法人的居国住点。年《英北国确美法案》定加拿大语自治语。1867 English began to transport convicts to Australia in 1788. Free settlement began in 1816, and no convicts were sent to Australia after 1840. The gold rushes (1851-1892) brought more people to Australia, and in 1901 the six self-governing wer united in one dominion-the independent Commonwealth of Australia. 年英人语始国把囚犯流放到澳大利语。年语始可以自由定居～年后囚178818161840 犯不再流放到澳大利语。年至年的淘金语使更多的人语到澳洲。年～185118921901 六个个—独自治语语一语一自治语澳大利语立语邦。 New Zealand became a separate colony of Britain in 1841, achieved self-government in 1857, became a dominion under the British crown in 1907 and was made completely independent in 1931. 年新西语成语立殖民地～独年语语自治～年成语英皇下属的自治语～184118571907 年完全立。独1931 1. The Conquest of India 征服印度 The British East India Company established in 1600. By 1819 the British conquest of most India was almost complete. After the muting of Bengal army in 1857, the control of India passed to the British Crown and Queen Victoria became Empress of India in 1877. 年英语国印度公司的建立是语语渗透的语例。到年英语国印度的征服已基本16001819 完成。年语印度公司孟加拉语语的地士当兵语语兵语后～年印度改由英国君18571858 主语治。年语多利来女王正式成语印度女皇。1877 2. The Scramble for Africa 语非洲的掠语 At the beginning of the 19th century British possessions were confined to forts and slave trading posts on the west coast. Over the 19th century the interior of Africa was gradually discovered and colonized by Europeans. Britain led the way in the race. Apart from the colonies in the South and West, Britain was also involved in the North East in Egypt and the Sudan. 世语初英的占语地国隶个局限于西海岸的堡语和奴交易点。整世语洲人欧逐语语语1919 并内国断殖民了非洲语。在语语瓜分语语中英占了语大的语语。除了不语语的南部和西部殖 民地后～英国又语语语北的埃及和语丹。 3. Aggression against China 侵略中国 In 1840, the Opium War broke out between Britain and China. Since then, Britain gradually invaded many coastal areas and imposed a series of unequal treaties upon China. 24 年英和中语语了语国国争从国国片语。那语起～英逐语侵略了中的语多沿海城市～1840 并条语定了语多不平等语。 VI. Twentieth Century 二十世语 1. Britain and the First World War 英和第一次国世界大语 The Work War I was fought from 1914 to 1918 primarily between two European Power blocs: “the Central power”. Germany and Austria-Hungary, and the “Allies”, Britain, France and Russia. During the war, the Britain lost much. Apart from the loss of manpower, there had been considerable disruption of the economy and society. Out of the war settlement came the establishment of the league of Nations.第一次世界大语是从年至年～语主要在大洲争两欧集语语语行,“同盟19141918 国国奥国国国国国”～包括德和匈帝～和“语语”～包括英、法和俄语斯。一语中英语 失惨与会重。除了语语力语失～语有巨大的语语社瓦解。 2. Britain Between the Two World Wars 两国次世界大语期语的英 The effects of the New York Stock Market Crash of 1929 soon spread throughout Europe and by 1931 Britain was entering the Great depression. 年语语股票交易所崩语的影响欧迅速波及洲～到年英语入语语大语。国条19291931 3. Britain and the Second World War 英第二次国与世界大语 As Adolf Hitler and Nazism showed off their aggressive momentum in Europe, Chamberlain, the Prime Minister, found his policy of appeasement of German aggression was no longer tenable, and was forced to declare war on Germany on September 3,1939. 当欧阿道夫希特勒及语粹主语语示他语语洲的侵略意语语～首相语伯语语语他的语靖政策已 站不住脚～只得于年月日语德宣语。193993 4. Postwar Britian 语后的英国 (1) One of the most far-reaching consequences of the War was that it hastened the end of Britain’s empire. 二语最语深语的语果之一是加速了大英帝国的瓦解。 (2) In 1952 Princess Elizabeth was crowned Queen Elizabeth II. Many people through television saw the ceremony. 年伊莉莎白公主加冕成语伊莉莎白女王二世。新语明的语语使语多人看到了加冕语1952 式的语程。 (4) In January 1973, Britain became a full member of the European Economic Community which was still called the Common Market in 1973. Britain witnessed the first oil shock in 1973. 年月～英语于成语洲语语国欧体国共同的正式成语。年仍称语共同市语197311973 年英语语了第一次国运石油禁。1973 25 (5) Mrs Thatcher 撒切语主语 Thatcherism referred to the policies put forward by Margaret Thatcher, the first woman prime minister in England in 1979. The main contents of her policies included the return to private ownership of state-owned industries, the use of monetarist policies to control inflation, the weakening of trade unions the strengthening of the role of market forces in the economy, and an emphasis on law and order. To some extent her program was successful and she led one of the most remarkable periods in the British economy. 年撒切语夫人成语英第一国她内任女首相。提出的政策被语“撒切语主语”。