会计学基础Chapter 4

Chapter4AdjustingAccountsforFinancialStatements帐项调整QuickReview FiveAccountClassifications -assets -liabilities -owner’sequity -revenue -expensesReviewContinued…. FourMainFinancialStatements -BalanceSheet -IncomeStatement -StatementofOwner’sEquity -StatementofCashFlowsReviewContinued…Anexchangeofeconomicconsiderationbetweentwopartiesthatcausesachangeinassets,liabilities,orowner’sequity.Remember–abusinesstransactionwillALWAYSeffectatleasttwoitemswithintheequation,andassetswillALWAYSbeequaltototalliabilitiesandowner’sequity.ASSETS=LIABILITIES+OWNER’SEQUITYTheBusinessTransactionTheAccountingCycleAnalyzeTransactionsJournalizePostPrepareUnadjustedTrialBalanceAdjustPrepareAdjustedTrialBalancePrepareStatementsClosePreparePost-closingtrialbalanceNormalBalanceAnormalbalanceofeachaccountreferstothedebitorcreditsidewhereincreasesarerecorded. Assets–debit Liabilities–credit Owner’sEquity–credit Revenue–credit Expenses–debit Owner’sWithdrawals-debitAssetsIncreasesinassetsaredebitedtotheassetaccount.Decreasesinassetsarecreditedtotheassetaccount.ASSETSDebitforincreasesCreditfordecreasesLiabilitiesIncreasesinliabilitiesarecreditedtotheliabilityaccount.Decreasesinliabilitiesaredebitedtotheliabilityaccount.LiabilitiesDebitfordecreasesCreditforincreasesOwner’sEquityIncreasesinequityarecreditedtotheequityaccount.Decreasesinequityaredebitedtotheequityaccount.Owner’sEquityDebitfordecreasesCreditforincreasesRevenuesIncreasesinrevenueincreaseowner’sequity.RevenuesDebitfordecreasesCreditforincreasesExpensesExpensescauseowner’sequitytodecrease.ExpenseCreditfordecreasesDebitforincreasesOwner’sWithdrawalsOwner’swithdrawalsdecreasesowner’sequity.Owner’sWithdrawalsDebitforincreasesCreditfordecreasesTrialBalanceFINLAYINTERIORSTrialBalanceJanuary31,2007 Debit CreditCash………………………………………. $8,070AccountsReceivable……………………… -0-PrepaidInsurance………………………… 2,400AccountsPayable………………………… 2,000Notespayable……………………………. 470CarolFinlay,capital……………………... 8,000Totals……………………………………. $10,470 $10,470LearningObjectives AccrualBasisAccounting&CashBasisAccounting Thetimeperiod,matching,andrevenuerecognitionprinciples Adjustingaccountandadjustingentries PrepareAdjustedTrialBalanceandfinancialstatementsfromanadjustedtrialbalance.Lesson1AccrualBasisAccounting&CashBasisAccounting权责发生制与收付实现制LearningObjectives DistinguishAccrualBasisAccountingfromCashBasisAccounting ExplaintheshortcomingsofCashBasisAccounting QuickReview:TheAccountingPeriod 会计期间是指将企业连续的经营活动划分为若干个相等的区间，在连续反映的基础上，分期进行会计核算和编制会计报表，定期反映企业某一期间的经营活动和成果。引子 请同学们根据以下两种情形，考虑企业应该记录的收入的金额是多少？Case1：OnMarch31,2009.JohnreceivedSmith’scheckof$6,000forhisfirst6months’rent(4-9).Case2：OnMarch31,2009.Johnsellthecar$6,000toLilyonaccount.