APA 6th_ed（怎么注释）

moreGettingStartedwithAPACitationStyleWhatisAPAStyle?AmericanPsychologicalAssociation(APA)styleisoneofseveralstylesforacademicwriting.Thisguidecoversfrequentlyusedcitationforms.ThesixtheditionofthePublicationManualoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation(BF76.7.P832010)isacomprehensiveresource,availableatmostUBCLibraries.GeneralRules Formatting:ThepreferredAPAfontisaseriftypefacesuchasTimesNewRomanwith12pointsize.Doublespacebetweenalllinesoftext,includingthereferencelist.Haveuniformmarginsofatleast1in.(2.54cm)onallsides. Hangingindents should be used for the reference list entries. This means that all lines after the first line of each entryshouldbeindentedonehalfinchfromtheleftmargin(inWord2007useParagraph>Special>Hanging). Arrange reference list entries in alphabeticalorder by the surname of the first author or by title if there is no author.Useonlytheinitial(s)oftheauthor'sgivenname,notthefullname,withaspacebetweentheinitials. If the reference list includestwoormoreentriesbythesameauthor(s),listtheminchronologicalorder(oldest first). Add a lower case letter (a, b, etc.) after the year, within the parentheses. Capitalize only the first letter of the first word in the article or book title. Proper nouns are also capitalized aswellasthewordfollowingacolon(subtitle).Journaltitlesshouldhaveeverymajorwordcapitalized. Italicizejournaltitles,volumenumbersandeventhecommafollowingthejournaltitle.Donotitalicizeissuenumbers(i.e.,thenumberwhichappearsinparenthesesafterthevolumenumber). References cited in the text must appear in the reference list and vice versa. The only exceptions to this rule arepersonalcommunicationsandsecondarysources,whicharecitedinthetextonlyandarenotincludedinthereferencelist.CitationsinText1.Whenusingadirectquotation,includethepagenumberofthequote. Stereotypes have been defined as “generalized and usually valueladen impressions that one’s social group usesincharacterizingmembersofanothergroup”(Lindgren,2001,p.1617).2.Whenparaphrasinganidea,thecitationwillincludeauthor(s)anddate. Author’s name given in the body of your paper:Lindgren(2001)reported Author’s name not given in the body of your paper:Astudyofthecomparisonprocess(Lindgren,2001)3. For electronic sources without page numbers, use the abbreviation para. If the paragraph number is not apparent,citethesectionheadingandtheparagraphnumberfollowingit. (Myers, 2000, para. 5) (Butler, 2000, Conclusion, para. 1) 4. Order two or more works within the same parentheses as they would appear in the reference list. Past research (Heschl, 2001, 2005; Noonan Johnson, 2002a, 2002b; Wolchuk et al., 2000) has shownJOURNALARTICLEScontinuedJournalarticle:Retrievedonlinewithdigitalobjectidentifier(DOI)(Exampleonp.1981oftheManual)Rutherford,B.J.(2006).Readingdisabilityandhemisphericinteractiononalexical decision task. BrainandCognition,60, 5563. doi:10.1016j.bandc.2005 .09.013 Direct quotation in text: (Rutherford, 2006, p. 56) vIf each issue of a journal begins on page 1, give the issue number in parentheses immediately after the volume number (p. 198). Journalarticle:RetrievedonlinewithDOI:Threetofiveauthors(p.1981p.177table6.1)Citationspanningtwopages:(p.171)Rush, K. L., Waldrop, S., Mitchell, C., Dyches, C. (2005). The RNBSN distance education experience: From educational limbo to more than an elusive degree. JournalofProfessionalNursing,21, 283292. doi:10.1016j.profnurs.2005 .07.007 Direct quotation in text (from a passage that spans two pages): Firstcitation:(Rush, Waldrop, Mitchell, Dyches, 2005, pp. 283284) Subsequentcitationtoadifferentpassagefromthesamesource:(Rush et al., 2005, p. 291)Journalarticle:RetrievedonlinewithDOI:Sixorsevenauthors(p.1981p.177table6.1)Robinson, C., Pesut, B., Bottorff, J. L., Mowry, A., Broughton, S., Fyles, G. (2009). Rural palliative care: A comprehensive review.JournalofPalliativeMedicine,12, 253258. doi:10.1089jpm.2008.0228 First and subsequent citations in text: (Robinson et al., 