其1979 容包括国会响有工语私有化～采用语语主语政策以控制通语膨语～削弱工的影～加强 市语因素在语语中的作用～强语法律和秩序。在一定程度上语～的语是成功的。语她划她 语英语语度语了一国段最繁语的语期之一。 Chapter 6 英语语国The Economy I. The Evolution of the British Economy since the War The evolution of the British economy since WWII falls into three periods:二语后英语语语国个展可分语三语段, (1) Steady development in the 50s and 60s: The British economy in this period is characterized by slow but steady growth, low unemployment and great material prosperity with rising standards of consumption. ;,语后年代平语语展语期。其主要特点是语语语慢而持语增语～失语率低～物语丰150-60 富～人民消语水平不断增语。 (2) Economic recession in the 70s: In the 1970s among the developed countries, Britain maintained the lowest growth rate and the highest inflation rate, and the high record of trade deficits. ;,年代语语语。在滞年代～英在所有的语语本主语家中～始语保持最低语国达国27070 语增语率～最高的通语膨语率～和最高的语易赤字语语。 (3) Economic recovery in the 80s: An outstanding feature of the economic recovery in the 80s was its length, lasting seven years. Another was the improved financial position of the government, with stronger current account of the balance of payments.;,年代语语语语。一语个著特点是语语语～语语持语了年。一特点是语另个国收支大大3807 盈余～政府金融地位最高。 Measures taken by Mrs. Thatcher's government to improve the economyMrs. Thatcher's government took numerous measures to improve the efficiency of the economy during the past decade, using both macroeconomic and microeconomic policies. 撒切语政府用运宏语语语政策和微语语语政策～采取语多措施提高语语效益。 (1) Macroeconomic measures were directed towards bringing down the rate of inflation and achieving price stability. 宏语语语政策直接语语降低通语膨语率和语持物价语定。 (2) Microeconomic policies were aimed at working with the grain of market forces by 26 encouraging enterprise, efficiency and flexibility. 微语语语政策旨在通语鼓励灵争语语～效率和活性共同努力提高市语语力。 Reasons for the British coal mining is called a “sick” industry today.Reasons for the British coal mining is called a “sick” industry today.英国称煤语被语“生病”工语的原因。 ～Today the coal industry in Britain is on the declinethe number of miners, collieries and the total output have been falling. 如今的英国从数煤语语衰退～而语致语工、煤语的量和语语量都大大下降。 The reasons for the decline are as follows: exhaustion of old mines, costly operations of extraction, poor old equipment, little investment, fall in demand due to imports of cleaner, cheaper and more efficient fuels, etc. 煤工语衰退的原因包括,老煤语的枯竭～语的昂旧极提语语用～破的语语～少的投语～ 由于语口更干语、更便宜、更高效的燃料语致的需求下降等等。 Britain’s oil and natural gas 英的国气石油和天然 Natural gas was discovered in 1965 and oil in 1970 under the North Sea. Today Britain is not only self-sufficient in oil but also has a surplus for export. The transport and domestic heating systems mostly depend on oil. So does the food supply, because most agriculture is highly mechanized. Modern farming requires things which are all oil-based. 在年及年在北海语语天然和气国石油。今天英的石油不语能自语自足～语19651970 有盈余供出口。交通和家庭供语系语主要依靠石油～因语大部分语语的高度机械化～ 食品供语也靠石油。 Main problems associated with Britain’s iron and steel industry today.如今英语语工语的主要语语。国 British iron and steel industry is declining for the following reasons: 英语语工语国衰退的原因如下, 1. Local supplies of iron ore have become exhausted; 当地语语枯竭～ 2. Old fashioned furnaces for making coke cannot recover valuable by-products;他语生语焦炭的老式不炉能提取有价语的副语品～ 3. Blast furnaces, steelworks, and rolling mills are often separated from each other and thus cannot perform as well as more compact operation; 高、语语和语语语常分语～语炉厂厂凑致不如更语的企语出效益～ 4. Many steelworks have to be closed down, causing major unemployment in an area.语多语语厂区倒语～语致语地的大批人失语。 The main textile producing regions of Britain are the East Midlands, Yorkshire, Humberside, and Northern Ireland. New Industries New industries include microprocessors and computers, biotechnology and other high-tech industries. There are three areas in Britain which have seen some high-tech industrial growth: (1).the area between London and South Wales, (2).the Cambridge area of East Anglia and (3).the area between Glasgow and Edinburgh in Scotland. The third area is the most spectacular of the three and is now often referred to as the 27 “Silicon Glen”. By the end of 1985 half of Britain’s microchip output was estimated to have come from Scotland. 英主要语语国基地是语在的中语部～语克郡和语伯塞德郡及北语语语。 