英语学术论文常用句型 Beginning 1.Inthispaper,wefocusontheneedfor 2.Thispaperproceedsasfollow. 3.Thestructureofthepaperisasfollows. 4.Inthispaper,weshallfirstbrieflyintroducefuzzysetsandrelatedconcepts 5.Tobeginwithwewillprovideabriefbackgroundonthe Introduction 1.Thiswillbefollowedbyadescriptionofthefuzzynatureoftheproblemandadetailedpresentationofhowtherequiredmembershipfunctionsaredefined. 2.Detailsonxxandxxarediscussedinlatersections. 3.Inthenextsection,afterastatementofthebasicproblem,varioussituationsinvolvingpossibilityknowledgeareinvestigated:first,anentirelypossibilitymodelisproposed;thenthecasesofafuzzyservicetimewithstochasticarrivalsandnonfuzzyserviceruleisstudied;lastly,fuzzyserviceruleareconsidered. Review 1.Thisreviewisfollowedbyanintroduction. 2.AbriefsummaryofsomeoftherelevantconceptsinxxxandxxxispresentedinSection2. 3.Inthenextsection,abriefreviewofthe....isgiven. 4.Inthenextsection,ashortreviewof...isgivenwithspecialregardto... 5.Section2reviewsrelevantresearchrelatedtoxx. 6.Section1.1brieflysurveysthemotivationforamethodologyofaction,while1.2looksatthedifficultiesposedbythecomplexityofsystemsandoutlinestheneedfordevelopmentofpossibilitymethods. Body 1.Section1definesthenotionofrobustness,andarguesforitsimportance. 2.Section1devotedtothebasicaspectsoftheFLCdecisionmakinglogic. 3.Section2givesthebackgroundoftheproblemwhichincludesxxx 4.Section2discussessomeproblemswithandapproachesto,naturallanguageunderstanding. 5.Section2explainshowflexibilitywhichoften...canbeexpressedintermsoffuzzytimewindow 6.Section3discussestheaspectsoffuzzysettheorythatareusedinthe... 7.Section3describesthesystemitselfinageneralway,includingthe…..andalsodiscusseshowtoevaluatesystemperformance. 8.Section3describesanewmeasureofxx. 9.Section3demonstratestheuseoffuzzypossibilitytheoryintheanalysisofxx. 10.Section3isafinedescriptionoffuzzyformulationofhumandecision. 11.Section3,isdevelopedtothemodelingandprocessingoffuzzydecisionrules 12.ThemainideaoftheFLCisdescribedinSection3whileSection4describesthexxstrategies. 13.Section3and4showexperimentalstudiesforverifyingtheproposedmodel. 14.Section4discussesapreviousfuzzysetbasedapproachtocostvarianceinvestigation. 15.Section4givesaspecificexampleofxxx. 16.Section4istheexperimentalstudytomakeafuzzymodelofmemoryprocess. 17.Section4containsadiscussionoftheimplicationoftheresultsofSection2and3. 18.Section4appliesthisfuzzymeasuretotheanalysisofxxandillustrateitsuseonexperimentaldata. 19.Section5presentstheprimaryresultsofthepaper:afuzzysetmodel.. 20.Section5containssomeconclusionsplussomeideasforfurtherwork. 21.Section6illustratesthemodelwithanexample. 22.VariouswaysofjustificationandthereasonsfortheirchoicearediscussedverybrieflyinSection2. 23.InSection2arepresentedtheblockdiagramexpressionofawholemodelofhumanDMsystem 24.InSection2weshalllistacollectionofbasicassumptionswhicha...schememustsatisfy. 25.InSection2ofthispaper,wepresentrepresentationanduniquenesstheoremsforthefundamentalmeasurementoffuzzinesswhenthedomainofdiscourseisorderdense. 26.InSection3,wedescribethepreliminaryresultsofanempiricalstudycurrentlyinprogresstoverifythemeasurementmodelandtoconstructmembershipfunctions. 27.InSection5isanalyzedtheinferenceprocessthroughthetwokindsofinferenceexperiments...ThisSection 1.Inthissection,thecharacteristicsandenvironmentunderwhichMRPisdesignedaredescribed. 2.Wewillprovideinthissectionbasicterminologiesandnotationswhicharenecessaryfortheunderstandingofsubsequentresults.NextSection 2.Thenextsectiondescribesthemathematicsthatgoesintothecomputerimplementationofsuchfuzzylogicstatements. 3.However,itiscumbersomeforthispurposeandinpracticalapplicationstheformulaewererearrangedandsimplifiedasdiscussedinthenextsection. 