黄宗羲的思想（Huang Zongxi thought）

黄宗羲的思想（Huang Zongxi thought） 黄宗羲的思想(Huang Zongxi thought) Huang Zongxi and Liu Zongyuan lived in a very different time. Liu Zongyuan was in the Tang Dynasty Dynamic rebellion, has become "Modabudiao" and even a threat to the central government of the times, so he will focus on the summary of defects of the enfeoffment system, To promote the system of prefectures and counties is superior, its purpose is to strengthen the central government. Therefore, Liu's hegemony from the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, the Han Dynasty The lessons of history of Wu and Chu seven rebellion, the Tang Dynasty dynasty Yongbing self-respect focus, draw the conclusion: the week (the "lost in sealing state) "System is not politics"; the Qin Dynasty (feudal feudalism), "the loss lies in politics, not in the system", therefore, "there is no traitor and no traitor"; the Han Dynasty has feudalism, "When there are counties, the county and no treason", visible week lost to qin. But Tang lost is not, but in soldiers, when there is a rebel without a state "," state of the county, visible solid not leather". In a word, Liu Zongyuan believed that feudalism was the cause About the source of the county system is stable. And Huang Zongxi is not. He is in the form of rule China in prefectures and counties in recent two thousand years When the abuses of autocratic monarchy have been fully exposed, he believes that such a centralized system is not conducive to play Local governance efficiency, especially in dealing with all the ethnic minorities to resist the enemy invasion, and the severe The historical fact is that after the death of Mongolia song, China once again fell into the hands of the "barbarians" (referring to their establishment of the Qing Manchu), he Before the Qin Dynasty and Qin rise and fall history, pointed out: "since one thousand eight hundred and seventy-four years since the Qin Dynasty, the China cut for those Barbarians Four hundred and twenty-eight years, for whom two hundred and twenty-six years. That number is prime time, but also make the country ten to three consumption tax At the age of four to ten dollars, the consumption of Shuzu, and recommended to the female, humble words to the side, then you can only free husband ", and" self that Yao In the feudal period of two thousand one hundred and thirty-seven years of Qin Dynasty, there was "nothing to do" What is the reason? Huang Zongxi believes that the root cause lies in the feudal and non feudal causes". According to Huang Zongxi A. Four One A. Confucius studies the second issue of 2009 Here the so-called "waste" feudal ", refers to the letter of the state to abolish the" feudal enfeoffment system and the monarchy system of prefectures and counties. Think, if the implementation of "Feudalism", each place has the right to have soldiers, even with the "barbarians" harassment, where troop movements can be quickly alone When the side, not as Mongolia, the Central Plains as "a war, and the world of all counties, from the fall of the lookout" The "barbarians" easily obtain the regime. From the above, Huang Zongxi is better than that of the feudal counties on the historical background, has been with the Liu Zongyuan era military governorship form The odds are quite different. His severe condemnation of "the crime of abolishing feudalism" after Qin Dynasty was essentially a highly centralized monarchy The profound criticism of the administrative system reflects a political trend that calls for decentralization of the central authorities to strengthen local autonomy. this It was also one of the manifestations of the new trend of thought with hazy enlightenment in the Ming and Qing dynasties. Two, the nature and content of Huang Zongxi's new people thought If the book is mainly reflects the author of the hazy enlightenment of the anti - Qing nationalism, then What is expressed in the book of "Ming Yi's visit to China" is from a strong counter expansion to a systematic batch of the whole monarchy system And put forward the new democracy thought with definite democratic enlightenment. There are many controversies about the nature of Huang Zongxi's people based thought. Some people think that Huang Zongxi's thought of the people is nothing more than "Shangshu", "people only state" and "the people" thought Mencius continued, "in the core of Confucian The "limit" of this thought is therefore "pre modern" or even "anti modern", without the nature of democratic enlightenment. However, Xu Contrary to the views of many older scholars, they explicitly admit that Huang Zongxi's "people based" thought has already had democratic enlightenment Nature。 