The reasons behind the decline of Britain's textile industry are: 英语语语的国衰退原因如下, (1) Exports of textiles have not competed well with those of other foreign producers who have managed to produce cheaper goods. 语语品出口不能很与国争好地语法生语出更便宜商品的外语家语。 (2) There has been a rise in cheaper imports of textiles to Britain from foreign producers. 英国从国增加了外语家语口更廉价语语品。 (3) Poor and outdated management decisions have caused problem. 薄弱及语语的管理决策语致语多语语。 (4) Substitutions of human-made fibres have been made for natural fibres.人造语语代替品已取代了天然语语。 (5) An improvement of output per worker has been achieved, due to mechanization.由于机械化～每个工人的生语量有了提高。 Chapter 7 第七章 Government and Administration 英政府国构机 The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy, the head of state is a king or a queen. The United Kingdom is governed, in the name of the Sovereign by His or Her Majesty’s Government. The System of parliamentary government is not based on a written constitution, the British constitution is not set out in any single document. It is made up of statute law, common law and conventions. The Judiciary determines common law and interprets statutes. 语合王是国国君主立语制家国国国家的首语是王或女王。语合王以君的名语由王国或,, 女王陛下政府治理。英的语国会并制度不是基于成文语法英语法不由语一文件国构, 成而由成文法语语法和语例语成。司法部语裁定语语法或解语成文法。,, ,IThe Monarchy 君主制 1.Elizabeth II, her title in the United Kingdom is “Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Her Other Realms and Territories, Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith.伊莉莎白二世～的全是“上她称国她帝神佑～大布列语及北语语语语合王以及的其他 语土和语地的女王～英语邦元首～保语者伊国教莉莎白二世。” 2.The Queen is the symbol of the whole nation. In law, She is head of the executive, an integral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, the commander-in-chief of all the armed forces and the “supreme governor” of the Church of England. She gives Royal Assent to Bills passed by parliament. 28 女王是家的国从她构象征。法律上语～是行政首语～立法机的语成部分～司法首语～ 全国装国国教她武部语语司令～英“至高无上”的语袖。任命首相和重要的政府官语 语语通语的法会案语予御准。 3.The monarch actually has no real power. The monarch’s power are limited by law and Parliament. Constitutional monarchy began after the Glorious Revolution in 1688.君主政语语已体它会从无语语。的语力受限于法律和语。君主立语制是年的光语革命1688 后语始。 ,IIIParliament 语会 1.The United Kingdom is a unitary, not a federal, state. Parliament consists of the Sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. 英是中国国国会央集语家～而不是语邦制家。语由君主～上语院和下语院语成。 2.The main functions of Parliament are: (1) to pass laws; (2) to provide, by voting for taxation, the means of carrying on the work of government; (3) to examine government Policy and administrations, including proposal for expenditure; and (4) to debate the major issues of the day. 语的主要作用是,;会,通语立法～;,投票批准税语政府工作提供语金～;,123 语语政府政策和行政管理～包括语款提语～;,天的语语语语。当4 3.The House of Lords is made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal. The main function of the House of Lords is to bring the wide experience of its members into the process of lawmaking. In other words, the non-elected House is to act as a chamber of revision, complementing but not rivaling the elect House.语族院;上语院,由神语语族和世俗语族语成。的主要作用是用语语的富语语它丰帮助立法。 语而言之～非语语的上语院是修正语院～语充而非反语由语语语生的下语院。 4.The House of Common is elected by universal adult suffrage and consists of 651 Members of Parliament (MPs). It is in the House of Commons that the ultimate authority. 下语院;平民院,由成人普语语生～由名语语语成。下语院语有最语立法语。651 5.Britain is divided 651 constituencies. Each of the constituencies returns one member to the House of Commons. A general Election must be held every five years and is often held at more frequent intervals. 英被分语国划个区个区语～每语语语一名下语院语语。大语必语五年语行一次～但语常不651 到五年就语行一次语语。 6.Britain has a number of parties, but there are only two major parties. These two parties are the Conservative Party and the Labour Party. Since 1945, either the Conservative Party or the Labour Party has held power. The party which wins 29 sufficient seats at a General Election to command a majority of Government. The leader of the majority party is appointed Prime Minister. The party which wins the second largest number of seats becomes the Official Opposition, with its own leader and “shadow cabinet ”. The rule of Opposition is to help the formulation of policy. Criticizes the Government and debate with the Government. 英有多政～但有主要的政保国很党两个党—党党从守和工。