情形1：在提供服务前就收到现金，应该确认收入吗？情形2：产品已销售，还未收到现金，应该确认收入吗？Objective1 WhatisAccrualBasisAccounting?什么是权责发生制？AccrualBasisAccounting权责发生制 Accrualbasisaccountingmeansthatrevenuesandexpensesarerecognizedorrecordedwhenearnedorincurredregardlessofwhencashisreceivedorpaid. 权责发生制，也称应收应付制。它是以权利或 责任 安全质量包保责任状安全管理目标责任状8安全事故责任追究制幼儿园安全责任状占有损害赔偿请求权 的发生与否为 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 ，来确认收入和费用。AccrualBasisAccounting权责发生制 Revenuerecognition:Revenueisrecognizedwhenbothofthefollowingconditionsaremet:收入以商品已销售或劳务已提供为确认标准，而不管有没有收到现金。AccrualBasisAccounting权责发生制 Expenserecognition:Expenseisrecognizedintheperiodwhenincurredregardlessofwhencashispaid.费用的确认应以某一期间实际发生或实际受益为标准，而不管有没有支付现金。Example Calculatethefirstmonth’snetincomeofFinlayInteriorsunderthecashbasisandtheaccrualbasisaccordingtothebusinesstransactions.Example Transaction#1–Servicesrenderedforcash.OnJanuary10,FinlayInteriorsprovidedconsultingservicestoadentistopeninganewdentalcentreandimmediatelycollects$2,200cash.Consultingrevenue+$2,200Cash+$2,200Example Transaction#2–Servicesrenderedforcredit.OnJanuary15,FinlayInteriorsprovidesconsultingservicesof$1,600toahomebuilder,whoisbilledfor$1,600.Consultingrevenue+$1,600Accountsreceivable+$1,600Example Transaction#3–receiptcashinadvance.OnJanuary27,theclientpaidtwomonths’consultingservicesfees$1,800inadvance,coveringtheperiodfromFebruary1tomarch31.Unearnedconsultingrevenue（预收收入）+$1,800Cash+$1,800Example Transactions#4–Paymentofexpensesincash.OnJanuary12,FinlayInteriorspays$700inwagestothecompany’sonlyemployees.Wagesexpense+$700Cash-$700Example Transactions#5–Oneday’saccruedrevenues. Anemployeeearns$70perdaybasedonafivedayworkweekbeginningonMondayandendingonFriday.ThisemployeegetspaideverytwoweeksonFriday. Onthe14thandthe28thofJanuary,wagesarepaid,recordedtothejournal,andpostedtotheledger.Duringthiscalendaryear,thereisstilloneworkingdayinthismonth(31).Wagesexpense+$70Wagespayable+$70Example Transactions#6–Purchaseofinsurancefor24months.OnJanuary31,FinlayInteriors’paymentof$2,400fortwoyearsofinsuranceprotectionbeginningonFebruary1,2005.PrepaidInsurance +$2,400 Cash -$2,400Example Totalrevenues(transaction1-transaction3):$4,000 Totalexpenses(transaction4-transaction6):$700+$70=$770CanyoucalculatetheNetIncome?NetIncome:$3,800-$770=$3,030Objective2 WhatisCashBasisAccounting?什么是收付实现制？CashBasisAccounting收付实现制 Cashbasisaccountingmeansthatrevenuesandexpensesarerecognizedorrecordedwhencashisreceivedorpaid. 收付实现制也称现收现付制，以现金收到或付出为标准，来记录收入的实现或费用的发生。它以收到或支付现金作为确认收入和费用的依据。CashBasisAccounting收付实现制 Revenuerecognition ExpenserecognitionRevenueisrecognizedwhencashisreceived.（收入的确认以收到现金为标准）Expenseisrecognizedwhencashispaid.