初三英语语法总结

第一章 语法总复习 第一节 名词与代词 名词可分为专有名词和普通名词两类。而普通名词又可分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词。其中，个体名词和集体名词为可数名词，而物质名词和抽象名词为不可数名词。名词的复数构成通常是在其后加—s；但以-s，-x，-ch，-sh和大部分以o结尾的名词后加-es；以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词把“y”变成 “i”，再加-es。有些名词的复数构成是不规则的，有其特殊形式。有些名词在不同的情况下，属不同的名词词类，因此有时为可数，有时则为不可数： 名词的格可分为主格(作主语)，宾格(作宾语)和所有格(表示所有关系)。代词可分为人称代词，物主代词，反身代词，相互代词，不定代词，指示代词，关系代词，连接代词和疑问代词等九类。 名词的用法 可数名词除非前面有冠词或表示单数的限定词，否则要用其复数形式，例如： If a person disobeys the order，he will be punished severely． The teacher firstly divided his students into four groups． The reference book can be used to answer questions，to solve problems or to obtain information on a particular topic． These courses are especially designed for senior students． 有些名词的复数构成是不规则的，如：child-children，foot-feet。goose-geese, mouse-mice, man-men, ox-oxen, tooth-teeth，woman-women等。例如： Every fall geese f1y over the house． The dentist told him that several teeth of his need to be filled． Mrs. Smith has three children，and Tonny is the youngest one． I think we've got mice in the kitchen． 有些名词的单复数形式是一样的，如：Chinese，Japanese，Burmese(缅甸)，Spanish (西班牙)，Lebanese (黎巴嫩)，Portuguese (葡萄牙)，Swiss(瑞士)．sheep，deer，swine (猪)，fish，carp(鲤鱼)，salmon (鲑)，means，series，species，aircraft，spacecraft等。例如： The best fish are near the bottom． When they got to the New World，Spanish constructed their houses with Moorish architectural features． I saw a white sheep running down the road． Judging by his language，he must be a Japanese． 在表示一类事物时，介词of后的名词要用复数形式。例如： Beethoven is of the greatest musicians in the world． The Animal Art Festival is being held at Shanghai zoo, which is one of the most welcome festivals in the city. As one of the countries that bear responsibility for the incident, German Chancellor Schroeder holds that the organization should apologize to Chinese government unconditionally. She is one of the three martyrs who were killed in NATO's bombing on the Chinese Embassy in Yugoslavia. 大多数集体名词可作单数，也可作复数，如：army，audience，class，committee，crew(全体船员，乘务员)，crowd，faculty，family, government group orchestra，public，team，union等。但有些虽然是单数形式，却用作复数，如：cattle（牡畜）mankind(人类)，militia(民兵)，people，police，poultry(家畜)，staff(全体职员)等。例如： The president said the Chinese Gowrnment is paying close attention to developments in this matter, and continues to reserve the right to take future action. The cattle, were grazing on the meadow near the farm. The audience were amused by his humorous stories. My family is far away from the school. 有些名词只有复数形式，而且也只用作复数，如：clothes，glasses，spectacles，pants，arms(武器)，belongings(所有物)，customs(海关)，goods(货物)，suburbs(郊区)，papers(文件)等；而有些名词形式为复数，却用作单数，如：electronics(电子学)，mathematics(数学)，optics(光学)，politics，statistics(统计学)等。例如： The shorts he wears are made of leather. Linguistics is a difficult subject to study. He used to study electronics which isn’t his favorite suject． I love to live in the suburbs that are conclusive． 有些名词一般情况下以单数形式出现，表示总体。但如果表示若干、多次或几种时，则要用其复数。这类词有：hair，fruit，pollution，rain，difficulty，success，wind，failure，favour等。例如： The barber had been cutting human hair for two years before he came to Los Angeles． Mother bought oranges，bananas and other fruits. These caves collapse easily in heavyrains, and great winds． He’s having financial difficulties． 