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玉林市发展水果生产的思考中国果业信息玉林市发展水果生产的思考中国果业信息 玉林市发展水果生产的思考 莫 永 朱秋莲 ( 广西玉林市农业科学研究所 537000) [摘要]玉林市位于北纬21?38′,24?02′,地处广西东南部,气候温和,日照充足,雨量充沛,土地肥沃,是我区发展南亚热带水果不可多得的一块宝地,素有“中国桂圆之乡”的美誉。玉林水果生产的悠久历史和优良品质可以从古诗“一骑红尘妃子笑,无人知是荔枝来”中粗略感受。在成立海峡两岸(广西玉林)农业合作试验区之际,及时提出大力发展水果产业,建设水果强市的思路,使玉林市迅速从“水果大市” 跃...

玉林市发展水果生产的思考中国果业信息
玉林市发展水果生产的思考中国果业信息 玉林市发展水果生产的思考 莫 永 朱秋莲 ( 广西玉林市农业科学研究所 537000) [摘要]玉林市位于北纬21?38′,24?02′,地处广西东南部,气候温和,日照充足,雨量充沛,土地肥沃,是我区发展南亚热带水果不可多得的一块宝地,素有“中国桂圆之乡”的美誉。玉林水果生产的悠久历史和优良品质可以从古诗“一骑红尘妃子笑,无人知是荔枝来”中粗略感受。在成立海峡两岸(广西玉林)农业合作试验区之际,及时提出大力发展水果产业,建设水果强市的思路,使玉林市迅速从“水果大市” 跃为“水果强市”,不仅是十分必要,而且是有条件、有可能实现的。 [关键词]玉林,发展,水果,生产,思考 一、概述 水果种植一直是玉林市经济作物的重要组成部分,全市果树种植面积逾245.4万亩,排在全区第三位;鲜果产量37.7万吨,排位第四,已经形成了生产有规模、产品有批量的生产格局,在广西水果产业中占有不可或缺的地位。但随着全局性水果生产的规模发展和中国加入WTO、中国—东盟自由贸易区后,相关国家的水果大量涌入,使我市的水果业受到严重的冲击,因为生产水平低、品牌效应不显著、品种结构不合理,产出的水果品质低劣,加上采后加工滞后、相关服务体系不健全,与国外进口水果的物美价廉形成了鲜明的对比。玉林水果生产出现价格低、销路窄、丰产不丰收,甚至有市无价的尴尬局面也就不足为奇。如何解决这一系列问题,成为当务之急。对于这些问题我们应综合玉林水果生产的情况和周边环境等因素来仔细分析,从中找到“医治”上述“症结”的良方。 、玉林发展水果生产的有利条件 二 (一)、区位优势明显,地理位置优越 玉林地处广西东南部,与广东省的湛江、高州、化州等市接壤,交通、通讯十分发达,利于产品出口港澳及东南亚市场; 玉林属南亚热带气候,是我区发展南亚热带水果不可多得的一块宝地,是龙眼、荔枝、香蕉等典型亚热带水果生长的乐土。是广西14个地市中唯一既有南亚热带水果(龙眼、荔枝、香蕉)又有柑桔(沙田柚)区域优势的市,在广西各地分布的水果都能在玉林找到合适的colors, graphics, and text that represents the type of terminal equipment. Installation of cabinets, racks, wiring devices shields and metal pipes, wire grounding should comply with the design requirements for tank use, grounding and should maintain a good electrical connection. Completion of the project completion and acceptance of information according to the following requirements for the preparation of technical documents. After the project is completed, construction unit should prior to project acceptance, completion of technical information to the unit. Integrated wiring system for completion of technical information should include the following: installation work; Equipment, equipment list; Changes in drawings for construction after the completion of construction plans; Test records (the Chinese should be used); Engineering changes, inspection records and during the construction, design or related measures of change, by between building, design and construction of units on both sides of the negotiations; Checked and recorded; Concealed work record; The budget of the project. Complete technical documentation to ensure quality, neat in appearance and content is complete, accurate data. Unqualified items found in the acceptance, by the inspection body should be identified, responsibility, and to propose solutions. Project completion acceptance, acceptance steps preparations prior to acceptance, acceptance of the preparatory work should be carried out, including: ? collecting engineering data, classification filing these technical materials including: System 生长环境。经栽培试验,葡萄、提子、柑橘、枇杷、哈密瓜等上百种名优水果都能在玉林获得高产稳产。优越的地理位置和自然条件为今后玉林进一步做大做强水果业奠定了良好基础。 (二)、重视水果生产,产业基础好 自上世纪90年代以来,玉林各级党委、政府及全市人民的对水果生产高度重视,投入了大量人力物力,一是开展培训,提高果农素质。根据玉林市农业局、玉林市基层办统计数据,仅2005,2007年 三年,玉林市共开展农村党员大培训、绿色证书教育、农广校招生等种植养殖大小培训班350多班/次,发放种植、养殖知识资料、光盘12.5万册/份,培训农民24.76万人次。通过各种学习途径掌握至少一门种植技术的农民达46.2万人。二是引进大批适合本地种植的优良品种,大力推广种植面积,根据2006年统计,玉林市水果种植面积为234.9万亩,占全区水果总面积的14.6,,排第3位;果树投产面积146.8万亩,占全区果树投产面积的,8.2,,排第2位;水果产量35万吨,占全区水果总产量的78.3,,排第4位;从上述数据表明,无论是果农素质还是水果面积、投产面积、产量等指标玉林市均位居全区各市的前列。 (三)、有一定品牌意识,名特优水果潜力大 玉林市水果生产除了注重种植面积、投产面积、产量、产值等指标外,还具有一定的品牌意识,注意提升名特优品种发展水平,名牌果品效益初显。到2007年底,全市果树面积达245.4万亩,鲜果产量37.7万吨,分别居广西第3位和第4位。全市主栽树种荔枝116万亩(6万吨),龙眼76万亩 (4.5万吨),沙田柚 8.8万亩(3万吨)。全市水果总产值7.5亿元(现行价)。北流荔枝、博白桂圆、容县沙田柚都声名在外。北流市被列为广西无公害荔枝生产示范县、容县定为广西无公害沙田柚生产示范县。容县“沙田村”牌的沙田柚荣获广西、全国名牌产品称号,效益显著。 三、玉林水果生产存在问题 (一)、品种结构不合理,产期集中 玉林市2007年投产水果面积达245.4万亩,其中荔枝116万亩,龙眼76万亩,蕉类22万亩,沙田柚 8.8万亩,柑桔3万亩,桃、李及其他杂果约19.6万亩。荔枝品种主要以禾荔为主,面积约72.6万亩,占荔枝种植面积62%,龙眼栽培主要以石硖为主,约51.3万亩,占龙眼种植面积的67.5%,从中可以看出生产结构的严重失衡。玉林水果生产还有一个明显的特点,就是同一水果早、colors, graphics, and text that represents the type of terminal equipment. Installation of cabinets, racks, wiring devices shields and metal pipes, wire grounding should comply with the design requirements for tank use, grounding and should maintain a good electrical connection. Completion of the project completion and acceptance of information according to the following requirements for the preparation of technical documents. After the project is completed, construction unit should prior to project acceptance, completion of technical information to the unit. Integrated wiring system for completion of technical information should include the following: installation work; Equipment, equipment list; Changes in drawings for construction after the completion of construction plans; Test records (the Chinese should be used); Engineering changes, inspection records and during the construction, design or related measures of change, by between building, design and construction of units on both sides of the negotiations; Checked and recorded; Concealed work record; The budget of the project. Complete technical documentation to ensure quality, neat in appearance and content is complete, accurate data. Unqualified items found in the acceptance, by the inspection body should be identified, responsibility, and to propose solutions. Project completion acceptance, acceptance steps preparations prior to acceptance, acceptance of the preparatory work should be carried out, including: ? collecting engineering data, classification filing these technical materials including: System 中、晚三个成熟时期,各自所占比例差异较大。如荔枝,早熟品种所占的比例十分少,目前只占了10,左右,主要是分布在北流、陆川的南部地区,如北流的石窝、清湾,陆川的古城等地。中偏迟的则品种多、比例大,但优质品种如三日红、白蜡、妃子笑等品种较少,晚熟品种更是寥寥无几,使得荔枝的总体档次水平提高幅度不明显,这种现象直接造成了玉林荔枝上市时间集中在每年的6月下旬到7月中旬,因为数量多,收获期短,严重影响了价格定位,造成季节性的销售压力。其他水果,如龙眼、柚子、香蕉等都存在类似情况。 (二)、栽培科技含量低,管理粗放 玉林全市范围内大多数果园都以农民个体经营为主,普遍是养殖场+果园的模式,存在规模小,管理粗放,商品化程度低的现象,调查中发现不少的果园甚至因交通不便、水源缺乏及市场疲软等因素而放任自然生长,与规模生产、科学管理的现代种植理念格格不入,极不适应现代市场经济的需求。究其原因,一是果树专业技术人员短缺,果树种植科技含量低。 目前,玉林市水果系统现有水果专业毕业的技术人员仅22人,按全市水果栽培面积245.5万亩计,玉林市每10万 二是价格低迷,亩不足一名果树专业技术人员,新的技术无法普及到果农手中。果贱伤农所致。九十年代末,荔枝、龙眼价格一路走跌,原种植的劣质品种无人问津,改良后的品种由于品质差、商品化程度低也是有市无价,滞销严重,部分果农纷纷转行其他产业,大片砍毁果树的情况时有发生,精心管理更无从谈起。 (三)、规模化、商品化生产程度低,市场竞争力差 由荔枝、龙眼、菠萝等水果加工而成的罐头、干品、酒类等产品都是扩大销售量的一条捷径,在市场上占有一定的份额,但随着原玉林市、博白县等国有罐头厂的改制解体,一段时间内玉林市可以进行深加工的企业屈指可数,逐渐形成一个薄弱环节,加上产业协会的发展水平低,玉林的贮运保鲜、加工能力仍维持在原有的水平。而龙眼、荔枝等优势果品生产发展迅速、产量剧增,销售渠道以鲜果外运为主,在长途运输过程中却不能保证其原有的品质,价格随之回落,经加工而成的罐头、干品、果汁等产品也因宣传促销力度小、市场知名度低等原因,在各种农业博览会评奖、名牌农产品评优工作中,获奖的为数不多,这与其赋有的荔枝、龙眼生产大市极不相符。 