年以～一来两党1945 直语流语政～在大语中语多语数数党数席因而在下语院语有多支持者的政语建政府～多 党数党党语袖由君主任命语首相。语得第二多语席的政语正式成语“反语”～有自己的语 袖和影子内党帮它语。反语的目的是助制定政策～可以语常语政府提出批语性的建语和 修正语案。 III.The Cabinet and Ministry 内内语和语部语 1. The Prime Minister presides over the Cabinet, is responsible for the allocation of functions among ministers and informs the Queen at regular meetings of general business of the Government. Cabinet members hold meetings under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister for a few hours each week to decide Government policy on major issues. 首相主持语～语语分内会内配大臣语的语能～在定期语女王语向女王语告政府事语。语在 首相的主持下～每周语小语～以定在重大语语上政府的政会几决策。 2. Ministers are responsible collectively to Parliament for all Cabinet decisions; individual Ministers are responsible to Parliament for the work of their department.内决体会会语的所有定由大臣集向语语语～各大臣又语各自部语的工作向语语语。 ,IVThe Privy Council 枢密院 1. The Privy Council was formerly the chief source of executive power in the state and give private advice to the King. So the Privy Council was also called the King’s Council in history. Today its role is largely formal, advising the sovereign to approve certain government decrees. 枢来它称国密院原是政府行政语力的源泉～语君主提供“私人”建语。在语史上也语语 王语。会它礼今天的主要作用是语性的～如建语君主批准政府的法令。 2. Its membership is about 400, and includes all Cabinet ministers, the speaker of the House of Common and senior British and Commonwealth statement. 它的主要成语有人左右～包括内国语语语～下语院院语及英～英语邦的高语政治家400 等。 ,VGovernment Department and the Civil Service 政府各部和公语语部 1. The principal Government department main includes: the Treasury, the House of office, the Foreign and Commonwealth office, the Ministry of Defense… 30 主要的政府部语包括,语语部～语部～内国外交部～防部等。 2. Members of the Civil Service are called Civil Services. They staff government departments. Civil Servants are recruited mainly by competitive examination. Civil servants do not belong to any political party. Changes of Government do not involve changes in departmental staff, There are about 541800 civil servants in Britain now.文语人语部的成语被成语公语语。公语语主要是通语语争属党考语语用。公语语部语不于任何政～ 政府的语更不影部语语语的语更。英语语有并响国名公语语。541800 ,VILocal Government 地方政府部语 1. There are two main tiers of local authority throughout England and Wales: counties and the smaller districts. Now, England and Wales are divided into 53 counties which are sub-divided into 369 districts. 英格语和威语士语行语地方政府两—区制郡和比郡小的。语在英格语和威语士分语个郡～53 郡下分语个区。369 2. Greater London is divided into 32 boroughs. 大语敦被分语个区行政。32 Chapter 8 第八章 Justice and the law 法律司与构法机 There is no single legal system in the United Kingdom. A feature common to all systems of law in the United Kingdom is that there is no complete code. The sources of law include (1) statutes; (2) a large amount of “unwritten” or common law; (3) equity law; (4) European Community. Another common feature is the distinction made between criminal law and civil law. 语合王不语行国国个没完全语一的法律制度。语合王所有法律制度的一共同特点是有 以部完整的法典。法典来源包括,;,成文法～;,大量的“不成文法”或语语12 法～;,衡平法～;,欧体另个区共法。一共同的特点是刑法和民法之语的语。34 ,ICriminal Proceedings 刑事语语程序 1. In England and Wales, once the police have charged a person with a criminal offence, the crown Prosecution Service assumes control of the case reviews the evidence to decide whether to prosecute. 在英格语和威语士～一旦警察指控某人犯有刑事罪～皇家语察语署就要接管此案～ 并独决立地语核语据以定是否起语。 31 2. In Britain all criminal trial are held in open count because the criminal law presumes the innocence of the accused until he has been proved guilty beyond reasonable doubt. The prosecution and the defense get equal treatment. No accused person has to answer the question of the police before trial. He is not compelled to give evidence in count. Every accused person has the right to employ a legal adviser to conduct his defense. If he can not afford to pay, he may be granted aid at public expense. In criminal trial by jury, the judge passes sentence, but the jury decided the issue of guilt or innocence. The jury composed of 12 or ordinary people. If the verdict of the jury can not be unanimous, it must be a majority. 在英～所有的国刑事语判都在法院公语语行。因语刑法语语～在消除合理语疑语明被告有 罪之前～他是无辜的。原告与被告同语平等～语判语被告不必回答警察的语语～不语强 迫被告提供语据。每位被告都有语雇律佣语语其语语。如果他不能支付律语语～可以用公 用语用提供助帮决。在由陪语语语行的刑事语判中～法官判刑～但陪语语定是否有罪。陪 语语一般由人语成。如果陪语语不能做出一致判决数决～也必语是多定。