有些名词一般只有单数形式，它们通常是表示物质和抽象概念的不可数名词，像：advice，baggage，bread，corn，clothing，equipment，education，fun，furniture，food，fruit，garbage，grass，happiness，homework，housework，humanity，information，knowledge，landscape，1aughter，machinery，mankind，merchandise，money，music，nonsense，nature， population，progress，scenery，smoke，sweat，strength，traffic，thunder，ink，jewellery，damage，mail，work，soap，sugar，gold，chalk，cloth，anger，applause，cake，chocolate，poverty等。例如： I must seek the advice of a specialist in the matter of the transfer of property rights． Headache is the most common disease of human. I really get a lot of fun from reading in leisure time. The population of Shanghai is very big. 有些名词单复数的含义不同，使用时要根据上下文的意思进行选择。这类词包括：communication(通讯)—communications(通讯系统，通讯工具)，cloth(布)--clothes(衣服)，content(内容)--contents(目录)，convenience(便利)--conveniences(便利设备), humanity(人类)--humanities(人文科学)，necessity(需要)-necessities(必需品)，wood(木材)-woods(树林)，pain(疼痛)—pains(辛劳)，ruin(毁灭)-ruins(废墟，遗迹)，sand(沙子)--sands(沙滩)，work(工作)--works(工厂，著作)等。例如： “Hometown” is one of Lu Xun’s most famous works． The insurance company paid $98，700 in damages for the accident． My child enjoys playing on the sands． No pains，no gains． 有些名词只有复数形式。如：fundamentals(基本原则), goods(货物), means(方法) ,shorts(短裤)， sweets(欢乐), valuables(贵重物品)等。 The fundamentals are made to guarantee the social stability Don’t take any valuables there for the sake of safety. The goods were purchased from him aren’t expensive. I think our problem can be solved by means of negotiation. 名词做定语时，不能用作复数。例如： Please check your examination paper carefully after finishing。 The China's Central Television Station supplies weather report everyday， You'd better inform my family members before leaving for Beijing． The United States and Germany are two member states of NATO. 复合名词的复数只把其中所包含的主体名词变成复数。如：looker(s)--on，runner(s)-up，son(s)-in-law，editor(s)-in-chief，passer(s)-by，grand-child(ren)，armyman(armymen)，room-number(s)，shoe lace(s)，dinner plate(s)，blood type(s)等。如果没有主体名词，就在最后一个词上加复数词尾。如：go-between(s)，drawback(s)等。注意以man，woman构成的复合名词，全部变成复数。如：man-servant—men-servants, woman-soldier—women-soldiers。例如： Would you bring me some dinner plates? We had a wonderful talk with some women-soldiers． Don’t regard yourselves as passers-by under such circumstances． We are of different blood types． 名词的所有格一般在词尾加 ’s，已有复数词尾-s的，只加’。例如： We must work hard to fulfil the country’s plans． The school is within a stone’s throw． Nearby are her relatives’ houses． Could you tell me the Smiths’s addres? 名词所有格有时还可以和of构成短语，有以下两种情况： 1)它所修饰的词前面有一个表示数量的词，如：a，two，several，some，any，no，few等。 2)它所修饰的词前面有+个指示代词，使句子表示某种情绪。例如： Several students of Lao Yang’s acted in the play． We saw a play Guo Moro's. At birth，the head of a baby is extremely large in relation to the rest of the body。 I have some records of NaYing's. 2．代词的用法 1)人称代词有主格人称代词，在句中充当主语：I，you，he，she，it, we，you，they和宾格人称代词，在句中充当宾语：me，you，him，her，it, us，you；them。例如： We haven't seen each other for a long time since he went abroad． Let you and me have an appointment for the next weekend. Have you got any idea about this issue? Tell us whatever you've heard. 2)物主代词可在句中作定语，有指人的：my，our，your，his，her和their；有指物的:it，his或her(指国家或轮船)。名词性物主代词作表语、主语、宾语，与of连用可作定语：yours，ours，theirs，mine，her，his，its。例如： Tonny is an old friend of mine． My dormitory is next to yours，and Mary's is on the third floor． Titanic sank with her several thousand passengers． Next time it's on my treat． 