（费用的确认以支付现金为标准）Example Totalrevenues(transaction1-transaction3):$4,000 Totalexpenses(transaction4-transaction6):$700+$2,400=$3,1,00CanyoucalculatetheNetIncome?NetIncome:$4,000-$3,100=$900TwoMethodsAccrualBasisrevenuesandexpensesarerecognizedwhenearnedorincurred收入在赚得时确认费用在发生时确认CashBasisrevenuesandexpensesarerecognizedwhencashisreceivedorpaid收入在收到现金时确认费用在支出现金时确认警示：收付实现制不尽如人意！ 设想你的公司赊销了一批商品。收付实现制不记录这笔销售，因为你没有收到现金。：“我们无须记录这笔销售，因为我们还没有收到现金。等我们收到现金的时候再记录吧，毕竟我们是用现金支付，因此不要管那些不影响现金的业务。”警示：收付实现制不尽如人意！上述看法的错误在哪里呢？教训：提防那些使用收付实现制会计 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 的公司。它们的财务报表中遗漏了一些重要信息。财经法规企业会计准则——基本准则的第九条 规定：企业应当以权责发生制为基础进行会计确认、计量和报告。企业所得税法实施 条例 事业单位人事管理条例.pdf信访条例下载信访条例下载问刑条例下载新准则、条例下载 第九条规定：企业应纳税所得额的计算，以权责发生制为原则，属于当期的收入和费用，不论款项是否收付，均作为当期的收入和费用；不属于当期的收入和费用，即使款项已经在当期收付，均不作为当期的收入和费用。Class-exercise1 Initsfirstyearofoperations,HarrisCo.earned$39,000inrevenuesandreceived$33,000cashfromcustomers.Thecompanyincurredexpensesof$22,500,buthadnotpaidfor$2,250ofthematyear-end.Inaddition,Harrisprepaid$3,750forexpensesthatwouldbeincurredthenextyear.Calculatethefirstyear’netincomeunderthecashbasisandtheaccrualbasis.Class-exercise2 资料：   某企业本月份发生以下经济业务：   （1）支付上月份电费5000元；   （2）收回上月的应收账款10000元；   （3）收到本月的营业收入款8000元；   （4）支付本月应负担的办公费900元；   （5）支付下季度保险费1800元；   （6）应收营业收入25000元，款项尚未收到；   （7）预收客户货款5000元；   （8）负担上季度已经预付的保险费600元。要求：   比较权责发生制与收付实现制的异同；Class-exercise ThecashbasisRevenues:$33,000Expenses:$22,500-$2,250+$3,750=$24,000NetIncome:$9,000 TheaccrualbasisRevenues:$39,000Expenses:$22,500NetIncome:16,500Summary Accrualbasisaccountingmeansthatrevenuesandexpensesarerecognizedorrecordedwhenearnedorincurredregardlessofwhencashisreceivedorpaid. Cashbasisaccountingmeansthatrevenuesandexpensesarerecognizedorrecordedwhencashisreceivedorpaid.权责发生制收付实现制Assignment Distinguishaccrualbasisaccountingfromcashbasisaccounting.Lesson2GAAPandtheAdjustingProcess调整过程的会计原则GAAPandtheAdjustingProcess Thetimeperiodprinciple（会计分期原则） Therevenuerecognitionprinciple（收入实现原则） Thematchingprinciple（配比原则）Objective1 TheTimePeriodPrinciple会计分期原则TheTimePeriodPrinciple会计分期原则 Thetimeperiodprincipleassumesthatanorganization’sactivitiescanbedividedintospecifictimeperiodssuchasamonth(monthly),three-months(quarterly),six-months(semi-annual)oroneyear(annual).会计期间Objective2 RevenueRecognitionPrinciple收入实现原则RevenueRecognitionPrinciple TheRevenueRecognitionPrinciplestatesthatrevenuemustberecognizedwhenitisearned(notwhenyoureceivepayment). 收入实现原则要求以商品销售、劳务履行作为收入实现的标志。Objective3 TheMatchingPrinciple配比原则TheMatchingPrinciple Thematchingprinciplerequiresyoutoreportexpensesinthesameaccountingperiodastherevenuethatwasearnedasaresultoftheseexpenses. 将相关收入、费用相互配合、相互比较的计算程序就叫“配比”。配比原则要求将一定时期内的收入与为取得收入所发生的费用在同一期间内进行确认和计量。