Such as, Mr. Hou Wailu, a famous historian of thought, thought of Huang Zongxi in his monograph "the history of early Chinese enlightenment thought" In the chapter of "thought", we set up a special section to discuss "Huang Zongxi's modern democratic thought", and pointed out that Huang Zongxi's "Ming Yi, waiting to be visited" was a "former fan" The shuttle about thirty years on the "civil", similar to the "Declaration of human rights", especially in the "", "" Yuanchen Yuanjun, "the original law" the articles clearly expressed Democratic thought ii. Mr. Zheng Changgan, a famous historian, pointed out in his monograph "the history of Chinese political theory": From Zhou Dai to the Ming Dynasty, many scholars in the world revolution and national security issues, mostly attributed to the king Personal quality relationship. Xian Jun, Ming Jun tyrant, HunJun is disorder in the safety of the Department?. They too And the monarch and the relationship between the. However, how to treat people? Is the adoption of the Xian Chen Zhong Jian, or far gentleman Pro The villain is still ruled by the king. So, scholars have proposed lost people lost world and the boat capsize etc. Saying is nothing more than stating interest, warning, or advice. But does it make sense to recognize these lessons of history? The function is the monarch. Under the autocratic monarchy, it is bound to be so. These scholars do not derive from this root The nature of the problem is discussed. By the late seventeenth Century, Huang Zongxi and others denied monarchy Proved his harmfulness and put forward progressive democracy theory. 3 A. Five One A. On the nature, content, origin and modern significance of Huang Zongxi's new humanism thought 1. 2 3 See Zhang Shiwei: "the limits of the people" - Huang Zongxi's political thoughts, other important scholars of Huang Zongxi thought, such as Zhang Dainian, Dai Yi, Feng Tianyu, Li Cunshan, Zhu Yilu, Qin Hui "Democracy, enlightenment," says all. I agree with the idea of "democratic enlightenment" and "Xinmin". I think, the people of Huang Zongxi This thought has gone beyond the old paradigm of "respecting the king and valuing the people" and the people based thought that has been established by the emperor since Meng Zi The idea of "democracy, gentleman and guest" in the people's minds has already been characterized by simple democratic enlightenment, and therefore not transmitted The limit of the people centered thought, but the beginning of the democratic thought in modern china". Huang Zongxi's new people's thought embodies In "Ming Yi waiting to be recorded". The book expounds the author's political, legal, economic, military, cultural, educational and other aspects Democratic enlightenment thought. The theoretical structure of Huang Zongxi's Xinmin thought is composed of four parts: one is the political model. Including his "feudal"" On the theory that "king for the people harm" and the theory of "democracy, the emperor and the guest". Two is the legal model. He "supporting the restructuring" technique, put forward the "Tibet "All over the world", "there are governance, then there are governance" Ideological proposition. Three is the economic model. He criticized the seal of the past Jian Dynasty land, tax system, put forward the "Gongshang jieben", "gold and silver waste", "money" policies such as. Four is teaching Education model. The function of the school is defined as the place that guides the politics and guides the public opinion "School," "public is not in school" political views and "wider than take" and "strict use" of "take the people" policy. And its new people The philosophical basis of this thought is the "natural person" based on "time" practice, "philosophy of power" and "private self-interest of human beings" Sex theory. Below, we mainly reveal the basic content of Huang Zongxi's Xinmin political thought from four aspects. 1. "democratic Jun guest" Theory -- uphold the sovereignty of the people, criticizing the monarchy authority The era of Huang Zongxi's life, is the so-called "violent violent political or social upheavals" era. He experienced the demise of the Ming dynasty, At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty peasant uprising failed after the bloody suppression of the southern people struggle to re-establish the monarchy. Political upheaval. He ", not only as a warning for the future of the Ming and Qing Dynasties" evolution of historical events, but also to the entire China historical experience The lesson was deeply reflected. Huang Zongxi "Ming Yi Dai Fang words the most popular book", a "world of the victims of the monarch Yi", two is "the world, King" ("Yuanjun"). The former sentence can be summed up as "king for the people harm" theory, criticism of the spearhead, directed at The Qin Dynasty after two thousand years to "knock on stripping the world marrow, children all over the world to discrete, then" one man in my prince Autocratic system. Obviously, the so-called "world" refers to the people. The latter sentence can be summed up as "the principle of democracy, gentleman and guests" Zhang's thought is that sovereignty serves the people and the monarch must serve the people. Since the "king for the people harm", the people naturally have the right to "complain against their king.", As an enemy, called "men, even has the right to punish. So, the history of tyrannicide, change dynasties is as unalterable principles The. Since the "people based King guest", is the gentleman duty is for people to make the world people Hennessy pesticides, "the profit" and "release it". Therefore, he explicitly put