3)反身代词亦称自身代词，可作宾语、表语，作主语或宾语的同位语，还与某些动词连用，与介词连用构成成语。有：myself，yourself，himself，herself，itself，ourselves，yourselves，themselves。例如： These children are too young to take care of themselves． Don't worry，he will be himself again soon． Although Uncle George is a bad-tempered man，I think he is a kind man in himself． You should be responsible for yourself． 4)相互代词表示相互关系，有：each other(两者之间)和one another(多者之间)。例如： I met Miss Scott this morning，and we greeted each other． We should learn from one another and make progress together， 5)指示代词在句中充当主语、宾语和定语，有：this，that，these，those。Such也是指示代词，可作定语、主语和表语，修饰可数名词时要与a连用。例如： Nowadays TV programs are much more colorful than those Of the past． The money spent on entertainment，according to some authorities，has exceeded that spent on public health． I want to know this：are you talking about the accident I encountered yesterday? His future is closely bound with that of the company。 You shouldn't trust on such a person who never keeps his promise． 6)疑问代词有who，whom，whose，what which。who可作主语和表语；whom作宾语，whose，what，which可作主语、表语、宾语和定语，其中作主语时，要看所代表的人或物是单数还是复数，如果不清楚，则动词一般用单数。 Who will see to this matter? Whom have you chosen to be responsible for the work? It is hard to decide whose is better. What’s on your schedule? Which university did he enter at last? 7)关系代词有who，whom，whose，that，which。which代表事物，that代表人或物；在非限制性定语从句中，不能用that，而用who(m)代表人，用which代表物，或代表主句所说的全部内容。在带有a11，something，nothing，anything，much等的句子中不能用which，而用that。例如： Our football team was defeated again，which shows our players need much more effort． The factory now has over 1,000 workers，half of whom are women． He promised to tell us all that he knew． Whose turn to make presentation is bcyond me. 8)连接代词有：what，who，whonl，whose，which，用来连接主语从句、宾语从句和表浯从句。Whoever，whomever，whichever，whatever为复合代词。例如： I didn't know what to do at that very moment． The government sell public houses to whoever provides enough amount Of money． Whomever I worry about is none of your business． Take whichever you like，please． 第二节形容词与副词 形容词和副词在语法结构上都有比较级和最高级，它们的构成方法基本上一样，都与音节多少有关，有些形容词和副词有特殊的比较级和最高级形式。二者基本分为同级比较、比较级和最高级三种形式。 1．形容词与副词的用法 形容词中有词形相近的，也有词义相近的，应注意区别。如： 1)behind(在后的)---hind(后部的)，considerate(周到的，体贴的)---considerable(应考虑的)，eminent(闻名的)--imminent(紧迫的)，gracious(亲切的)---graceful(优雅的)，like(有生命的)---alive(活的)，industrious(勤劳的)--industrial(工业的)，like(同样的)---alike(同样的，仅作表语)，opposite(相对的)---opposing(反对的)，perspective(透视的)---respective(各自的)，sensitive(伤感的)---sensible(明显的)，etc，。例如： We did enjoy your staying in Beijing，and Mrs. Yan is really considerate． Professor Li has many world-famous inventions，and he is respectable to us． As any one knows that we use our front teeth for biting and our hind teeth for chewing． It’s a considerable success for him． 2)elemental(初步的)--fundamental(基本的)，eligible(合格的)--capable(能干的)，flexible(灵活的)--changeable(可改变的)，initial(最初的)--preliminary(初步的，预备的)，slack(松弛的)--lazy(懒惰的)，valueless(无价值的)--priceless(无价的)，vivid(生动的)一living(活的)，etc．。例如： Henry’s speech was so vivid that his audience applauded againand again， It is easier to adapt to new situations if one has a flexible attitude． We have finished the preliminary exam． Your suggestion is priceless，and 1 will consider carefully． 3)有些词尾为-ly的并非副词，而是形容词，如：lovdy，likdy，deadly，earthly(现世的)，leisurdy(空闲的)，weekly，yearly，manly(丈夫气概的)，brotherly，friendly等。