非谓语动词知识点

非谓语动词 I. 非谓语动词的分类：不定式；动名词；现在分词；过去分词 to do ; dong; doing; done II. 非谓语动词的形式： to do —— to have done——to be done ——to have been done ——to be doing doing——being done ——having done ——having been done done III. 非谓语所作的句子成分： to do : 主语： 表语： 宾语； 定语； 宾补； 状语 doing: 主语； 表语； 宾语； 定语 doing / done : 定语； 宾补； 状语 注意：非谓语动词的完成式用来表达非谓语动词的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前！ Eg; __Told__many times, he still doesn’t know how to do it. (tell) __Having been told_many times, he still doesn’t know how to do it. 用到非谓语动词的完成式时，更加强调时间的先后性。 Eg. The telephone is said _to have been invented__by Bell. Bell is said to have invented the telephone. I 做主语： 不定式 / 动名词 1． 不定式表示“具体”的动作；而动名词表示“抽象；长期”的动作 Eg. Swimming is my hobby. To go swimming this afternoon is my decision. 2. 选择不定式还是动名词做主语，还需要考虑与表语的一致关系。 Eg. Seeing is beliving. To see is to believe. 3. 当使用形式主语it时，真正的主语往往是不定式。但是下列几句话注意： It’s no use doing sth. = It’s no good doing sth. = It’ s useless doing sth. = It’s of no use doing sth. It’s a waste of time doing sth. / It’s a waste of time to do sth. 4. “特殊疑问词+不定式”可以充当主语，宾语，表语的成分 II． 做表语： 不定式 / 动名词 1． 不定式做表语表示“具体”的动作；而动名词做表语表示“抽象；一般”的动作。 2． 选择不定式还是动名词做表语，还需要考虑与主语的一致性 3． 形容词化的现在分词和过去分词可以充当表语，比如：interested; interesting; exciting; excited; astonishing; astonished; suprising; suprised.... Eg. worry about / be worried about __Worried about__his children, he went home in advance. III.. 做宾语： 不定式/ 动名词 1． 只跟不定式作宾语的动词：决心学会想希望；拒绝设法愿假装；主动答应选计划；同意请求帮一帮 2． 只跟动名词做宾语的动词：考虑建议盼原谅；承认推迟没得想；避免错过继续练；否认完成就欣赏；禁止想象才冒险；不禁介意准逃亡 feel like ; be worth 3． 既可跟不定式又可跟动名词做宾语，并且含义一样的动词： Like / love/ prefer / hate / would like / would love/ should like/ should love/ continue... 4． 既可跟不定式又跟动名词做宾语含义不同的动词： try / stop / mean / go on / remember / forget / regret want / require / need doing = want / require / need to be done eg. These flowers need watering . = These flowers need to be watered. IV. 做定语： 不定式 / 动名词/ 现在分词 / 过去分词 1. 不定式： A. 表示动作未作。 I have some books to read. B. 修饰形容词最高级或序数词，或是被形容词最高级或序数词修饰的名词。 Eg. He studys hard. He is always the first to come and the last to leave. 注意：A. 不定式做定语与所修饰的词之间有逻辑上的动宾关系，所以，当不定式动词为不及物动词时，和面的介词不可以省略。 Eg. We have a lot of problems to deal with. I have a room to live in. B. 不定式做定语时，往往用主动。但是，句子主语不是不定式动作的执行者时，不定式该用什么语态就用什么语态。 你有要打的信吗？ 秘书问老板：Do you have any letters to be typed? 老板问秘书：Do you have any letters to type? Eg. The first to be rebuilt is the library. Do you know the name of the film to be shown tomorrow? 2. 动名词： 动名词做定语时，表示所修饰词的用途。 a washing machine / a meeting room / a swimming suit / a sleeping cart 3． 现在分词：现在分词做定语表示“正在进行”或者“主动”或者是二者兼而有之 falling leaves / boling water / a sleeping boy / a swimming girl “being done”做定语表示“正在被” 4. 过去分词： 过去分词做定语表示“已经完成”或者“被动”或者是二者兼而有之。 fallen leaves / boiled water / a program broadcast on TV 你知道明天要被放映的电影的名字吗？ Do yo know the name of the film to be shown tomorrow? 你知道此刻正在被放映的 电影的名字吗？ Do you know the name of the film being shown now? 