forward the idea of "the right to the interests of the world". Obviously, this has been It is the democratic enlightenment idea of "sovereignty over the people". In fact, the ideological orientation of this kind of democratic enlightenment was not yellow at that time Zong Xi is unique, but for the Ming and Qing Dynasties, many progressive thinkers (such as Gu Yanwu, Wang Fuzhi, Yan Yuan, Tang Zhen, Zhang Dai and so on) Common, and has formed a new trend of social reform. Especially his "where the emperor is also a thief" ("potential book Room and Zhang Dai's "language") stating the right, the Lord "(" four books "," case "in Mencius) ideas are most typical, they And Huang Zongxi's "King harm" theory and "democratic monarch guest" theory can be said to have the same trick. 2., "hide the world in the world" - - advocate the people and oppose tyranny Huang Zongxi's democratic thought is also reflected in his views on public law, the use of private law and the equality of human rights. He used the The method of "reforming the system" affirms that "the law of the Three Dynasties" is "the law of the world", and criticizes the law of the following three generations as "the law of one family"". The so-called "law of the world" is the law of justice for all the people in the world, while the law of the family is devoted to the Emperor An arbitrary tyranny of expediency. He said: More than three generations of law, but also solid, not for their own stand, but also the three generations of the law, the possession of the world in the world also. Yamazawa Nori did not have the right to take punishment and reward, no doubt the lost, not in the court is also expensive, not cheap in the wilderness also. ?? Later, hidden world in the basket also increased. If you don't want to leave it, you'll have to take advantage of it. (Ming Yi) Pending interview (original law) Huang Zongxi's so-called "Tibet in the world", on the one hand, contains the world is the people's world, should be co governance by the people The idea of the government by the people, on the other hand, includes the idea that the law governing the world is the law of the people. Its so-called "expensive" is not moving Ting, not in the wilderness of base ", put forward whether, equality before the law thoughts. The so-called Tibet The world is in the basket, it must be "Qie emperors of a private law, it appears to be" illegal "in Huang Zongxi, and therefore must be added By opposition and criticism. Further, Huang Zongxi clearly claimed from the system to solve the society problem, must first build Establish an effective political and legal system before discussing the issue of law enforcement. This is called "rule by law" and "rule by law" The internal meaning of man. Huang Zongxi's thought of people is also reflected in his liege relationship and function description. He believes that the world is large, business complex, is not a person capable of governing got, and must be made by many ministers and officials of the common governance, division of labor. But the relation is not like father and son that does not alter the relationship, but as friends so you can choose the equality The Department of. People came to his official, is "to the world, not as sovereign nations,; not as a name for the king", that is not a person A surname is a slave, but is responsible to the people and serves the people. And the fundamental thing in the world, "Not in the rise and fall of a surname, and in All sorrow and joy ", so, like qianhuhouying pulled together. The man between the monarch and his subjects, the common people" to the world "People worry, happy people happy. The thought of "the joy of all nations is the first priority" is not only for the traditional Confucian people The inheritance and development of this thought is also the criticism and negation of autocratic monarchy. Huang Zongxi thought and Gu Yanwu "hidden world in the world" advocate "to the world the right to send the world people" ("RI Zhi Lu" Volume nine) thinking exactly the same, so Gu Yanwu read Huang Zongxi's "Ming Yi waiting to be recorded" after a letter to Huang Zongxi, deeply lamented "There is no man who knows the world, but the king of all can be restored, and the three generations can be sure," he said In ten of the six or seven, "Mr. Huang Zongxi's letter will attend the full text is included into old age recorded" in the memoir "cherish the memory. 