a global history of man

STAVRIANOS ... . - •-,--- .-. -- -• _ GLOBAL HISTORY OF MAN INDIANA UNIVERSITY LIBRARY . : A GLOBAL HISTORY OF MAN 1962 ALLYN AND BACON, INC. | Boston Rockleigh, N. J. Chicago Atlanta Dallas Belmont, Calif. HISTORY OF MAN LEFTEN S. STAVRIANOS Loretta Kreider Andrew) George I. Blanksten Roger F. Hackett Ella C. Leppert Paul L. Murphy Lacey Baldwin Smith .S7S INDIANA UNIVERSITY LiiW ABOUT THE AUTHORS LEFTEN S. STAVRIANOS • Ph.D., Clark University; Professor of History, Northwestern University; Senior author; Parts 1, 2, 4, Unit 6 Soviet Union, and Unit 8 Middle East. LORETTA KREIDER ANDREWS • M.A., Northwestern University; formerly teacher at Evanston Township High School; Unit 11 Sub-Saharan Africa. GEORGE I. BLANKSTEN • Ph.D., University of California; Professor of Political Sci- ence, Northwestern University; Unit 7 Latin America. ROGER F. HACKETT • Ph.D., Harvard University; Associate Professor of History, Uni- versity of Michigan; Unit 10 China. ELLA C. LEPPERT • Ed.D., Columbia University; Chairman of Social Studies, Uni- versity High School, and Professor of Education, University of Illinois; study aids. PAUL L. MURPHY • Ph.D., University of California; Associate Professor of History, University of Minnesota; Unit 5 United States. LACEY BALDWIN SMITH • Ph.D., Princeton University; Associate Professor of History, Northwestern University; Unit 9 India. Illustrations and Maps By: Ray Granai Philip B. Parsons Donald T. Pitcher Kenneth A. Wagner Magnuson and Vincent, Inc. C. S. Hammond & Company © 1962 By Allyn and Bacon, Inc. Printed in the United States of America preface IN the past half century the world has moved into an era of challenge, progress, I and upheaval that has no parallel. Without a basic understanding of world history, the events of these years and the current world situation are not meaningful. The purpose of A Global History of Man is primarily to provide both an under- standing and an appreciation of the present in terms of the past. A history of Western civilization no longer suffices for this purpose and this text, therefore, presents today's world events in terms of our global history — North, East, South, and West. The organization of A Global History of Man is uniquely different from the chronological approach most commonly used today. There are four parts, each of which contributes to the composite fabric of a true global history. Part One, consisting of one unit, gives a brief but succinct account of the geographic factors which have influenced the course of world history. Part Two makes a rapid survey of man's his- tory from his advent on this planet to the present day. It is divided into three units, each designed to cover a major stage in man's long trek from savagery to his first step into outer space. Unit Two covers the period ef Man before Civilization and contains a discussion of the races of mankind. Unit Three covers the period from ,, 3700 B.C. to 1500 A.D. The period is divided into the ancient, classical, and medi- L eval eras. Unit Four covers the period from 1500 to the present^ lls^rnghas js js OQ ugpn the influence of Europe on the rest of the world, and it is divided into three *) sections: Europe Unites the World, Europe Dominates the World, and Europe's ^ Decline and Triumph. Part Three is devoted to a detailed analysis of seven of the world's major culture regions: United States, Soviet Union, Latin America, Middle East, India, _Ching7 and Sub-Saharan Africa. Each of the seven units in this part is divided into four sections: Basic Facts, Politics, Economics, and Culture. Since it would require many volumes to cover each of these topics for just one of these cultural regions, the flashback technique has been employed to make the mass of detail pedagogically manageable. Present conditions and institutions are described and their explanations sought in selected historical events and forces. By using this technique, long lists of names, dates, events, dynasties, and the like are avoided and emphasis is placed upon the great forces of world history. Part Four pulls together the historical threads which make up "Our World Today." The single unit of this final part is divided into three sections: Forces Uniting the World, Forces Dividing the World, and the role of the United Nations in attempting to reduce global disunity and friction. Several