你知道昨天放映的电影的名字吗？ Do you know the name of the film shown yesterday? V． 宾补： 不定式/ 现在分词/ 过去分词 1． 感官动词： see +宾语+ a. do （全过程） b. doing （正在...） c. done (被动) eg. I saw hime criticized by the teacher. When I passed the office, I saw him being criticized by the teacher. I saw him fall off the horseback. = He was seen to fall off the horseback. Any cook who was seen smoking in the kitchen will be fired. 注意：1. 不带to 的不定式来做宾补，变成被动语态是，就变成了主补，此时，to 得加上。 2．being done 表示“正在被” 2． 使役动词 have + 宾语+ a. do （一般用语） b. doing （让...一直做某事） c. done （使某事被....） 注意： 1. 不带to 的不定式做宾补，句子变被动，to 得加上。 2. get + 宾语 + to do 3. have +宾语+ done 往往表示“让别人来做这个事情” 3． With 的复合结构 with + 宾语 + a. to do 表示“动作未作”。往往用主动，除非有具体的时间状语 b. doing 表示“动作已做或正在进行”但是与宾语之间的关系是“主动” c. done 表示“动作已做或正在进行”但是与宾语之间是关系是“被动” eg. With the boy _to lead he way, we will get there on time . ( lead) With the boy _leading _the way, we arrived there on time . (lead) With so many dishes _to wash_, I can’t go to the cimema. (wash) With so much work __to be done_ tomorrow, I have to go to bed early. (do) With his homework _done_, he went to the cinema. (do) V. 做状语： 不定式 / 现在分词 / 过去分词 1． 非谓语动词来做状语的前提： 非谓语动词动作与主语有关系。 （如果没有关系，可能： a. 错误表达； b. 独立主格结构 c. 悬垂结构 ） 2． 不定式往往做目的状语，并且直接用于句中，不用逗号隔开。 不定式还可做结果状语，一般就是下列情况： too .... to / enough to do ....... / only to find... / so... as to do eg. You are too young to go to school. He is tall enough to reach the apples in the tree. We have enough food to help us insist to the end. He is so tall as to reach the aaples in the tree. He hurried to the station, only to find the tree had gone. He arrived homem only to find his house was broken into. 2. 现在分词和过去分词可以做除目的状语之外的其他所有状语 （非谓语动词动作与主语之间是主动关系的话，我们用现在分词； 非谓语动词动作与主语之间是被动关系的话，我们用过去分词） Eg. I wrote a letter last night, _inviting_her to my birthday party. I wrote a letter last night _to invite _her to my birthday party. ( invite ) 注意： 1。 不定式用主动表被动的情况 2． 独立主格结构以及悬垂结构 一． 不定式用主动表被动的情况： 1． 特殊疑问词+to do , 不定式永远用主动； 2． 不定式做定语，并且句中主语时不定式动作的执行者时，不定式用主动； 3． adi. + 不定式 用来做表语或宾补时，不定式永远用主动； Eg. The problem is hard to solve. I find the problem hard to solve. 二． 独立主格结构及悬垂结构 1． 悬垂结构： compared to / with; judging from / by; to be honest / frank; generally / frankly speaking ; regading of; according to..... 2． 独立主格结构： A. 动名词的独立主格结构：也叫做动名词的复合结构； 名词 / 名词所有格 + doing; 代词宾格 / 形容词性物主代词 + doing （句首时用名词所有格或形容性物主代词) Eg. Do you mind opening the door? Do you mind me/ my opening the door? Do you mind Tom / Tom’s opening the door? B．不定式的独立主格结构 for / of sb to do sth e.g It’s important to study English. It’s important for me to study English. C. 现在分词的独立主格结构： 现在分词动作的执行者+ doing Eg. Time permitting, we will go out to have a walk. There being no bus, we had to walk home. D. 过去分词的独立主格结构： 过去分词动作的承受者+ done Eg. His face covered with sweat, he ran into the classroom. When it is fine, everybody goes to the park for fun. It being fine, everybody goes to the park for fun.