2009) Journalarticle:RetrievedonlinewithDOI:Eightormoreauthors:Advanceonlinepublication(p.1982p.1995)Bottorff, J. L., Carey, J., Mowatt, R., Varcoe, C., Johnson, J. L., Hutchinson, P., . . . Wardman, D. (2009). Bingo halls and smoking: Perspectives of First Nations women. HealthPlace. Advance online publication. doi:10.1016j.healthplace.2009.04.005 First and subsequent citations in text: (Bottorff et al., 2009)v When authors number eight or more, include the first six authors’ names in the reference, then insert three spaced dots (an ellipsis p. 172), and add the last author’s name (p. 184).Journalarticle:RetrievedonlinewithnoDOI:GiveURLofthejournalhomepage(evenifretrievedfromadatabase)(p.1993)Mathieson, C. M., Bailey, N., Gurevich, M. (2002). Health care services for lesbian and bisexual women: Some Canadian data. HealthCareforWomenInternational,23, 185196. Retrieved from http:www.tandf.co.uk journalstitles07399332.asp Citation in text: (Mathieson, Bailey, Gurevich, 2002)v Hint: Google journal title to locate URL.Journalarticle:RetrievedonlinewithnoDOI:Postedtopreprintarchive:Nopagination(p.2006p.171sec.6.05)Gabora, L. (2007). Selfother organization: Why early life did not evolve through natural selection.JournalofTheoreticalBiology. Retrieved from http:cogprints.org 558301soo.htm Direct quotation in text: (Gabora, 2007, para. 5)v The exact URL is used because the article is “informally published” (p. 200).Journalarticle:Notretrievedonline(printversion)withnoDOI:Discussedinasecondarysource(p.1993p.178sec.6.17)Kolb, B., Cioe, J. (1998). Absence of recovery or dendritic reorganization after neonatal posteriorparietallesions.Psychobiology,26,134142. Citation in text: Diamattia and Kesner’s study (as cited in Kolb Cioe, 1998) . . . v “Use secondary sources sparingly, for instance, when the original work is out of print, unavailablethroughusualsources,ornotavailableinEnglish”(p.178).Book:12authors(p.20318)Mitchell, J. J. (2001). Thementalandemotionallifeofteenagers. Calgary, AB: Detselig Enterprises. Citation in text: (Mitchell, 2001)Book:35authors(p.20318)Murphy, M. A., Lai, D., Sookraj, D. (1997). Evaluationoftheneighborhood(congregate)mealprogram:Finalreport. Kelowna, BC: Kelowna Home Support Society. Citations in text: FirstCitation: (Murphy, Lai, Sookraj, 1997) Subsequent: (Murphy et al., 1997)Book:Groupauthor:Authoraspublisher:6thedition(p.2032ndbulletp.177table6.1)AmericanPsychologicalAssociation.(2010).PublicationmanualoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Citations in text: Firstcitation:(AmericanPsychologicalAssociation[APA],2010)Subsequent:(APA,2010)Editedbook(p.202sec.7.02)Hare, R. D., Schalling, D. (Eds.). (1978). Psychopathicbehaviour:Approachestoresearch. Chichester, NY: Wiley. Citation in text: (Hare Schalling, 1978)Chapterinaneditedbookbook(p.20425)Porter, S., Woodworth, M., Doucette, N. (2007). Memory for murder: The qualities and credibility of homicide narratives by perpetrators. In S. Christianson (Ed.), Offenders’memoriesofviolentcrimes (pp. 115134). New York, NY: Wiley. Citation in text: (Porter, Woodworth, Doucette, 2007)Chapterinaneditedbook:Englishtranslation:Reprintedfromanothersource(p.20426)Piaget, J. (1988). Extracts from Piaget’s theory (G. Gellerier J. Langer, Trans.). In K. Richardson S. Sheldon (Eds.), Cognitivedevelopmenttoadolescence:Areader(pp.318).Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. (Reprinted from Manualofchildpsychology, pp. 703732, by P. H. Mussen, Ed., 1970, New York, NY: Wiley) Citation in text: (Piaget, 19701988)Encyclopediaarticle(p.203sec.7.02p.20529)Lindgren, H. C. (2001). Stereotyping. In TheCorsiniencyclopediaofpsychologyandbehavioralscience (Vol. 4, pp. 16171618). New York, NY: Wiley. Citation in text: (Lindgren, 2001)Bookwithnoauthororeditor(p.20530)MerriamWebster’scollegiatedictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA: MerriamWebster. Citation in text: (MerriamWebster’s, 1993)continuedJOURNALARTICLES(continued)BOOKSBOOKSECTIONSOnlinemagazinearticle(p.2008)Wells, P. (2009, July 