12 3.A verdict of “ not guilt” means acquittal for the accused, who can never again be charged with that specific crime. 无罪”裁决并意味着被告无罪～且永语不得再以此罪名语其指控。“ II. Criminal Courts 刑事法庭 1. Criminal Courts in England and Wales 英格语和威语士的刑事法庭 Magistrates’ Courts which try summary offences and “either way” offences. A magistrates’ court, which is open to the public and the media, usually consists of three unpaid “lay” magistrates-known as justices of the peace-who are advised on point of law and procedure by a legally qualified assistant. A Magistrates’ court sits without a jury. 治安;警事,法庭～语语语理判犯罪决众～也语理“任意方式”罪行。治安法庭语公 和媒体——懂公语～通常由三位无薪的“外行”地方官地方治安官语成～由得法律 知语的语语语和助手语他语提供法律语定和程序方面的建语。治安法庭语察语有没陪语语。 Youth Court which try most cases involving people under 18. 青少年法庭～语语语理语以下青数年的大多案件。18 The Crown Court tries the most serious offences and ‘either way” offences referred to it by magistrates. The Crown Court is presided over by High Court judges, full-time circuit Judges and part-time Recorders England and Wales are divided into six circuits for the purpose of hearing criminal case. Each circuit is divided into areas containing one or more centers of High Court and Crown Court. 皇家刑事法庭。语语语理最语重的罪行和由地方法官提交的“任意方式”罪行。皇家 刑事法庭由高语法院法官～全语巡回法官和兼任刑事法官主持。语语理刑事案～英格 32 语和威语士被分语六巡回个区个区区个区个个～每巡回又分域～每域有一或多高语 法庭和皇家刑事法庭。 2. Criminal courts in Scotland 语格语的刑事法庭 ;,There are three criminal courts in Scotland.1the High Court of Justiciary;(2) the sheriff court;(3) the district court. Scotland has two types of criminal procedure, know as solemn procedure and summary procedure. In solemn procedure, a defendant is tried by a judge sits without a jury. 英格语有三语刑事法院,;,高语法院～;,郡法院～;,法区两院。英格语有语123 刑事语语,庄重语语和语语。即决即决庄重语语里～被告由陪语语和法官语理。在语语中～法官 独自语理～不用陪语语。 3. Criminal courts in Northern Ireland 北语语语的刑事法庭 Cases involving minor summary offences are heard by magistrates’ courts presided over by a full-time legally qualified resident magistrate. County courts are primarily civil law courts. The Crown Court deals with criminal trails on indictment.涉及语微即决听犯罪的案件由治安法庭语～法庭由全语的法律合格的常语治安法官 主持。郡法庭主要是民事法庭。皇家刑事法庭根据起语语行刑事语判. ,IIICivil Courts 民事法庭 1. Civil Courts in England and Wales 英格语和威语士的民事法庭 Magistrates’ Courts have limited civil jurisdiction, The main courts of civil jurisdiction are County Courts, the High Court deals with the more complicated civil case. Its jurisdiction covers mainly civil and some criminal cases. It has three divisions: (1) the family Division; (2) the Chancery Division; (3) the Queen’s Bench Division. 治安法庭只有一定的民事语判语。主要行使民事司法语的是民事法院～高等法院语理 更语语语的民事案。主要包括民事案和一些刑事案～高等法院有三分个支,;,家1 事庭～;,娃哈哈官庭～;,王室庭。23 2. Civil Courts in Scotland 语格语的民事法庭 The Civil Courts are the sheriff court and the Court of session.民事法院包括郡法院和巡回法院;最高中心法院,。 3. Civil Courts in Northern Ireland 33 北语语语的民事法院 County Court are primarily civil law courts. The magistrates’ court also deal with certain limited classes of civil cases. The high Court of Justice the superior civil law court. 郡法院主要是民事法院。治安法庭也语理某些有限语型的民事案件。高等法院就是 高语民事法院。 IV. The Judiciary 司法机构 There is no ministry of justice in the United Kingdom. Central responsibility lies with the Lord Chancellor the Home Secretary and the Attorney General. In England and Wales, lay magistrates are appointed on behalf of the Crown by the Lord Chancellor who is advised by committees in each county. The Lord Chancellor recommends the High Court and circuit judges. The highest judicial appointments and made by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister. 英有国没构内司法机。中央政府的司法工作主要由娃哈哈官政大臣和语察语语语语。在 英格语和威语士～娃哈哈官根据各部委语的会建语任命外行人语语治安官。娃哈哈官推 荐高等法官和巡回法官。最高语语的司法官任命由女王根据首相的建语做出。 V. Police 警察 The police service for United Kingdom is organized and controlled on a local basis under the Home Secretary and the Scottish and Northern Ireland Secretaries. London’s Metropolitan Police Force is directly under the control of Home Secretary. Police officers are not allowed to join a trade union or go on strike. They do not normally carry firearms. 在政大内国国并臣和语格语及北语语语语大臣的指语下～英警察分地语建～以地方管理语 基语。但语敦警察署直接政大与内会臣管语。警察不得加入工或语工。他语通常不佩语手 语。 VI. Treatment of offenders 语语法者的语理 The chief aims of the penal system are to deter the potential lawbreaker and to reform the convicted offender. 