Example Assumethataspartofa$500consultingservicescontractFinlayInteriorsistosupplyadetailedwrittenplantooneofitscustomersinmarch.Intheprocessofearning$500inrevenue,FinlayInteriorswilluse$150ofofficesuppliespurchasedandpaidforinFebruary.The$150ofofficesuppliesusedinMarchmustbematchedagainstthe$500ofMarchrevenuesinaccordancewiththematchingprinciple.Lesson3Preparingadjustingentries编制帐项调整分录账项调整的定义与事项 1、定义：期末按权责发生制要求对部分会计事项予以调整的行为，就是帐项调整；帐项调整时所编制的会计分录，就是调整分录。 2、调整事项：PrepaidExpenses（预付费用）Amortization（折旧）UnearnedRevenue（预收收入）AccruedExpenses（应计收入）AccruedRevenues（应计费用）Objective1 PrepaidExpenses预付费用的账项调整与分录PrepaidExpenses（预付费用） Prepaidexpensesrefertoitemspaidforinadvanceofreceivingtheirbenefits. 预付费用是指企业已经支付，但本期尚未受益的费用。这里是我付出的下半年租金，请检查一下. 预付费用的特点： 1、收到产品和服务之前，现金已付出。 2、预付费用是企业的一项资产，在耗用或受益后转 Threemostcommonprepaidexpensesareinsurance,supplies,andrent.PrepaidExpensesContinued…AssetsExpensesUnadjustedbalanceCreditadjustmentDebitadjustmentExample1:PrepaidInsurance例1、预付保险费FinlayInteriors’paymentof$2,400fortwoyearsofinsuranceprotectionbeginningonJanuary1,2005.Jan1 PrepaidInsurance……………….. 2,400 Cash……………………... 2,400Torecordpurchaseofinsurancefor24months.(Adjustment)Jan31 InsuranceExpense………………. 100 PrepaidInsurance……….. 100 Torecordexpiredinsurance.Example2：Supplies例2、物资FinlayInteriorspurchased$3,600ofsuppliesinJanuary,andattheendofJanuary,FinlayInteriorshas$2,550ofsuppliesoutofthe$3,600Jan1 Supplies……………….. 3,600 Cash……………………... 3,600Torecordpurchaseofsupplies.(Adjustment)Jan31 SuppliesExpense………………1,050 Supplies……….. 1,050 Torecordexpiredsupplies.QuestionFinlayInteriors’paymentof$2,400forthreemonthsofrentbeginningonOctober1,2008.Howtopreparethejournalandadjustingentry? Ifwechange“threemonths”into“onemonth”,howtopreparetheentry?*Objective2 Amortization折旧的帐项调整与分录Amortization折旧 Amortization–theprocessofcomputingexpensesfrommatchingthecostofcapitalassetsovertheirexpectedusefullife.所谓折旧，就是固定资产等生产资料在使用过程中通过磨损而转移到最终完工产品（或劳务）价值中去的价值部分。折旧费用一般将固定资产价值在其正常使用期限内按照一定的方法进行分配。Straight-lineAmortization直线折旧法 Thestraight-lineamortizationmethodallocatesequalamountsofanasset’snetcostoveritsestimatedusefullife.*例1Straight-linemethodiscalculated:Costofasset–estimatedvalueattheendofestimatedusefullife.Example–Furnitureispurchasedfor$26,000onJanuary1,andisexpectedtohaveausefullifeoffouryears(48months).Theownerexpectstobeabletosellthefurnitureatthispointfor$8,000.$26,000-$8,000=$18,000$18,000/48months=$375permonth*AccumulatedAmortization累计折旧Acontraaccountisanaccountthatislinkedwithanotheraccountandhastheoppositenormalbalance.Itisreportedasasubtractiontotheotheraccount.“累计折旧”账户登记固定资产价值减少的数额。特点：1、属于资产类的备抵调整账户，2、其结构是贷方登记增加，借方登记减少，余额在贷方。