例如： What a lovely girl Jenny is．She is always ready to help others． China Daily is of course a daily newspaper but not a weekly one． He is a very friendly young man． As he didn't have anyexperience，he was likely to have problems． 以下情况形容词常用于后置：1)形容词短语，即形容词+副词，介词短语或不定式。2) 一些表语性形容词要后置，如：present，available，involved，concerned，etc, 。3)形容词修饰不定代词something，anything，everything时要后置。例如： There was something nice about my feeling that she knew a11． For this reason，as well as the additional cost involved，flow force compensation is generally not desirable． I came across another question hard to answer then． I wondered if there was a room available． 副词的位置为：修饰哪个词就放在哪个词前面；放在系动词和助动词之后，行为动词和分词之前。例如： I had only five-dollar bill with me when l boarded the townward train． The old law were instituted to protect the long neglected rights of children. I can hardly believe that he is the murderer． Although he has advantages，it is still too early to say that he is sure to win． 2．比较级与最高级的基本形式和用法 形容词的比较级和最高级的构成为：单音节词一般在词尾加-er和-est。如果以-e结尾，仅加-r和-st；如末尾仅有一个辅音字母，须双写词尾冉加-er和-est；如果以y结尾的，把y变i，加-er，-est；多音节单词和双音节词(其中包括由分词和分词演变而来的形容词，如：known， worn，wounded，shocking，striking，interesting，ect, 则在其前加more和most；有些形容词的比较级和最高级是不规则的，如：good(well)-better-best，bad(ill)-worse-worst，many(much)-more-most，little-less-least，far-farther(further)-farthest(furthest)。有些形容词没 有比较级形式，如：absolute，chief，entire，eternal，excellent，fatal，final，foremost，inevitable，infinite，main，naked，perfect，possible，primary，right，sufficient，supreme，universal，utter，vital，whole，wooden，etc，例如： Mary is the best student in the class． Further negotiation will be conducted next month． The food we have is sufficient. Needless to say，he is stronger than his opponent． 一般副词的比较级和最高级与形容词一样，单音节的以在词尾加-er和-est构成，多音节的以加more和most的方法构成；有些比较特殊，如：well—better-best，badly-worse-worst，much-more-most，little-less-least。以-ly结尾的副词，在其前面加more，most, 例如： Tonny runs most quickly than any other students in the class． Which do you like best，Thorn Birds，Gone With the Wind Or Great Expectation? I prefer less sugar in the milk． She gets more income every month than her husband． 形容词和副词的原级比较由"as+形容词或副词(或后跟名词或短语)+as"构成，“as…as’’前可加not，just，almost，nearly，quite，twice，several times等词修饰。否定式中not后面的as可改为so。例如： Running for fifteen minutes will burn as many calories as walking for thirty minutes． Henan province is several times as large as Shanghai． Jimmy has as nervous a ways peaking as his father． Getting rid of a bad habit isn't so simple as taking it up． 形容词和副词的比较级形式为：“形容词(副词)比较级+than+…”，应注意than前后相比较的人或物要一致。比较级前可以跟even，much，still等副词修饰比较级，表示强调。例如： Mother worried much more about my younger brother than she did about me． Sound travels faster through water than throughI air． The economic development in South China is faster than that in North China． My books are much more than Li Ping's． 形容词和副词的最高级的形式分别为：“the+形容词最高级十名词+范围表达”和“副词最高级+名词+范围表达”，副词的比较级和最高级不需要加the。例如： Our foreign exchange reserve didn't decline despite the worst flood in sixty years． I finisbed the work more successfully than he had expected． 