贸易术语

国际贸易术语解释通则 “Incoterms” (International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms) The purpose of “Incoterms” (International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms) is to provide a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade. Thus, the uncertainties of different interpretations of such terms in different countries can be avoided or at least reduced to a considerable degree. Development of Incoterms The International Charmer of Commerce first published in 1936 a set of international rules for the interpretation of trade terms in foreign trade. These rules were known as “Incoterms 1936”. Amendments and additions were later made in 1953, 1967, 1976, 1980, 1990, and presently 2000 in order to bring the rules in line with current international trade practices. Although popularly and generally accepted, these interpretations are not laws or international pacts. They are not binding on all parties except when they have agreed to use whichever of them to interpret the trade terms. Merchants wishing to use these rules should specify that their contracts will be governed by “Incoterms 19××”. Group E: the seller makes the goods available to the buyer at the seller’s own premises. Group F: the seller is called upon to deliver the goods to a carrier appointed by the buyer. Group C: the seller has to contract for carriage, but without assuming the risks of loss of or damage to the goods or additional costs due to events occurring after shipment and dispatch. Group D: the seller has to bear all costs and risks needed to bring the goods to the country of destination. EXW------工厂交货（……指定地点） FCA------交至承运人（……指定地点） FAS------船边交货（……指定装运港） FOB------船上交货（……指定装运港） CFR------成本加运费（……指定目的港） CIF------成本、保险加运费付至（……指定目的港） CPT------运费付至（……指定目的港） CIP------运费、保险费付至（……指定目的地） DAF------边境交货（……指定地点） DES------目的港船上交货（……指定目的港） DEQ------目的港码头交货（……指定目的港） DDU------未完税交货（……指定目的地） DDP------完税后交货（……指定目的地） FOB: Free on Board (…named port of shipment) “Free on Board” means that the seller delivers when the goods pass the ship’s rail at the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of loss of or damage to the goods from that point. CFR: Cost and Freight (…named port of destination) “Cost and Freight” means that the seller delivers when the goods pass the ship’s rail in the port of shipment. The seller must pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination, BUT the risks of loss of or damage to the goods, as well as any additional costs due to events occurring after the time of delivery, are transferred from the seller to the buyer. CIF: Cost, Insurance and Freight (…named port of destination) “Cost, Insurance and Freight” means that the seller has the same obligations as under CFR but with the addition that he has to procure marine insurance against the buyer’s risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage. The seller contracts for insurance and pays the insurance premium. EXW: Ex Works (…named place) “Ex works” means that the seller delivers when he places the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the seller’s premises or another named place (I.e. works, factory, warehouse, etc.) not cleared for exports and not loaded on any collecting vehicle. This term thus represents the minimum obligation for the seller, and the buyer has to bear all costs and risks involved in taking the goods from the seller’s premises. FCA: Free Carrier (…named place) “Free Carrier” means that the seller delivers the goods, cleaned for export, to the carrier nominated by the buyer at the named place. It should be noted that the chosen place of delivery has an impact on the obligations of loading and unloading the goods at that place. If delivery occurs at the seller’s premises, the seller is responsible for loading. If