3、计提折旧反映固定资产价值减少的分录为：　　Debit:Amortizationexpense　　Credit:AccumulatedAmortizationFurniture $26,000Less:AccumulatedAmortization 1,125 24,875 设置“累计折旧”账户后，计提折旧时，不减少“固定资产”账户的金额，“固定资产”账户始终反映固定资产的原值。同时，“累计折旧”账户的贷方余额可以反映固定资产的累计折旧数额。此外，“固定资产”账户的借方余额减去“累计折旧”账户的贷方余额可以得到固定资产的净值。ThisisthecontraaccountThisisthebookvalueofFurniture例2 接例1，调整分录应为：(adjustment)Jan31AmortizationExpense,Furniture………………375 AccumulatedAmortization,Furniture………..375 Torecordmonthlyamortizationoffurniture.Objective3 UnearnedRevenue预收收入的帐项调整与分录UnearnedRevenues预收收入 UnearnedRevenuesrefertocashthatwehavereceivedbeforewehaveprovidedtheproductorservicetothecustomer. 预收收入是指在提供商品或劳务之前已经收到货款但尚未实现的收入。 特点：1、预收收入反映的是企业已收到现金，但相应的义务未履行的会计事项；2、预收收入是负债类帐户；3、企业在履行交付商品或提供劳务的义务后，预收收入方可转为实现的收入。4、调整分录为：Debit:Consulting/RentRevenueCredit:UnearnedRevenue UnearnedRevenuescontinuedLiabilityRevenueunadjustedbalancedebitcreditadjustmentadjustmentUnearnedRevenueExampleOnJanuary26,FinlayInteriorsagreedtoprovideconsultingservicestoaclientforafixedfeeof$1,500permonth.Onthesameday,thisclientpaidthefirsttwomonths’feesinadvance,coveringtheperiodfromJanuary27tomarch27.Jan26. Cash………………………… 3,000 UnearnedConsultingRevenue…. 3,000 Receivedadvancepaymentforservices.(adjustment)Jan31. UnearnedRevenue…………. 250 ConsultingRevenue... 250Torecordearnedportionofrevenuereceivedinadvance.Objective4 AccruedExpenses应计费用的帐项调整与分录AccruedExpenses应计费用 AccruedExpensesrefertocostsincurredinaperiodthatarebothunpaidandunrecorded. 应计费用是指本期已经耗用或受益，应由本期负担，但尚未支付现金的费用。我们工作已完成一半了，等着贵公司付款呢 特点：1、费用在本期发生，但尚未支付现金，没有入账2、如工资费用、利息费用等3、调整分录为：Debit:Salaries/InterestexpenseCredit:Salaries/InterestPayableAccruedExpensesContinued…ExpensesLiabilitiesDebitadjustmentCreditadjustmentAccruedExpensesExampleAnemployeeearns$70perdayor$350perweekbasedonafivedayworkweekbeginningonMondayandendingonFriday.ThisemployeegetspaideverytwoweeksonFriday.Onthe14thandthe28thofJanuary,wagesarepaid,recordedtothejournal,andpostedtotheledger.Duringthiscalendaryear,thereisstilloneworkingdayinthismonth(31).P148Thissalaryexpensehasbeenincurred,butisnotyetpaidorrecorded.ExampleContinued…Theadjustmentwouldberecordedinyourledgerasthis:Jan31 Salariesexpense…………… 70 SalariesPayable……. 70 Torecordonedays’accruedsalary:1X$70.HowtopreparetheentryonFeb.11?Feb.11.SalariesPayable………….. 70SalariesExpense…………..630 Cash………… 700 Paidtwoweeks’salaryincludingonedayaccruedinJanuary(1dayat$70;9daysat$70=$630)Objective4 AccruedRevenues应计收入的帐项调整与分录AccruedRevenues应计收入 AccruedRevenuesrefertorevenuesearnedinaperiodthatarebothunrecordedandnotyetreceivedcashfor. 应计收入是指企业本期已赚取但尚未收到现金的收入。是的，您可以在我们工作完成后再付款！ 特点：1、收入已赚取，但现金未收到，没有入账。