四、加速玉林水果生产发展的对策 (一)、改良品种,调整种植结构 市场经济的基本规律是优胜劣汰,适应这一规律的最好 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 是大力研发、colors, graphics, and text that represents the type of terminal equipment. Installation of cabinets, racks, wiring devices shields and metal pipes, wire grounding should comply with the design requirements for tank use, grounding and should maintain a good electrical connection. Completion of the project completion and acceptance of information according to the following requirements for the preparation of technical documents. After the project is completed, construction unit should prior to project acceptance, completion of technical information to the unit. Integrated wiring system for completion of technical information should include the following: installation work; Equipment, equipment list; Changes in drawings for construction after the completion of construction plans; Test records (the Chinese should be used); Engineering changes, inspection records and during the construction, design or related measures of change, by between building, design and construction of units on both sides of the negotiations; Checked and recorded; Concealed work record; The budget of the project. Complete technical documentation to ensure quality, neat in appearance and content is complete, accurate data. Unqualified items found in the acceptance, by the inspection body should be identified, responsibility, and to propose solutions. Project completion acceptance, acceptance steps preparations prior to acceptance, acceptance of the preparatory work should be carried out, including: ? collecting engineering data, classification filing these technical materials including: System 引进、推广优良品种,对劣质果园进行强化管理和更新改造,着力提高改劣增优水平,不断推出市场畅销对路品种,提高竞争力,同时要保护好现有的品种资源,防止资源浪费和流失;其次是在稳定现有种植面积的基础上,调整品种结构,调整生产布局,按3?5?2的比例适当发展早、中、晚熟品种,缩小各品种种植比例差异,使早、中、晚熟品种比例趋于合理;再有就是抓住主要水果集中上市,出现季节空档的机会,发展大青枣、番石榴、黄皮、板栗等杂果种植,填补季节空档。重视调整作为新鲜食用的优质品种及作为加工的优良品种的结构。 (二)、推广 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 化种植,提高果实品质 加大科研投入,大力引进科技人才,提高管理水平,增加种植科技含量,是推广标准化栽培的前提。生产过程要严格参照NY/T.393—2000绿色食品农药使用准则,少用化肥,多用有机肥,优先采用农业、生物、物理等措施,配合使用化学防治方法,减少病虫害。实行无公害标准化栽培对提高水果品质起到催化作用,使水果的质量符合无公害标准。彻底改变品质低、外观差、不耐贮的现状,一跃成为“绿色”食品,迎合当今消费者的口味,拓宽了销售渠道。 (三)、加强采后处理,提高一体化生产水平 多年来玉林水果先鲜食后加工的局面一直没能打破,主要原因一是采收期集中、贮藏难度大,二是采后处理、包装能力差。因此,今后除逐步完善整体配套技术,实施科学化、一体化管理,努力提高采后处理手段,强调采后包装,通过防腐处理打蜡、果实挑选等来延长贮藏时间外,还要大力研发深加工技术,开发荔枝罐头、荔枝酒、荔枝果脯等新产品系列,提高产品附加值,同时收到分流一部分产量,限制市场的上市量,确保市场的稳定的效果。政府对当地加工制作水果系列产品企业给予技术支持和政策倾斜,大力培育水果产品加工龙头企业,鼓励、帮助果农利用土炉、小作坊加工制作荔枝干、圆肉等产品,同时抓好水果产品的销售流通工作,改变产品销售市场低迷的困境。 (四)、实施名牌战略,提高玉林水果知名度 在市场经济调节下,抓名优水果生产基地建设,创优质名牌品牌是果树生产发展不变的准则。这需要各级政府和科技人员、果农三结合,坚决淘汰劣质品种,把资金、宣传和技术引导和名牌基地建设。使果实有注册商标,产品进行商品化处理。做到“建设基地、创立名牌、占领市场、取得效益”。 同时要充分利用南博会、玉博会的良好时机,为本地果农和加工企业招商引资,把荔枝等水果的推广作为商业合作平台,更广泛地开拓水果市场。 colors, graphics, and text that represents the type of terminal equipment. Installation of cabinets, racks, wiring devices shields and metal pipes, wire grounding should comply with the design requirements for tank use, grounding and should maintain a good electrical connection. Completion of the project completion and acceptance of information according to the following requirements for the preparation of technical documents. After the project is completed, construction unit should prior to project acceptance, completion of technical information to the