delivery occurs at any other place, the seller is not responsible for unloading. This term may be used irrespective of the mode of transport, including multi-modal transport. “Carrier” means any person who, in a contract of carriage, undertakes to perform or to procure the performance of transport by rail, road, air, sea, inland waterway or by a combination of such modes. FAS: Free Alongside Ship (…named port of shipment) “Free Alongside Ship” means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed alongside the vessel at the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of loss of or damage to the goods from that moment. The FAS term requires the seller to clear the goods for export. CPT: Carriage Paid To (…named place of destination) “Carriage Paid To” means that the seller delivers the goods to the carrier nominated by him but the seller must in addition pay the cost of carriage necessary to bring the goods to the named destination. This means that the buyer beards all risks and any other costs occurring after the goods have been so delivered. CIP: Carriage and Insurance Paid To (…named place of destination) “Carriage and Insurance paid to” means that the seller delivers the goods to the carrier nominated by him, but the seller must in addition pay the cost of carriage necessary to bring the goods to the named destination. This means that the buyer bears all risks and any additional costs occurring after the goods have been so delivered. However, in CIP the seller also has to procure insurance against the buyer’s risks of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage. 为了便于理解，将所有的术语分为4个基本不同的类型。 第一组 　　为“E”组，指卖方仅在自己的地点为买方备妥货物(发货)。 　　EXW（EX works）：工厂交货（……指定地点）。是指卖方将货物从工厂（或仓库）交付给买方，除非另有规定，卖方不负责将货物装上买方安排的车或船上，也不办理出口报关手续。买方负担自卖方工厂交付后至最终目的地的一切费用和风险。 第二组 　　“F”组（FCA、FAS和FOB），指卖方需将货物交至买方指定的承运人 (主要运费未付)。 　　FCA （Free Carrier）：交至承运人（……指定地点）。此术语是指卖方必须在 合同 劳动合同范本免费下载装修合同范本免费下载租赁合同免费下载房屋买卖合同下载劳务合同范本下载 规定的交货期内在指定地点将货物交给买方指定的承运人监管，并负担货物交由承运人监管前的一切费用和货物灭失或损坏的风险。 　　FAS （Free Alongside Ship）：船边交货（……指定装运港），是指卖方将货物运至指定装运港的船边或驳船内交货，并在需要办理海关手续时，办理货物出口所需的一切海关手续，买方承担自装运港船边（或驳船）起的一切费用和风险。 　　FOB （Free On Board）：船上交货（……指定装运港），该术语规定卖方必须在合同规定的装运期内在指定的装运港将货物交至买方指定的船上，并负担货物越过船舷以前为止的一切费用和货物灭失或损坏的风险。 第三组 　　“C”组（CFR、CIF、CPT和CIP），指卖方须订立运输合同，但对货物灭失或损坏的风险以及装船和启运后发生意外所发生的额外费用，卖方不承担责任（主要运费已付）。 　　CFR （Cost and Freight）：成本加运费（……指定目的港），），是指卖方必须在合同规定的装运期内，在装运港将货物交至运往指定目的港的船上，负担货物越过船舷以前为止的一切费用和货物灭失或损坏的风险，并负责租船订舱，支付至目的港的正常运费。 　　CIF （Cost、 Insurance and Freight）：成本、保险加运费付至（……指定目的港），是指卖方必须在合同规定的装运期内在装运港将货物交至运往指定目的港的船上，负担货物越过船舷以前为止的一切费用和货物灭失或损坏的风险并办理货运保险，支付保险费，以及负责租船订舱，支付从装运港到目的港的正常运费。 　　CPT（Carriage Paid to）：运费付至（……指定目的地），是指卖方支付货物运至指定目的地的运费，在货物被交由承运人保管时，货物灭失或损坏的风险，以及由于在货物交给承运人后发生的事件而引起的额外费用，即从卖方转移至买方。 　　　CIP（Carriage and Insurance Paid to）：运费、保险费付至（……指定目的地），是指卖方支付货物运至目的地的运费，并对货物在运输途中灭失或损坏的买方风险取得货物保险，订立保险合同，支付保险费用，在货物被交由承运人保管时，货物灭失或损坏的风险，以及由于在货物交给承运人后发生的事件而引起的额外费用，即从卖方转移至买方。 第四组 　　“D”组（DAF、DES、DEQ、DDU和DDP），指卖方须承担把货物交至目的地国所需的全部费用和风险(货到)。 　　　DAF （Delivered at Frontier）：边境交货（……指定地点），是指卖方将货物运至买方指定的边境地点，将仍处于交货的运输工具上尚未卸下的货物交付买方，并办妥货物出口清关手续，承担将货物运抵边境上的指定地点所需的一切费用和风险，此地点为毗邻边境的海关前，包括出口国在内的任何国家边境（含过境国）。进口清关手续则由买方办理。 　　DES （Delivered EX Ship）：目的港船上交货（……指定目的港），是指卖方将货物运至买方指定目的港的船上，并交给买方，但不办理进口清关手续，卖方负担将货物运抵指定卸货港为止的一切费用和风险，买方负担货物从船上开始卸货期的一切费用和风险。 　　DEQ （Delivered EX Quay）：目的港码头交货（……指定目的港），是指将货物交付给买方，但不办理货物进口清关手续，卖方负担将货物运抵卸货港并卸至码头为止的一切费用与风险。买方则负担随后的一切费用和风险。 　　DDU（Delivered Duty Unpaid）：未完税交货（……指定目的地），是指卖方将货物运至进口国指定的目的地交付给买方，不办理进口手续，也不从交货的运输工具上将货物卸下，即完成交货。卖方应该承担货物运至指定目的地为止的一切费用与风险，不包括在需要办理海关手续时在目的地进口应缴纳的任何“税费”（包括办理海关手续的责任和风险，以及交纳手续费、关税、税款和其他费用）。买方必须承担此项“税费”和因其未能及时办理货物进口清关手续而引起的费用和风险。 　　DDP（Delivered Duty Paid）：进口国完税后交货（---指定目的地），是指卖方将货物运至进口国指定地点，将在交货运输工具上尚未卸下的货物交付给买方，卖方负责办理进口报关手续，交付在需要办理海关手续时在目的地应缴纳的任何进口“税费”。卖方负担将货物交付给买方前的一切费用和风险。如卖方无法直接或间接的取得进口许可证时不宜采用该术语。DDP是卖方责任最大的贸易术语。