2、调整分录为：Debit:Accounts/NotesReceivableCredit:Consulting/InterestRevenue*AccruedRevenuesAssets(A/R)RevenueDebitadjustmentCreditadjustmentAccruedServiceRevenueInthesecondweekofJanuary,FinlayInteriorsagreedtoprovideconsultingservicestoaclientforafixedfeeofclientagreestopay$2,700permonthfromJanuary11toFebruary10,or30daysofservice.Theclientagreestopay$2,700cashtoFinlayinteriorsonFebruary10,2005.(adjustment)Jan31. AccountsReceivable………….. 1,800 ConsultingRevenue…… 1,800 Torecord20days’accruedrevenueQuestion:HowtopreparethejournalentryonFebruary10?Feb10.Cash………….. 2,700AccountsReceivable…………..1,800 ConsultingRevenue…………900 Receivedcashforaccruedassetandearnedconsultingrevenue;课堂练习-PartA: PreparetheappropriateadjustingentriesforJuly31basedonthefollowinginformationavailableattheendofJuly. A.theannualinsuranceamountingto$2,400wentintoeffectonJuly1.theprepaidinsuranceaccountwasdebitedandcashcreditedonthesamedate. B.thelawnservicecompany’slawntractorwaspurchasedfor$5,600lastyear.Thevalueoflawntractorattheendofitsestimatedfour-yearusefullifewasdeterminedtobe$800.thisinformationwasmadeavailabletorecordamortizationforJuly. C.acustomerpaidfortheentiresummer’sserviceinApril.ThejournalentrycreditedtheUnearnedServiceFeesaccountwhenthepaymentwasreceived.Themonthlyfeeis$500. D.thelastweeklysalaryof$1,400waspaidtoemployeesonFriday,July27.Employeesarepaidbasedonafive-dayworkweek.SalariesforJuly30and31haveaccrued. E.Revenuesof$1,800wereearnedbyJuly31butnotrecorded.课堂练习-PartB Referto(d)above.PreparetheentrytopaythesalariesonFriday,August3.Lesson4AdjustedTrialBalance调整后的试算平衡表AdjustedTrialBalance调整后的试算平衡表 Anunadjustedtrialbalanceisalistingofallaccountsandbalancespreparedbeforeadjustmentsarerecorded.(thisisfromchapter3) Anadjustedtrialbalanceisalistofaccountsandbalancesprepareafteradjustmentsarerecorded.Exercise Thecutlery’sAugust31,2005unadjustedtrialbalanceappearedasfollows:TheCutleryTrialBalanceAugust31,2005AccountDebitCreditCash$1,530Accountsreceivable-0-Prepaidinsurance600Furniture600Storeequipment16,200Accountspayable$875UnearnedHaircuttingSR500BarbaraSchmidt,capital18,000BarbaraSchmidt,withdrawals200HaircuttingSR855Wagesexpense125Rentexpense900Hydroexpense75Totals$20,230$20,230 Thefollowingadditionalinformationisavailableforthemonthjustended:Amortizationof$50permonthwillbetakenonthefurniture.Itisestimatedthatthestoreequipmentwillhavenovalueattheendofitsestimatedfive-yearusefullife.BarbaraSchmidtsillrecordafullmonthofamortizationforAugust.ItwasdeterminedthatthebalanceinunearnedrevenueatAugust31was$420TheprepaidinsurancerepresentssixmonthsofinsurancebeginningAugust1AccruedrevenuesatAugust31totaled$65Required 1.PreparetheadjustingentriesneededonAugust31,2005. 2.PosttheadjustingentriestotheT-accounts 3.Prepareanadjustedtrialbalance 4.prepareanincomestatement,astatementofOwner’sEquityandabalancesheet.本章结束****