3., "business is everything" - reflecting the historical requirements of the new civil class Huang Zongxi's thought of "Xinmin" in economic thought and economic policy, first, put forward the "business is all" economy Ethical proposition; two, advocate the reform of tax system, and call for the principle of "thirty taxes and one", "reset the world's Fu"; three, advocate "waste" Gold and silver "and" money "of the financial reform. Chinese ancient society has always been a society with agriculture as its main body and agriculture as its foundation. In ancient times, commerce was not developed, so There is no need or need for business suppression. In the spring and Autumn period, commercial trade development, so we put forward the agriculture Question. From the literature, specifically discussed the relationship and scholar, farmer, artisan and merchant social division of ancient books is "Guanzi" and "Meng Zi. "Pipe - small Kuang" article said: "four people in scholar, farmer, artisan and merchant, stone people, can not make domestic, what is the Mang miscellaneous. Chaos." The so-called "stone people", which means "pillar" of the people. Four the people shall live in their own houses, and all their divisions, or they shall be in disorder. Here Although the business in the back row, but there is no imperial. "Mencius" of the "LLA" and "article about" Teng Wengong Occupation division Shi, agriculture, business, there is no physiocracy or imperial thought. The earliest proposed restraining or agricultural The thought of this merchant should be legalist, Shang Yang and Han fei. "Shang Jun Shu Yi Yi" puts forward the theory of "the end of the Forbidden City", Han Fei Sub - is "five bookworms based on agriculture to the chamber of Commerce and industry for the end of Tour" and advocate suppression of food people". At the end of the Warring States, especially in the Qin and Han Dynasties After the rulers and most thinkers (including Confucianism), basically all the advocates of imperial, restraining government Policy. Such as "LvShiChunQiu" - on agricultural article said "the reason why the ancient king to lead his people, first in agricultural works; non agricultural people for", It also emphasizes the harm of farming and the end of the system. And "Three Kingdoms Chronicles - Wei Zhi Sima Zhi Chuan" called "King of the rule, the heavy grain farming," said, is a typical imperial claim, restraining commerce policy. But Huang Zongxi borrowed "ancient king" in "recommendations" made out of the ordinary interpretation. He believes that the so-called governance The fundamental is to make all the people's behavior with etiquette, and the so-called industry, are those who do not cut civil habits (such as vulgar Lavish wedding etiquette) and confuse Superstition (such as Buddhism, the letter) and extravagance (such as need, wineshops, machine industry workshop). He said: Therefore, to rule the people, make a small fortune in the ceremony, the investment drive Buddha, I called the school taught but then. To put the end of such a ban, and have banned, except there are no external cloth. Now, through the city four, room ten and nine, For the Buddha and goods, and goods for the people, and for such goods, and the goods are for Diabolic tricks and wicked craft, not to cut All the pain, but also civilian, so as to save the end also harm. The principal at the end of the ancient Wang Chong. Confucian ignorance, Take industry and commerce as the end and make a false comment on it. The king of the solid husband work, taking the way out to cover all. Ben also. 1. In Huang Zongxi's thought of the people in the system, the ancient king chongbenximo Road, advocating virtue, and not those in, Buddhist, need not cut, such as civil diabolic tricks and wicked craft industry, rather than the business such as beneficial to the livelihood of the industry down. So yellow Zong Xi opposed the business policy of depreciation, "Gongshang jieben" thought, this is for thousands of years of "restraining commerce" policy The historical criticism reflects the strong demand of the new citizen class for developing the commodity economy at that time. As for the tax system, there is an initial tax acre in the pre Qin period, and there is a tithe. The Han Dynasty has taken a fifteen tax, thirty tax and a tax system, the implementation of the household modulation zuyongdiao system implementation, Tang Dynasty, Song Dynasty to Ming Dynasty and two tax, a whip Tax reform. But change to change, save the disadvantages of one time, can not save the fundamental disadvantages, but instead cause "accumulation, no return." Harm, that is, a vicious cycle that constantly increases the burden on farmers. Huang Zongxi advocated the re tax rates, tax collection at the lowest standards. He said: Husband thirty and tax one, the next tax is also. The ancient Ida Yomin, whose fields are also fields. Since Qin Dynasty After that, the land owned by the people is also. On the other hand, neither the people nor the people are able to support themselves, and thus they are endowed with thirty taxes In ancient times, nor for light. If we want to have a king, we must redefine the world as Fu, and redefine the Fu of the world, Must be the following, then the ancient law also. 1. The so-called "following is the", that is, the following fields income standards thirty, and tax one. Despite this low tax rate, the imperial power day It is impossible to strengthen the autocratic society, but Huang Zongxi's tax reform thought is beneficial to lighten the peasants "Cruel tax". Another highlight of Huang Zongxi's economic thought is "gold and silver waste" and "currency reform through money". He was in the Ming Dynasty To visit: financial accounting "in the three part, the first sentence is:" after the king and to the world of the rich, gold and silver will waste In the ancient times, he