unit. Integrated wiring system for completion of technical information should include the following: installation work; Equipment, equipment list; Changes in drawings for construction after the completion of construction plans; Test records (the Chinese should be used); Engineering changes, inspection records and during the construction, design or related measures of change, by between building, design and construction of units on both sides of the negotiations; Checked and recorded; Concealed work record; The budget of the project. Complete technical documentation to ensure quality, neat in appearance and content is complete, accurate data. Unqualified items found in the acceptance, by the inspection body should be identified, responsibility, and to propose solutions. Project completion acceptance, acceptance steps preparations prior to acceptance, acceptance of the preparatory work should be carried out, including: ? collecting engineering data, classification filing these technical materials including: System (五)、完善科技和社会服务体系 通过建立专业合作组织、将水果生产引导转向集约化、产业化经营,组织农民将产品批量、标准化进入市场是目前国内外比较普遍的做法。对玉林来说,摆在眼前的一项比较重要的工作就是完善好科技和社会两个服务体系,迅速组建玉林市水果协会,成立水果合作社,发挥中介作用,帮助农民组织起来把玉林水果业做大做强,把玉林水果产业发展成为农业增产、农民增收、财政增税,农村稳定的强项产业,最终实现水果业效益最大化的目标。 参考文献 [1]唐志鹏. 广西水果生产的发展状况与对策. 2000年农业新技术推广 . 1999年12月 [2] 李岳青. 我市水果业出路在何方,众专家为水果强市“开方”. 玉林日报 2003年6月 [3] 玉林市发展与改革委员会. 玉林市投资指南(水果业). 玉林市发展与改革委员会 2006年11月 [4] 新浪网 . 如何把水果业做大做强,专家支招———为水果强市“把脉开方”. 新浪网 2004年8月 中城网 . 玉林市采取有力措施解决水果产业“人才荒”问题.中城网 . [5] 2006年6月 [6] 广西农业信息网 . 建设玉林水果强市需注意解决的几个问题. 广西农业信息网 . 2003年9月 作者简介:莫 永,男,助理农艺师,主要从事果树栽培及农作物选育种 研究工作 colors, graphics, and text that represents the type of terminal equipment. Installation of cabinets, racks, wiring devices shields and metal pipes, wire grounding should comply with the design requirements for tank use, grounding and should maintain a good electrical connection. Completion of the project completion and acceptance of information according to the following requirements for the preparation of technical documents. After the project is completed, construction unit should prior to project acceptance, completion of technical information to the unit. Integrated wiring system for completion of technical information should include the following: installation work; Equipment, equipment list; Changes in drawings for construction after the completion of construction plans; Test records (the Chinese should be used); Engineering changes, inspection records and during the construction, design or related measures of change, by between building, design and construction of units on both sides of the negotiations; Checked and recorded; Concealed work record; The budget of the project. Complete technical documentation to ensure quality, neat in appearance and content is complete, accurate data. Unqualified items found in the acceptance, by the inspection body should be identified, responsibility, and to propose solutions. Project completion acceptance, acceptance steps preparations prior to acceptance, acceptance of the preparatory work should be carried out, including: ? collecting engineering data, classification filing these technical materials including: System
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