28). Our universities can be smarter. Maclean’s.Retrievedfrom http:www2.macleans.ca Citation in text: (Wells, 2009)Onlinenewspaperarticle:GiveURL(evenifretrieved(p.20011)Cernetig, M. (2009, August 11). Opinion: Crafty Campbell knew the dangers of HST. TheVancouverSun. Retrieved from http:www.vancouversun.com Citations in text: (Cernetig, 2009)v “Give the URL of the home page when the online version of the article is available by search to avoid non working URLs” (p. 201).Publishedconferenceproceedings:NoDOI(p.20739)Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M. (1991). A motivational approach to self: Integration in personality. In R. Dienstbier (Ed.), NebraskaSymposiumonMotivation:Vol.38.Perspectivesonmotivation (pp. 237288). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. Citation in text: (Deci Ryan, 1991)v “If the publisher is a university and the name of the state or province is included in the nameoftheuniversity,donotrepeatthenameinthepublisherlocation”(p.187)Multivolumework(p.20423)Koch, S. (Ed.). (19591963). Psychology:Astudyofscience (Vols. 16). New York, NY: McGrawHill. Citation in text: (Koch, 19591963)Entryinanonlinereferencework:Noauthor:(p.2052930p.176sec.6.15)Globalization. (2005). In J. Scott G. Marshall (Eds.), Adictionaryofsociology.Retrievedfrom http:www.oxfordreference.com Citation in text: (“Globalization”, 2005)Electronicversionofaprintbook(p.2031921)Dutton,D.(2006).Theabusivepersonality:Violenceandcontrolinintimaterelationships (2nd ed.). Retrieved from http:books.google.cabooks Citation in text: (Dutton, 2006)Limitedcirculationbookormonograph:Retrievedfromadatabase(p.20422)Johnson,S.(2008).Medicallyunexplainedillness:Genderandbiopsychosocialimplications [Monograph]. Retrieved from PsycBOOKS database. Citation in text: (Johnson, 2008)Bookreview:Retrievedfromajournalonline(p.20945)Rasmussen, B. (2005). Have we learned from our mistakes? [Review of the book Learningfromourmistakes:Beyonddogmainpsychoanalysisandpsychotherapy,byP.Casement].PsychoanalyticSocialWork,12(1), 7379. doi:10.1300J032v12n0106. Citation in text: (Rasmussen, 2006)Testreview:Retrievedfromadatabase(p.20945)O’Grady, K. E. (1986). [Review of the test GolombokRustInventoryofSexualSatisfaction,byJ. Rust S. Golombok]. Mentalmeasurementsyearbook (10th ed.). Retrieved from Mental Measurements Yearbook database Citation in text: (O’Grady, 1986)v“Database names . . . may be given for material of limited circulation” (p. 202ERICdocument:Retrievedonline(p.21262)Peterson, L. (1999). Transformingthedailylifeoftheclassroom:TheDistrictSixlaptopproject. Retrieved from ERIC database. (ED437028) Citation in text: (Peterson, 1999)Dissertation:Retrievedfromadatabase((p.20840)Aguiar,L.(2001).The‘dirt’onthecontractcleaningindustryinToronto:Cleanlinessandworkreorganization(Doctoraldissertation).RetrievedfromProQuestDissertationsand Theses database. (AAT NQ67931) Citation in text: (Aguiar, 2001)Master’sthesis:Retrievedfromaninstitutionaldatabase(p.20841)Gibson, L. S. (2007). ConsideringcriticalthinkingandHistory12:Oneteacher’sstory (Master’s thesis). Retrieved from https:circle.ubc.ca Citation in text: (Gibson, 2007)BOOKSANDBOOKSECTIONS(continued)continuedcontinuedWEBDOCUMENTSWebpage(p.21261)Mulhauser, G. (2009). Anintroductiontocognitivetherapycognitivebehaviouralapproaches. Retrieved from http:counsellingresource.comtypescognitivetherapy Citation in text: (Mulhauser, 2009) “Do not include retrieval dates unless the source material may change over time (e.g., Wikis)” (p. 192).Webpage:Corporateauthor(p20531)NationalDefenseandtheCanadianForces.(2004).Backgrounder:Posttraumaticstressdisorder(PTSD). Retrieved from http:www.forces.gc.casitenewsnouvellesviewnews affichernouvelleseng.asp?id=1514 Citation in text: (National Defense and the Canadian Forces, 2004)Webreport:Authordifferentfromthepublisher(p.205sec.7.03)soidentifypublisheraspartofretrievalstatement(p.20633)Shields, M., Wilkins, K. (2006). Findingsfromthe2005NationalSurveyoftheWorkandHealthofNurses (Report No. 83003XPE). Retrieved from Canadian Institute for Health Information website: http:secure.cihi.cacihiwebproducts NHSRep06ENG.pdf Citation in text: (Shields Wilkins, 2006)Webreport:Authorsameaspublisher(p.20531)StatisticsCanada.