focused on the economic difficulties caused by the monetary policy of the Ming Dynasty, which was dominated by gold and silver and supplemented by coins, Then summed up: The silver is exhausted, and the tax is as good as the city. For a silver, in what is the land! The price of a different time, improper, or bad and barren? Said: no! Not for taxes also. The price of the department store is also different What is the time, Fu and said:? No!, no information is also easy. Nowadays, people had soup of fire, and immediately Abundance is useless, i.e. Quannong perze useless, I think that can not be non waste of gold and silver. The waste of gold and silver, seven: millet silk Is a genus of small people to self, is also a home to the foot. There is no money Yitong casting, casting no interest, no goods exhausted, two Also. He who does not treasure gold or silver, has nothing to do with poverty, nor does he have a family of three. Light turn inconvenient, difficult people to their village, four. Government officials Difficult to cover, five also. The weight is easy to trace, open a trunk to steal, six. Banknote Lu Tong, seven. 2 Thus, Huang Zongxi's monetary policy is a waste of gold and silver and coins, mixed with millet silk sign. Millet silk against tax, in order to facilitate the farmers; as the only coin currency and commodity trading market. He thinks: "money is good for profit, too.", Only the benefits of the moment, and then the long - term benefits. To charge three or four money ten money interest, to the size of the paper when using gold and silver, The profit of this moment is also. So that within the domain, often tens of millions of money, the use of unlimited circulation, the benefits of this long ago also." Obviously, Huang Zongxi The monetary policy is to ensure the circulation of money and the vitality of the commodity market, in order to safeguard the long-term stability of the country Far li". In a word, Huang Zongxi "are the business" and "heavy fixed tariff", "waste, gold and silver money" as the main content of economic reform Theory is the embodiment of his new democratic thought in economy and ideology, and reflects the traditional structure and development required to break the natural economy The historical requirements of industry and commerce, reform, tax system and financial policy. These economic propositions, despite many impractical ones Think of ingredients, but objectively conducive to the germination and growth of capitalist relations of production, Its theoretical courage and vision - made commendable. 1. 4., "public is not in school" - to implement the people's right to supervise the public opinion of the government Huang Zongxi's democratic thought not only highlights the fact that he has extended civil rights, advocated the rule of the people and criticized the monarchy And in the view of the people's political power and supervision. He referred the two rights to the school, which, in his opinion, was both Is the cultivation of intellectual base, also review politics, to carry out public opinion supervision places. In autocratic monarchy society, not only the general public, but not even the ordinary intellectuals (the intellectuals), did not comment on politics The pros and cons of governance rights, no supervision of monarchical power and the executive power of the government (it is the extension of monarchical rights). The standard of right and wrong does not Decided by the objective practice, nor by the majority of people judged that, but "the world is a out of court (monarch)". yellow Zong Xi, contrary to his words, believes that "the emperor's place is not necessarily the place of the emperor, not necessarily not", and advocates that "the rule of the world should be governed by the rule of the emperor" "Everything is out of school", "the public is not in the school" (Ming Yi waiting to visit school). Here the "rule of the world," when referring to governance The basic outline of the state and its basic system and the design of its development strategy make it "out of school", and the school has politics The nature of the Design Institute, and "the public is not in school", then the school has the function of public opinion supervision. Despite the Huang Zongxi pen The schools below are not in the same breath as those in the modern western parliament, but it should be acknowledged that this is the king of the "right and the wrong" The denial of the main despotism is the affirmation of the political power and the supervisory power of the people, and therefore is a democratic political proposition. Three, the theoretical origin and modern significance of Huang Zongxi's Xinmin thought From the above, Huang Zongxi has gone beyond the thought of people from the "book of history", "Mencius" since the monarchy under the traditional Confucianism, the people of the old people, paradigm, and begin to move toward democracy and democratic supervision by the people, the new paradigm. There are many sources of Huang Zongxi's thought of the people. In the broad sense, the origin of his thought mainly comes from Chinese tradition In the culture of Confucian "people", "benevolence" thought and Taoist "anarchic theory". Concretely speaking, "the people are the only people" in the book of history This, the thought of Confucius's "benevolence" theory, "Mencius" "people" theory, "residual thief autocrat" theory, Bao Jing The words "no monarch" theory, Fan Zhongyan's "first and worry about the world, after the world to enjoy" people thought, "Deng Mu Ya Qin" The anti Jun Ju Xian Jones, his claims, Wang Yangming's "conscience" and "unity" of Huang Shengceng, the so-called "feudal County County benevolence "debate, Liu Zongzhou's" sincerity, Shendu ", and so on, all in varying degrees for the people of Huang Zongxi thought Providing direct or indirect thought resources. But Huang Zongxi's thought of the people is more substantial than that of the sages The more. The biggest difference lies in the demise of the Ming Dynasty, Huang Zongxi from the tragic fact, China from violent political or social upheavals "two thousand years of Jun In the serious abuse of the people by the tyranny of the Lord, we reflect and sum up historical experience and lessons. He was deeply aware of the importance of respecting people's selfish right to life, and realized that the world should be shared by the people, not the Emperor The surname private reason, then put forward the system of criticizing the autocratic monarchy and democratic enlightenment thought theory. From this In a sense, the most important and direct source of Huang Zongxi's new democracy is China's autocratic monarchy for more than two thousand years Negative practice. And Huang Zongxi's new thought of "new" is new in "beyond the Traditional People-oriented Thought", "the king of the people as the foundation."", "I plead for the people" and "for the people" the old paradigm, and put forward the "people oriented, Jun is the guest" the sovereignty of the people, for the people you need The new idea of service, put forward to "the world of law (Law) rule the world" by the people that this is "to the core" What the traditional people based thought can not match. When the Ming Dynasty was destroyed by the peasant uprising, China did not build democracy and develop capitalism The road, but was conquered by a from barbarism to civilization in backward nation force, established even than Chinese Tang and Song Dynasties Ming Dynasty, a despotic and corrupt Qing dynasty. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, China suffered greatly from imperialist aggression and division, thus greatly extending it The process of modernization and modernization has been slowed down. After more than two thousand years of autocratic monarchy, contemporary China has come to the forefront of society Today, we can still deeply feel the far-reaching significance of Huang Zongxi's new people thought Many aspects of reference and enlightenment. Although there are historical limitations and utopian elements in Huang Zongxi's Xinmin thought, the spirit of democratic enlightenment embodied in it is lasting New. We can understand at least five aspects of its modern significance: first, Huang Zongxi's "democracy, the guest" theory and the "people" Sorrow and joy "theory, uphold the sovereignty of the people, you need to serve the people, to the peoples happiness and sorrow for the idea of punishment standard. Present tense Although the generation has not been the age of autocratic monarchy, there is always the question of the relationship between the government and the people, the leader and the leader. As a leader of modern society, we must understand that power comes from the people's principles and adhere to the root of "serving the people and serving the people" This position has always been a matter of paramount importance to the joys and sorrows of all nations and to the interests of the broad masses of the people. Second, Huang Zongxi's discussion of "governance" and "governing people" will help us to correctly understand the relationship between rule of law, rule of virtue and rule by man and their advantages and disadvantages, It has led us to make unremitting efforts to build a modern society ruled by law based on democracy. Third, Huang Zongxi's "work" "Business oriented" and "tax reform" and other economic ideas can inspire us to deeply understand and maintain the harmonious and balanced industrial structure Significance and profound understanding of the importance of constantly reducing or adjusting the tax burden of the people to maintain social stability. Fourth, Huang Zongxi's theory about the function of school and the system of reforming and taking the scholar can enlighten us to understand the academic and politics correctly The guiding role, profound understanding, eclectic, select the importance of talent. In the "official standard" unhealthy, quite prosperous "sir. In the case that the will is right, we need to vigorously publicize Huang Zongxi's idea that "the public is not the school" Zhang advocated the "learning standard" instead of "official standard", so that "the will of the chief" obeyed the will of the citizens". This is a civilization, and The basic qualities that a modern society should possess. A.