应注意以下表达式的含义：the same…as(和……一样)，no less than(不少于)，not less than(只有)，had better(最好)，less than(不到)，more or less(或多或少)，other than(除了)，rather than(而不是)，the more…the more/less(越……就越……)例如： I am sure that the amount of money used in repaying a loan would have the same value as the amount of money borrowed． You had better finisll your homework today for the teacher will collect it tomorrow． We have received ten dozen of personal computers which are less than the amount we ordered． The visltors to the exhibition were not less than three hundred，which disappointed them very much． 第三节 从句 从句分为定语从句，状语从句和名词从句三大类。定语从句又分为限定性和非限定性从句两种，由关系代词或关系副词引导，修饰主句的某个成分。状语从句分为时间、结果、让步、原因、条件及行为方式状语从句。名词从句包括主语、宾语、表语和同位语从句及there be句型。 1．定语从句 限定性定语从句中that可代表人和事，而which只代表事；二者在从句中作主语或宾语。that作宾语时常可省略，which则不能，而且其后的“不及物动词+介词’’中的介词不能省略。which作宾语时，先行词与which之间的介词不能省。例如： The first doll that could say“mama”was invented in 1830． The second half of his voyage was by far the more dangerous part，during which he sailed round the Cape Horn． 代表a11，anything，something，nothing，much等词时，用that而不用which，that作宾语可省略。例如： I care anything that has something to do with it． You'd better do something he prefers to do to please him． That is the last time we met each other． I came across the woman you told me about yesterday． who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句的主语和宾语。where是关系副词，用于表示地点的定语从句，而when用来表示时间。whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语。例如: Henry Ford is the person who is most responsible for developing the idea of mass production． The knee is the joint where the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower leg． The next morning, when she came down to breakfast , Mary was beaming with the pleasure of a new，great discovery． The visiting professor is a famous scientist whose son studies in my department． 在下列情况，限定性定语从句的关系代词可以省略：1)当关系代词在从句中作宾语或表语；或它们在从句中作介词的宾语，而该介词又在句末时；2)当先行词是that，all，only，everything，something，nothing等代词时，或先行词前有一个最高级形容词修饰时；3) 当先行词前有only，any，all，first，no，last等修饰时，或先行词就是time，moment，way(anyway)，direction，distance等名词时，关系代词即可省略。例如： The delegation we had been waiting for finally arrived． I met the woman you told me about． She gave me all she could afford． With TV we can see things happen almost at the exact moment they are happening． 非限定性定语从句，其作用为：对所修饰的成分作进一步的说明，它与主句用逗号隔开。此类从句省略后其余部分仍可成立。在非限定性定语从句中，which可代表前面的整个句子；代表人时只能用who，whom，而不能用that；as也可用作关系代词。例如: The telephone，as we know，was the invention of Alexander Graham Bell． The Little White House in Warm Springs was the Georgia home President Franklin D．Roosevelt，who died there on April 12，1945． Living in a damp house for a long time is harmful to one’s health，which is known to everyone． 2．状语从句 状语从句可分为：时间状语从句(主要由when，whenever，after，before，a5，slnce，once，assoonas，Until，while等连词引导)，结果状语从句(由so…that和such…that连接)，让步状语从句(由though，although, no matter，even if, however，whatever等词引导)，原因状语从句(由as，because，since和for引导)，条件状语从句(由if, whether，as long as， provided that等词引导)，地点状语从句(由where引导)，行为方式状语从句(由as引导)。有时条件状语从句中，主句不可以用将来时，而用一般时代替。例如： The small greenish flowers of the elm tree appear in the Spring, long before the leaves grow. QiongYao's novels used to be so popular that her books appeared on best-seller lists. Gas balloon is less safe than hot balloon because it may catch fire. Uniform acceleration (同样的加速) occurs if the rate of change remains the same over successive equal intervals of time． Thousands of Chinese college students went to the US Consulate Shanghai，where they protested NATO's bombing at China's Embassy in Yugoslavia. 状语从句中的 “主语+be”可以省略，前提是：从句主语和主句主语一致，且从句谓语“be”省略后的结构为“连词+现在分词／过去分词介词短语／形容词／名词短语”。) 