刑语制度的主要目的是阻止在的语法者～潜并改造已判的语法者。 Capital punishment ( a sentence of death ) for murder has been abolished in the U.K, through proposal for its reinstatement are regularly debated by Parliament, and it remains the penalty for treason and piracy. 英已语国会国盗除语语语罪的死刑～但语仍语常语语要恢语死刑～判罪和海罪仍可判死刑。 34 Chapter 9 第九章 Social Affairs 英社国会 I. Health and Social Services 全语保国医划健语 1. Britain is regarded as a welfare state. This system is funded out of national insurance contributions and taxation. In Britain the term applies mainly to the National Health Service (NHS), national insurance and social security.英被语语是国国来国税税国福利制度的家。此制度的所需语金源于全保语和语。在英～ 语主要是指国国会民保健制度～民保语和社保障制度。 2. The National Health Service provides for every resident, regardless of income, a full range of medical services. The service was established in the U.K. in 1948. Over 82 per cent of the cost of the health service in Great Britain id funded out of general taxation. The rest is met from: (1) the NHS element of National Insurance contributions; (2) charges towards the cost of certain items such as drugs prescribed by family doctors, and general dental treatment; (3) other receipts, including land sales and the proceeds of income generation schemes. 不管个国个医国人收入如何～民保健制度语每居民提供全面语服语。英于年确1948 立此制度。英民保国国健制度以下的语用自来税来普通收～其他部分自;,82%1 国国民保语金中的民保语金部分～;,象语家庭一生语的语语和普通牙科治语所收的语2 用～;,其他收入～包括出土售划地和增收语的收益。3 3. There are proportional charges for most types of HNS dental treatment, including examinations. Sight test are free to children. No one is liable to be charged by the National Health Service for treatment in an accident, emergency or for an infectious disease. Central government is directly responsible for the NHS, which is administered by a range of local health authorities and health boards throughout the U.. 国数儿民保健制度中多牙科治语都要收取一定比例的语用～包括语语语。语力语语语童免语。 国国民保健制度语事故～急语或语染病的治语不收语～中央政府直接语语民保健制度～ 由全各地的保国构会健机和语生委语语施 4. The family health services are those given to patients by doctors, dentists, opticians and pharmacists. In order to obtain the benefits of the NHS a person must normally be registered on the list of a general practitioner (GP, sometimes knows as a “family doctor”). 家庭保健服语由生、医医国牙、眼科大夫和语语语提供语病人。语语得民保健制度的服语～ 人语必语在普通语语生的名上医册册注。 5. A full range of hospital services is provided by district general hospital. There are 35 also specialist hospital or units for children, people suffering from mental illness, those with learning disabilities, and elderly people, and for the treatment of specific diseases. 地区医医儿学普通院提供全面的院服语。也有语童～精神病人～有语障碍者～老人 和特殊病人语语的语语医区院或病。 6. The National Health Service is the largest single employer of labour in the U.K. NHS has suffered from underfunding in recent decades, as a result of which many better-off people have been turning to private medical health care. 国国构几来民保健制度是英最大的用人机。近十年～因语语金不足～语多比语富裕的 人正逐语语向私人的语保医构健机。 7. Personal social services in Britain assist elderly people, disabled people, people with learning disabilities or mental illness, children, and families facing special problems. These statutory service are provided by local government social services authorities. 在英～人社国个会残学服语向老人～疾人～有语障碍者～精神病人～有特殊家庭 困语的人等。地方政府社会会服语委语提供法定援助。 II. social Security 社保语会 1. The social security system is designed to secure a basic standard of living for people in financial need. Nearly a third of government expenditure is devoted to the social security programme which provides financial help for people who are elderly, sick, disabled, unemployed, widowed, bringing up children or on very low incomes.社保语会制度语立的目的是保障语语困语的人语的基本生活水平～政府语支的近三分之 一用于社保语语。会划划残儿此语语老人～病人～疾人～失语者～寡语～语育幼者或低 收入者提供语语帮助。 2. Administration in Great Britain is handled by separate executive agencies of the Department of Social Security. In Northern Ireland by the Social Security Agency.大不列语的社保语由社保语部立语行会会独构会机管理～在北语语语语是社保语局。 3. contributory social security benefits, it include 1) retirement pension; (2) unemployment pension; (3) sickness and invalidity benefit and (4) Maternity allowance and widows’s benefits. 需要先交语的社会个安全福利;人有工作收入语交～无收入语语,～其中包括,退 休金～失语金～病福残利金～孕语期语助金～寡语语助金。 4. non-contributory social security benefits, it include: (1) war pensions;(2) industrial injuries disablement benefit;(3) child benefit and (4) family credit.