useful tools have been employed to aid the student in his study of A Global History of Man. Each section within a unit is followed by a series of exercises designed to test the student's recall of the im- mediately preceding material. At the end of each unit, there is a series of activities which require the student to interpret, compare, contrast, collate, and evaluate the material of the unit, both by itself and also with other units in the book. Each unit has a bibliography, simply annotated, to aid the student to go beyond the material in the text. The bibliographies are divided into two sections, Selected Reading and Further Reading. For the purpose of introducing the student to source material, references to the supplementary volume, Readings in World History, have been included on the appropriate pages of the text. A wealth of illustrations has been included to aid the student by presenting and highlighting important points in a visual fashion. There are over 125 maps, charts, graphs, and tables in two and four colors. There is a time line in each of the units devoted to a culture region. More than 400 pictures, many of them primary sources in themselves, have been placed throughout the book. The authors are indebted to the Carnegie Corporation of New York which has generously contributed to the World History Project of Northwestern University, of which this volume is a product. ri contents PART 1 • THE ENVIRONMENT OF WORLD HISTORY 7 UNIT 1 MAN'S PHYSICAL WORLD 3 The Challenge of Environment 4 The Key Factor 36 PART 2 • A SURVEY OF WORLD HISTORY 57 UNIT 2 MAN BEFORE CIVILIZATION 53 Man, Race, and Society 54 UNITS CIVILIZED MAN LIVES IN REGIONAL ISOLATION 73 Ancient Civilizations: 3700-1000 B.C. 74 Classical Civilizations: 1000 B.C. 500 A.D. 88 Medieval Civilizations: 500-1500 A.D. Ill UNIT 4 CIVILIZED MAN LIVES IN GLOBAL UNITY 145 Europe Unites the World: 1500-1763 146 Europe Dominates the World: 1763-1914 164 Europe's Decline and Triumph: 1914- 189 vii PART 3 • THE WORLD'S MAJOR CULTURE AREAS 237 UNITS UNITED STATES 233 BASIC FACTS: "A wide, untried domain awaits" 234 POLITICS: "From the Consent of the Governed" 249 ECONOMICS: Nothing Succeeds Like Success 266 CULTURE: Something for Everyone 284 UNIT 6 SOVIET UNION 301 BASIC FACTS: The Immensity and Variety of "Mother Russia" 302 POLITICS: The State That Refuses to Wither Away 321 ECONOMICS: "The World Shall Rise on New Foundations" 333 CULTURE: How New is the Soviet Man - or Woman? 353 UNIT? LATIN AMERICA 375 BASIC FACTS: An Empire Fragmented 376 POLITICS: The Paradox of Authority and Instability 389 ECONOMICS: Too Few Have Too Much 407 CULTURE: Two Classes, Two Worlds 425 UNITS MIDDLE EAST 445 BASIC FACTS: A Crossroads for Ideas, Trade, and Armies 446 POLITICS: A Surge of Nationalism 457 ECONOMICS: Since the Middle Ages, a Downward Spiral 479 CULTURE: Islam and the Impact of Modernization 496 UNIT 9 INDIA 511 BASIC FACTS: The Spirit that Endures Conquest and Conflict 512 POLITICS: An Asian Translation of the British Tradition 526 ECONOMICS: Breaking the Vicious Circle of Underproduction 547 CULTURE: Revolution by Persuasion 562 viii UNIT 10 CHINA 583 BASIC FACTS: A Continuum of Thirty-Five Centuries 584 POLITICS: A Rebirth of China 602 ECONOMICS: "The Great Leap Forward" 626 CULTURE: New Loyalties and a New Elite 637 UNIT 11 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 657 BASIC FACTS: Vastness and Variation 658 ECONOMICS: A Swiftly Changing Structure 672 CULTURE: Old Traditions, New Ways 695 POLITICS: Statehood, Ready or Not 711 PART 4 • GLOBAL HISTORY TODAY AND TOMORROW 731 UNIT 12 OUR WORLD TODAY 733 Forces that Unite the World 734 Forces that Divide the World 741 The United Nations 766 INDEX 777 NOTES 788 MAPS IN TWO COLORS 10 World Cultivated Areas 106 Spread of Christianity and Buddhism to 500 A.D. 38 Regions of Eurasia 111 Barbarian Invasions of the Roman Empire 46 Indian Migration Routes and Civilizations 113 Europe and the Byzantine Empire 63 Europe during the Ice Age 116 Charlemagne's Empire and the New Barbarian In 67 Limits of Agriculture in 1500 vasions 80 Chief Eurasian Empires about 1500 B.C. 119 Moslem Expansion to 1500 90 Areas of Civilization about 100 A.D. 125 Mongol Empire 92 Classical Age Empires in Europe and the Middle 126 Eurasian Trade Routes about 1300 East 150 Spanish and Portuguese Discoveries 94 Classical Age Empires