(2005).AccesstohealthcareservicesinCanada (Report No. 82575XIE). Retrieved from http:www.statcan.caenglishfreepub82575XIE 82575 XIE2006002.htm Citation in text: (Statistics Canada, 2005)Blogposting(p.21576)Kiume, S. (2007, August 17). Loneliness isn’t good [Web log message]. Retrieved from http:psychcentral.comblogarchives20070817lonelinessisntgood Citation in text: (Kiume, 2007)LEGALDOCUMENTSLegislation:RevisedStatutesofCanada:Retrievedfromtheinternet(p.22011)Criminal Code, R.S., c. C34 (1985). Retrieved from http:laws.justice.gc.caenC46index.html Citation in text: (Criminal Code, 1985)Legislation:RevisedStatutesofBritishColumbia:Retrievedfromadatabase(p.22010)University Act, R.S.B.C. c. 468 (1996). Retrieved from QP LegalEze database. Citation in text: (University Act, 1996)Caselaw:SupremeCourtofCanadaReports:Retrievedfromtheinternet(p.2171)R. v. Latimer, 1 S.C.R. 3 (2001). Retrieved from http:scc.lexum.umontreal.caen2001 2001scc12001scc1.html Citation in text: (R.v.Latimer,2001)Videoclip,e.g.YouTube:Retrievedfromtheinternet(p.21577)Norton, R. (2006, November 4). How to train a cat to operate a light switch [Video file]. Retrieved from http:www.youtube.comwatch?v=Vja83KLQXZsCitation in text: (Norton, 2006)MEDIAPersonalcommunication(p.179section6.20)Includes letters, phone calls, email messages, and interviews. Because they include “unrecoverable data,” they are NOT included in the reference list. Citation in text: M. Burton (personal communication, August 1, 2006) Classnotes(p.179section6.20)Citeinformationfromyourownpersonalnotesfromalectureasapersonalcommunicationandrefertoitonlyinthebodyofyouressay. Citation in text: In a lecture on November 16, 2008, to a PSYO 235 class, Professor DaviessaidClasshandout:Hastitle(p.21158)Woodworth, M. (2006). Psychopaths[Classhandout].DepartmentofPsychology,University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada. Citation in text: (Woodworth, 2006)LecturenotespostedtoWebCTVista(p.21261)Cioe,J.(2006).Thenormaldistribution[Lecturenotes].Retrievedfrom https:www.elearning.ubc.ca Citation in text: (Cioe, 2006)PowerPointpresentationpostedtoWebCTVista(p.21261)Cioe,J.(2006).Biologicalfoundationsofsexuality[PowerPointslides].Retrievedfrom https:www.elearning.ubc.ca Citation in text: (Cioe, 2006)Customcoursematerials:Reprintedfromanothersource(p.20426)Redfield, R. (2007). The folk society. In N. Netting (Ed.), CustomcoursematerialsSOCI355 (pp. 5671). Kelowna, BC: University of British Columbia Okanagan, Bookstore. (ReprintedfromAmericanJournalofSociology,52(4), 293308, 1947). Citation in text: (Redfield, 19472007)Essay:Selfcitation(templateonp.207section7.05)Janke, R. (1997). Librariansarenovellovers:Anexplorationofourrisquéprofessionalstereotypes (Unpublished graduate essay). University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. Citation in text: (Janke, 1997)MEDIA(continued)NOTES,HANDOUTSYOURESSAYSFROMLASTYEARAudioclip[podcast]:Retrievedfromtheinternet(p.21050)Green, C. D. (Producer). (2006, October 915). Thomas Blass on Stanley Milgram’s shocking studies of obedience [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http:www.yorku.cachristo podcasts Citation in text: (Green, 2006)Motionpicture(p.209section7.07)Davidson, F. (Producer), Davidson, J. (Director). (1999). B.F.Skinner:Afreshappraisal [Motion picture]. United States: Davidson Films. Citation in text: (Davidson, 1999)Singleepisodefromatelevisionseries((p.21051)MacIntyre, L. (Reporter). (2006). Money, truth and spin [Television series episode]. In H. Cashore (Producer), Thefifthestate. Toronto, ON: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Citation in text: (MacIntyre, 2006)909REFERENCES