不需要先交语的福利金～包括语语争残儿亡语恤金～工语致救语金～童语助金～低收入 家庭语助金。 36 宗教III. Religion 1. Everyone in Britain has the right to religious freedom with out interference from the community or the State. He may change his religion at will may manifest his faith in teaching, worship and observance. Except that the Lord Chancellor may be a Roman Catholic, public offices are open without distinction to members of all churches or none. 在英～人人国教会随教都有信仰宗的语利～社和政府不得干涉。他可以意改语宗信 仰～可以在语～教礼教拜或语式中表明他的信仰。除了娃哈哈官不可以是语语天主徒 外～公共语语语各语信仰或没有信仰的人一律公语。 2. Established churches 国教 There are two established church in Britain: in England the church of England and Scotland the Church of England. 英有大～在英格语是英格语～语格语是语格语;语国两国教国教教会教老,。 3. Church of England is uniquely related to the Crown in that the Sovereign must be a member of that Church and as “Defender of the Faith”. The Church is also linked with the State through the House of loads. The church of England is not free to change its form of worship, as laid down in the Book of Common Prayer without the consent of Parliament. 英格语国教与独国教捍教会君主有特的语系。因语君主作语“的语者”必语是此的一语～ 他在登基语必语承语语持。语通语上语国教国教与没会教会院政府语系。有语同意～英格语 不可随国教祷礼意改语“祈语”中语定的拜语式。 4. The government of the Church of Scotland is Presbyterian, that is, government by ministers and elders, all of whom are ordained to office. The Monarch is normally represented at the general assembly by the Lord High Commissioner. 英格语的教教圣管理语语老制～也就是由士和语老治理。他语被授予语～王室高语代表 通常代表君主光语语。会 5. Unestablished churches 非国教教会 圣会公～自由教～There are include: the Anglican Churches()the Free Churches()the ;语语天主,。教Roman Catholic Church IV. Festival and Public Holidays 语假日 The Christian festival of the year and Christmas, Easter, and Whit Sunday.其主要的语日有语语～语活语～降语语圣圣灵 37 Chapter 10 第十章 Sports 体运育语 1. Many international sports were introduced by the British who take their leisure time very seriously. There is widespread participation in sport in Britain.语多语国体真国国广参与体育语目是由语语待休语语语的英人引语的～在英～人语泛育。 2. Football ( or “soccer” as it is colloquially called ), the most popular sport in England as well as in Europe, has its traditional home in England where it was developed in the 19th century. 足球;口语叫”,在英格语和洲是最欧运受语迎的语～其语语老家在英格语～soccer”, 出语于世语。19 3. The game “Rugby” was invented at Rugby School in Warwich shire in the early 19th century. 拉格比球比语世语初语立于沃语威克郡的拉格比学校～因此而得名。19 4. Cricket, the most typically English of sports, has been in existence since the 16th century. On an international level, 5-day Cornhill Test Matches. 板球～是英人最国体运从典型的育语～自世语以已存在。语比语是来国天的康165 希语语。决 5. Although tennis has been played for centuries, the modern game originated in England in late 19th. The main tournament is the annual Wimbledon fortnight, one of the 4 tennis “Grand Slam” tournaments. 尽网几个管球已打了好世语～但语代比语却起源于世语末的英格语。主要比语是一19 年一度的布语温两网登周语～语是四大语语球语语语之一。 6. There is a considerable following and participation of athletics in Britain. For example, the London Marathon, which takes place every spring. 英加国参径很田的人多～例如语敦的语拉松塞～每年春季语行。 7. The home of golf is Scotland where the game has been played since the 17th century and naturally the oldest golf club in the world is there: The Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers. The Walker Cup for amateurs and the Ryder Cup for professionals. 高语夫球的故里是语格语～自从世语以语语语来运儿就在那语盛行。全世界最古老的高17 语夫俱语部也在那里,语丁堡高语夫球会誉参参语语公司。语余球语加沃语克公语语～语语球语语 加雷德语杯。 38 英部分语国束 美　　国部　分 地理位置 chapter 13 geography 1.Alaska and Hawaii are the two newest states in American.Alaska northwestern Canada,and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific. 阿拉斯加和夏威夷是最近加入美国两个的新州。阿拉斯加在加拿大的西北部～夏 威夷位语中太平洋。;本语语语有考“一句语语答”的可能, 。2The U.S has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometres.It is the fourth largest country in the world in size after Russia,Canada and China. 就面语而言～美国国国国是世界第四大～就人口而言～美是世界是第三大。 3.Of all states of American,Alaska is the lagest in area and Rhode Island the smallest.But on the mainland Texas is the largest sate of the country.所有州中～阿拉斯加是面语最大的州～语得语最小～在美国大语～最大的州是得克语 斯州。 。4The Rockies,the backbone of the North American Continent,is also known as the Continental Divide. 落基山是北脉美大语的脊梁～也被成语大语分水语。 。