in China 159 North America before and after the Seven Years' 95 Classical Age Empires in India War ix Climate of the Middle East Vegetation of the Middle East Population Density and Distribution of the Mid- dle East Ottoman Empire at its Supremacy Political Divisions of the Middle East Formation of Israel Moslem World Today Area Comparison, the United States and India Climate of India Vegetation of India Political Divisions of India Population Density and Distribution of India Indus Waters Plan Area Comparison, China and the United States Climate of China Vegetation of China Population Density and Distribution of China Changing China Political Divisions of China Area Comparison, the United States and Sub- Saharan Africa Climate of Sub Saharan Africa Vegetation of Sub-Saharan Africa African Trade Routes Population Density and Distribution of Sub- Saharan Africa Natural Hazards of Africa Political Divisions of Africa Languages of the Modern World Religious Population of the World Future World Population Growth Diplomatic Map of the World 161 Expansion of Europe, 1492-1763 449 162 Europe's Control of World Trade after 1500 449 190 Europe and the World in 1914 451 131 European Alliances before World War I 192 Subject Nationalities of Central and Eastern 454 Europe 458 195 New European Nations, 1815-1914 471 236 Area Comparison, the United States and China 504 236 Climate of the United States 514 236 Vegetation of the United States 515 244 Population Density and Distribution of the United 515 States 544 246 Political Divisions of the United States 552 306 Climate of the Soviet Union 556 306 Vegetation of the Soviet Union 588 309 Population Density and Distribution of the Soviet 588 Union 588 312 Russia to the Death of Ivan the Terrible 590 314 Russian Expansion from Ivan the Terrible to 1914 596 319 Area Comparison, the United States and the 603 Soviet Union 661 360 Political Divisions of the Soviet Union 378 Area Comparison, the United States and Latin 663 America 663 379 Climate of Latin America 669 379 Vegetation of Latin America 673 387 Latin America about 1790 390 Political Divisions of Latin America 686 410 State of Food and Agriculture in Latin America 725 411 Population Density and Distribution in Latin 746 America 748 448 Area Comparison, the United States and 752 the Middle East 758-9 MAPS IN FULL COLOR 15 North America, Physical-Political 16-17 United States, Physical-Political 18 U.S.S.R., Physical-Political 19 South America, Physical-Political 20 Asia, Physical-Political 21 Africa, Physical-Political 22 Europe, Physical-Political 23 World Land Use 24 World Climates 25 World Vegetation 30 World Population Distribution GRAPHS, CHARTS, DIAGRAMS, AND TIME LINES 13 World Population Growth 382 31 Rising Rate of Oil Use 408 56 Man the Newcomer 412 57 Prehistoric Times and Early Man 413 79 Development of Picture Writing into Alphabet 155 Europe Explores the New World 450 166 The Industrial Revolution 453 174 Comparison of Population and Territories of Col- 520 onizing Powers to Those of Their Colonies 555 218 Afro-Asian March to Independence 594 242 The United States' Share of World Resources 597 244 Immigration to the United States 605 245 Time Line for the United States 250 Structure of the United States Government 627 311 Time Line for the Soviet Union 667 322 Party and Government Structure of the Soviet 715 Union 748 336 Agriculture — United States and Soviet Union 755 Comparison 339 Comparison of United States and Soviet Union's 760 Production Rates 341 Retail Prices in the Soviet Union 764 348 Soviet Union's Share of World Resources 768 Time Line for Latin America Latin America's Share of World Resources Communist Bloc — Latin-American Trade Latin-American Economic and Social Problems Middle East's Share of World Resources Time Line for the Middle East Time Line for the Indian Subcontinent India's Share of World Resouces Time Line for China Major Dynasties of Chinese History The Party and Government Structure of Com- munist China Communist China's Share of World Resources Sub-Saharan Africa's Share of World Resources Time Line for Sub-Saharan Africa Religious Population of the World Economic Aid to Underdeveloped Areas, the United States and the Soviet Union Structure of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization Cost of the World's Military Forces Principal Organs of the United Nations