例如： When well fitted, glasses can correct most sight defects in healthy eyes． If necessary，I would like to see you in your office. Although seriously wounded，he never complained． 3．名词从句 名词从句包括主语从句、宾语从句，其中有介词与形容词的宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 主语从句 主语从句常出现在it is+名词、形容词、分词+主语从句”的形式中。例如： It is reported that Taiwanese pop singer Meng Tingwei will hold a solo concert in Shanghai someday this month． It must be pointed out that you have failed to meet the deadline． It usually happened that I was late because of traffic jams. 主语从句还可用when，where，how，why，whether等连接副词，和who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever等连接代词来引起。例如： How to arrange the meeting is not your task． Whose candidate will win the election is the question both political parties are asking． When I leave is my own decision. Whoever will go to the party won't change my mind of staying at home． 2)宾语从句 宾语从句可由that, 疑问代词或副词how，why和where等引出。例如：To postpone the conference until next month indicated that they were unprepared． Nearly a11 the staff agreed with what I said． Everyone worried about her because no one was aware of where she had gone． Could you offer more details except that it happened at night? 由what，whether，how引导的宾语从句可用在介词后，而由that引导的从句只跟but，besides，except，in, save之后。例如: I can hardly believe in what they have done. He doesn’t know my phone number except that the city code is 021. 一些表语性的形容词，如：alarmed，amazed，annoyed，astonished, certain，confident, disappointed, glad, pleased, proud, sad, shocked, sure, surprised, worried, ect.做表语时，后面可跟由that, how等引导的宾语从句。例如： I was amazed how he could pass the exam without attending the lectures． He is confident that he will pass the Band 6 examination． She was surprised how simple his problem is． We are all pleased that he will be able to pass the final examination. 3)表语从句 表语从句对主语的内容起解释和阐述的作用；若表语从句用that引起，that起连接作用，不能省略。b表语从句也可用连接词how，when，where，why，what引起。由because引起的表语从句通常只用在“this／that／it is because” 结构中。例如： A logarithm(对数) is what is known in algebra exponent(代数的指数)． One thing I admire most about them is that they are hospitable． She works too hard；That is why she is exhausted． I must point out that where you intend to build a super-market is where the elderly do exercise every day． 4)同位语从句 同位语从句是由两个或两个以上同一层次语言单位组成的结构，其中前项与后项所指相同，句法功能相同。同位语从句由that引导，也可由whether，how，why，where, when等来引导。例如： She ignored the teacher's instruction that she must study hard． The question whether or not I should help him in such a case troubled me greatly． 第四节 动词不定式 1．不定式的基本形式与结构 动词不定式指通常由to加上动词原形 (如to write) 所构成的一种非限定性动词形式，但在有些情况下to可以省略。动词不定式有进行体和完成体(如上to be writing，to have written)，也有被动态(如to be written)，所有的主动词，不论是及物动词还是不及物动词，也不论是动作动词还是状态动词，都有不定式形式。助动词除be和have外, 没有不定式形式。动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。 2．不定式的用法 1)不定式结构作主语 Te get contact with his family in Taiwan made him extremely happy since they separated more than 40 years ago． To finish that task in such a short time is really a challenge． 在上述情况下，如果不定式较长，显得头重脚轻，则可由代词让作形式主语(形式主语it不可由that或this等其他代词代替)，而将不定式放到后面。如： It made him extremely happy to get contact with his family in Taiwan since they separated more than 40 years ago． John admitted that it is always difficult for him to be on time． 不定式结构所表示的动作是谁做的，即不定式的逻辑主语，通常可以通过for sb. to do sth. 结构表达： It is quite important for us to