5The two main mountain ranges in American are the Appalachian mountains and the Rocky mountains. The Appalachians run slightly from the northeast to southwest and the Rocky mountains run slightly from the northwest to southeast.阿巴拉契语山和脉脉国两脉落基山是美的座大山。;本语语有考“一句语语答语”的可 能, 。6The Mississippi River is the largest river in American,over 6000 kilometers.The Mississippi has been called "father of waters"or "old man river" 密西西比河是美国称众最语河流～有被作“水之父”或“老人河”。 。7The Ohio river has been called the American Ruhr,As in Germany, the area along the river is rich in valuable deposits of high-grade coking coal and is well known for its steel industry.The river provides cheap water transportation for raw materials.俄亥俄河被作称国国丰并美的语语河～就像德一语～沿河有富的高品千周的焦煤～ 且因其语语而著名。另运外～语河语语原材料提供了廉价的水路语。 。8On the Pacific side there are two great rivers:the Colorado in the south and the Columbia ,which rises in Canada. 太平洋沿岸有大河,两科语拉多河及哥语比语河。 。9The Rio Grande River forms a natural boundary between Mexico and the United States. 格语德河是美国和墨西哥之语的语然界河;本语语考语语和语答可能性大, 39 。10the most important lakes in the United States are the Great Lakes. They are Lake Superior,which is the largest fresh water lake in the world, Lake Michigan ,the only entirely in the U.S.,Lake Huron,Lake Eire and Lake Ontario.They are located between Canada and the United States except Lake Michigan. 美国最重要的湖泊是五大湖,语必利语湖～密歇根湖～休语湖～伊利湖和安大略湖～ 其中～语必利语湖语世界最大淡水湖～密歇根湖完全是美国内境地。 。美国气概候述11 湿气语的大语性候, 1) A humid continental climate(is found in the north-eastern part of the country. 湿语的2) In the south-eastern United States you can find a humid subtropical climate.(语语语候气语南部,--- ,海洋性候气太平洋西3The Pacific northwest is favored with a maritime climate-- 北岸, ,;加州太平洋沿岸南部, 4The southern part of the Pacific coast in Californiahas 地中海式候,气a Mediterranean climate (with warm,dry summers and moist winters. 。12Many factors besides latitude influence the climate in the United States.Perhaps the most important forces are the Atlantic and Pacific oceans,the Gulf of Mexick ,and the Great Lakes. 影响国气湾美候的最主要的因素语,太平洋～和大西泮～墨西哥～五大湖。 。13Traditionally from the east to the west the United States can be divided into seven 美国从个区语到西可分语七地理。geographical regions. 。14New English is made up of six states of the Northeast .Becaust of its stony soil it is not noted for its agriculture .Dairying is the most inportant farm activity,New English is also well-known for its position in education,Many famous universities and colleges such as Yale,Harvard,thd Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT) are located here. 新英格语由美国个语北部六州语成～由于土壤多石～不利于语语生语～乳制品语是最重 要的语语活语～语多重点大学学学学如耶语大～哈佛大和麻省理工院都坐落于此。 。15New Englanders were originally knows as Yankees,which came to stand for alll 新英格语人最初曾被作“称国佬称来国美,语一名～后语语指所有的美人。American. ;语语, 。16The Middle Atlantic States have about one fifth of the total population of the 大西洋中部各州的人口占美国语人口的。united states.1/5 。17The soil is rich,the rain usually pientiful and the growing season long,These 40 factors make the Midwest America's most important agricultural area .It is also a major manufacturing region and the nation's leading center of heavy industry.中西部地是区国区区区美最重要的语语～也是主要的制造语各最主要的重工语。 。18Chicago,the largest and busiest port on the Great Lakes, is the largest industral and 芝加哥是五大湖最大最忙的港口～也是语地最大区commercial center of the area. 的工商语中心。 。19Detroit is known as the automobile capital of the world.Omaha is known as the 底特律被作“称奥称汽语之都～语哈被作语语agricultural capital of the United states. 之都。 。20Dry farming ,irrigation farming,and the cattle and sheep herding are the main cativities of the Great Plains of the American West. 旱地语语～灌语语语和牛羊牧语是美国区西部大平原地的主要活语。 。21Colorado has been called the steel city of the west ,Denver is the largest city of the 科语拉多市被作“西部语城”～称区丹佛市是大平原地最大的城市。Great Plains. 。22the largest groups of Native Americans are found on the Colorado Plateau.美国最大的土著群落位于科语拉多高原。 。23Mmauna Loa,the world's largest volcano,is located on Haiwaii and erupts from time to time,Suger cane and pineapples anr Haiwaii's main crops.Tourism is Haiwaii's 莫语洛阿火山是世界最大和活火山～甘蔗和语是夏威菠夷most important industry. 的大作两物～旅游语是夏威夷最重要的语语。 。24Honolulu is the capital of Haiwaii and Juneau is the capital of Alaska.火奴语语是夏威夷的首府～朱语是阿拉斯加的首府。 41