4.Thethreecomponentswillbedescribedinthenexttwosection,andanexampleofxxanalysisofacomputerinformationsystemwillthenillustratetheiruse. 5.WecaninterprettheresultsofExperimentsIandIIasinthefollowingsections. 6.Thenextsectionsummarizesthemethodinafromthatisusefulforargumentsbasedonxx Summary 1.Thispaperconcludeswithadiscussionoffutureresearchconsiderationinsection5. 2.Section5summarizestheresultsofthisinvestigation. 3.Section5givestheconclusionsandfuturedirectionsofresearch. 4.Section7providesasummaryandadiscussionofsomeextensionsofthepaper. 5.Finally,conclusionsandfutureworkaresummarized 6.Thebasicquestionsposedabovearethendiscussedandconclusionsaredrawn. 7.Section7istheconclusionofthepaper. Chapter0.Abstract 1.Abasicprobleminthedesignofxxispresentedbythechoiceofaxxrateforthemeasurementofexperimentalvariables. 2.Thispaperexaminesanewmeasureofxxinxxbasedonfuzzymathematicswhichovercomesthedifficultiesfoundinotherxxmeasures. 3.Thispaperdescribesasystemfortheanalysisofthexx. 4.Themethodinvolvestheconstructionofxxfromfuzzyrelations. 5.Theprocedureisusefulinanalyzinghowgroupsreachadecision. 6.Thetechniqueusedistoemployanewlydevelopedandversatilexxalgorithm. 7.Theusefulnessofxxisalsoconsidered. 8.Abriefmethodologyusedinxxisdiscussed. 9.Theanalysisisusefulinxxandxxproblem. 10.Amodelisdevelopedforaxxanalysisusingfuzzymatrices. 11.Algorithmstocombinetheseestimatesandproduceaxxarepresentedandjustified. 12.Theuseofthemethodisdiscussedandanexampleisgiven. 13.Resultsofanexperimentalapplicationsofthisxxanalysisprocedurearegiventoillustratetheproposedtechnique. 14.Thispaperanalysesproblemsin 15.Thispaperoutlinesthefunctionscarriedoutby... 16.Thispaperincludesanillustrationofthe... 17.Thispaperprovidesanoverviewandinformationusefulforapproaching 18.Emphasisisplacedontheconstructionofacriterionfunctionbywhichthexxinachievingahierarchicalsystemofobjectivesareevaluated. 19.Themainemphasisisplacedontheproblemofxx 20.Ourproposedmodelisverifiedthroughexperimentalstudy. 21.Theexperimentalresultsrevealinterestingexamplesoffuzzyphasesof:xx,xx 22.Thecompatibilityofaprojectintermsofcost,andxxarelikewiserepresentedbylinguisticvariables. 23.Adidacticexampleisincludedtoillustratethecomputationalprocedure Chapter1.Introduction Time 1.Overthecourseofthepast30years,..hasemergedformintuitive 2.Technologicalrevolutionshaverecentlyhittheindustrialworld 3.Theadventof...systemsforhashadasignificantimpactonthe 4.Thedevelopmentof...isexplored 5.Duringthepastdecade,thetheoryoffuzzysetshasdevelopedinavarietyofdirections 6.Theconceptofxxwasinvestigatedquiteintensivelyinrecentyears 7.Therehasbeenaturningpointin...methodologyinaccordancewiththeadventof... 8.Amajorconcernin...todayistocontinuetoimprove... 9.Axxisalatecomerinthepartrepresentationarena. 10.Atthetimeofthiswriting,thereisstillnostandardwayofxx 11.Althoughalotofeffortisbeingspentonimprovingtheseweaknesses,theefficientandeffectivemethodhasyettobedeveloped. 12.Thepioneerworkcanbetracedtoxx[1965]. 13.Todate,noneofthemethodsdevelopedisperfectandallarefarfromreadytobeusedincommercialsystems.Objective/Goal/Purpose 1.Thepurposeoftheinferenceenginecanbeoutlinedasfollows: 2.Theultimategoalofthexxsystemistoallowthenonexpertstoutilizetheexistingknowledgeintheareaofmanualhandlingofloads,andtoprovideintelligent,computeraidedinstructionforxxx. 3.Thepaperconcernsthedevelopmentofaxx 4.Thescopeofthisresearchliesin 5.Themainthemeofthepaperistheapplicationofrulebaseddecisionmaking. 6.Theseobjectivesaretobemetwithsuchthoroughnessandconfidenceastopermit... 7.Theobjectivesofthe...operationsstudyareasfollows: 8.Theprimarypurpose/consideration/objectiveof 9.Theultimategoalofthisconceptistoprovide 10.Themainobjectiveofsucha...systemisto 11.Theaimofthispaperistoprovidemethodstoconstructsuchprobabilitydistribution. 