如何写摘要和引言nullSophia FrangouSophia FrangouInstitute of Psychiatry, London
Editor, European Psychiatry Writing to get published Writing to get published Abstract and Introduction nullBefore you start writing your manuscript you need to be clear about the following key is...
nullSophia FrangouSophia FrangouInstitute of Psychiatry, London
Editor, European Psychiatry Writing to get published Writing to get published Abstract and Introduction nullBefore you start writing your manuscript you need to be clear about the following key issues
what is the most important message of your paper
who you are yours readers
Specialist vs general readership
which journal you plan to submit your paper
Format, style and “spirit” of the journal
nullAbstract
A “miniature” version of the paper
Focus on the key message
Introduction
How did this paper come about
Sets the paper in the context of previous research
Explains what you wanted to contribute to existing evidence
Describes what your aims and predictions were Introduction Introduction The introduction is the “story” of how this paper came about
Key elements
Should provide the reader with all relevant information about what they need to know to place your study into its scientific context
Outline clearly the problem you are seeking to address
Explain explicitly the questions you are seeking to answer
Introduction Introduction Inform the reader about what is already known and relevant to your paper Background Persuade the reader that there is an important problem to be addressed Problem State the important question the remains unanswered (which you are going to address)Question Response Explain how you addressed the
question in your research Hypo
thesesState explicitly what your predictions were Introduction Introduction Background
Describe the current situation (before you did the study) in a way that will engage the reader
Include the most important and pertinent references which the reader expect you to include to show you are familiar with the field
Include references to your own work in the field
Summarise the relevant findings of previous studies in the fewest possible words You don't need to describe each study.
Avoid being over-critical of previous studies (some of the authors will probably be your reviewers)
Introduction Introduction The problem
The information in the background should lead the reader to share with you the importance of the problem
The problem should lead logically from what you have described in the background
State the problem explicitly – the problem should be in line with the main message of your manuscript
Introduction Introduction The question
The problem you identified may raise several questions
In this section you have to convince the reader that the question(s) you have chosen to address are worthwhile
Response
Explain how you intend to address the question(s); otherwise the aims and objectives of your research
Predictions (Hypotheses)
State what you expected to find
Example Example Background
There is an large body of research conducted by Chinese scientists in the field of Psychiatry. The field is dynamic with X number of researchers and Y number of institutions being active in the field. Each year 1000 manuscripts are produced by Chinese researchers; 3 of these will be published in western psychiatric journals
Problem
Chinese research is under-presented in western scientific press; this results to important scientific information not being available to western researchers (reader perspective)
Question
Why? What can be done?
Response
Survey of 100 editors of western journals to identify barriers in publishing research from chinese instituitons Abstract Abstract Purpose of the Abstract
Your manuscript competes with others for the attention of the readers
Therefore your abstract
Should aim to entice readers to choose your abstract for further reading
Provide sufficient information to readers that are only interested in your key message but may not wish to read the whole manuscript
Abstract Abstract Before writing the abstract you should be very clear
About your message – what is the one single important fact you want the reader to know about your study
About the key methodological issues of the study
Your study design has many components which you will explain in the methods section. In the abstract you need to include the basic information that will give the reader
An understanding of what you did
(is it an neuroimaging study? A clinical trial? An epidemiological study?)
And that what you did was methodological sound Abstract Abstract Background/Objectives
Why should we care?
What scientific or clinical problems does your work address
“Only 1% of research conducted by Chinese psychiatrists and neuroscientists is currently published in western scientific journals. Therefore the aim of this study was to identify barriers to publishing for Chinese scientists”
“Only 1% of research conducted by Chinese psychiatrists and neuroscientists is currently published in western scientific journals. This may impede scientific progress as important findings from Chinese studies are not widely available. Therefore the aim of this study was to identify barriers to publishing for Chinese scientists”
Abstract Abstract Methods
What did you do
What is methodological valid
“We conducted a survey of editors of scientific journals to identify their views regarding possible barriers to publishing “
“We conducted a survey of 158 editors-in-chief of scientific journals indentified using X database. We used ZXVD keywords which identified 178 journals and then we narrowed this by impact factor to select only journals with impact factor of 2 or above as listed in the Y impact factor listing. We then excluded journals that published in languages other than English. Editors were sent a study specific questionnaire both by e-mail and by post. The questionnaire comprised of 145 questions. This was designed by the principal investigator following the methodology desribed by Smith et al (2000). The questionnaire and covered the following domains: credibility, style and formatting of abstracts, language proficiency, topics covered..............”
“We conducted a survey of 158 chief editors of psychiatiric and neuroscicence journals published in English and with an impact factor of 2 or above as indexed in X database. We used a modified version of the Smith Barriers in Publising questionnaire (SBPQ). The SBPQ covers the domains of : credibility, style and formatting of abstracts, language proficiency, topics covered which are known to impact on the rate of manuscript acceptance for publishing. “
Abstract Abstract Results
What was the most important thing you learned?
“We achieved a response rate of 95%. Poor language proficiency was identified as the most significant barrier to publishing endorsed by 98% of the respondents. This was followed by problems in style and formatting which was endorsed by 84% of respondents. Problems with scientific credibility were endorsed by 12% of respondents while topics selection was viewed as problematic by 15% of respondents. “
“We achieved a 95% response rate. Poor language proficiency and formatting were identified as the most significant barriers to publishing endorsed by 98 and 84% of respondents respectively. None of the other domains emerged as a significant problem being endorsed by less than 15% of the respondents”
Abstract Abstract Conclusions
What are the implications of your findings?
What should readers do or be aware of based on what you found?
“Poor language proficiency and formatting are the most significant barriers to publishing for Chinese researchers”
“Our findings suggest that Chinese research in psychiatry and neuroscience is viewed as topical and credible; problems in language use and formatting are the most significant barriers that could be overcome with improved training of authors and editorial support from the journals”
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