12.Inordertoachievetheseobjectives,anxxmustmeetthefollowingrequirements: 13.Inordertotakeadvantageoftheirsimilarity 14.moreresearchisstillrequiredbeforefinalgoalof...canbecompleted 15.Inthistrial,theobjectiveistogenerate... 16.forthesakeofconcentratingon...researchissues 17.Amajorgoalofthisreportistoextendtheutilizationofarecentlydevelopedprocedureforthexx. 18.Foranillustrativepurpose,fourwellknownORproblemsarestudiedinpresenceoffuzzydata:xx. 19.Amajorthrustofthepaperistodiscussapproachesandstrategiesforstructuring..methods 20.Thisillustrationpointsouttheneedtospecify 21.Theultimategoalisbothdescriptiveandprescriptive. 22.Chapter2.LiteratureReview 23.Awealthofinformationistobefoundinthestatisticsliterature,forexample,regardingxx 24.Aconsiderableamountofresearchhasbeendone..duringthelastdecade25.Agreatnumberofstudiesreportonthetreatmentofuncertaintiesassociatedwithxx. 26.Thereisconsiderableamountofliteratureonplanning 27.However,thesestudiesdonotprovidemuchattentiontouncertaintyinxx. 28.Sincethen,thesubjecthasbeenextensivelyexploredanditisstillunderinvestigationaswellin methodologicalaspectsasinconcreteapplications. 29.Manyresearchstudieshavebeencarriedoutonthistopic. 30.Problemofxxdrawsrecentlymoreandmoreattentionofsystemanalysis. 31.Attemptstoresolvethisdilemmahaveresultedinthedevelopmentof 32.Manycomplexprocessesunfortunately,donotyieldtothisdesignprocedureandhave,therefore,notyetbeenautomated. 33.Mostofthemethodsdevelopedsofararedeterministicand/orprobabilisticinnature. 34.Thecentralissueinallthesestudiesisto 35.Theproblemofxxhasbeenstudiedbyotherinvestigators,however,thesestudieshavebeenbaseduponclassicalstatisticalapproaches. 36.Applied...techniquesto 37.Characterizedthe...systemas 38.Developedanalgorithmto 39.Developedasystemcalled...which 40.Usesaniterativealgorithmtodeduce 41.Emphasizedtheneedto 42.Identifiessixkeyissuessurroundinghightechnology 43.Acomprehensivestudyofthe...hasbeenundertaken 44.Muchworkhasbeenreportedrecentlyinthesefiled 45.Proposed/Presented/Statethat/Described/Illustrated/ Indicated/Hasshown/showed/Address/Highlights 46.Pointoutthattheproblemof 47.Astudyon...wasdone/developedby[] 48.Previouswork,suchas[]and[],dealonlywith 49.Theapproachtakenby[]is50.Thesystemdevelopedby[]consists 51.Apaperrelevanttothisresearchwaspublishedby[] 52.[]'smodelrequiresconsiderationof... 53.[]'modeldrawsattentiontoevolutioninhumandevelopment 54.[]'smodelfocuseson... 55.Littleresearchhasbeenconductedinapplying...to 56.Thepublishedinformationthatisrelevanttothisresearch... 57.Thisstudyfurthershowsthat 58.Theirworkisbasedontheprincipleof 59.Morehistoryof...canbefoundinxxetal.[1979]. 60.Studieshavebeencompletedtoestablished 61.The...studiesindicatedthat 62.Thoughapplicationofxxinthefiledofxxhasproliferatedinrecentyears,effortinanalyzingxx,especiallyxx,islacking. Problem/Issue/Question 63.Unfortunately,real-worldengineeringproblemssuchasmanufacturingplanningdonotfitwellwiththisnarrowlydefinedmodel.Theytendtospanbroadactivitiesandrequireconsiderationofmultipleaspects. 64.Remedy/solve/alleviatetheseproblems 67....isadifficultproblem,yettobeadequatelyresolved 68.Twomajorproblemshaveyettobeaddressed 69.Anunansweredquestion 70.Thisprobleminessenceinvolvesusingxtoobtainasolution. 71.Anadditionalresearchissuetobetackledis.... 72.Someimportantissuesindevelopinga...systemarediscussed 73.Thethreeprimeissuescanbesummarized: 74.Thesituationleadstotheproblemofhowtodeterminethe... 75.Therehavebeenmanyattemptsto 76.Itisexpectedtobeseriousbarrierto 77.Itoffersasimplesolutioninalimiteddomainforacomplex
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