语法资料反意疑问句

反意疑问句 英语中，反意疑问句是由陈述句和附在其后的附加疑问句组成。其中附加疑问句是对陈述句所说的事实或观点提出疑问，起证实作用，一般用于证实说话者所说的事实或观点。现将特殊形式的反意疑问句归纳如下： 与含否定意义的词有关的反意疑问句 (检测 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 : 1—4 ) 如果陈述部分含有never, hardly, scarcely, seldom, no, nothing, nobody, few, little等具有否定意义的词，应将该句视为否定句，其反问部分要用肯定式。例如： They have never met each other before, have they? You have nothing more to say, have you? Few people know him, do they? 与主语有关的反意疑问句 (检测题: 5—10 ) （1） 如果陈述部分的主语是指示代词this或that，或是不定代词something, anything, nothing, everything等，由于它们是第三人称单数并且指代事物，其反问部分的主语为it。 例如： This / That is your bike, isn’t it? Nothing can stop us now, can it? （2）如果陈述部分的主语是不定代词someone(body), anyone(body), everyone(body), no one, nobody 等，由于它们是第三人称单数并且指代人，其反问部分的主语可以是they也可以是泛指第三人称单数的he。例如： Everyone passed the exam, didn’t they / he? Someone is coming, aren’t they / isn’t he ? Anyone can see it, can’t they / he? （3）如果陈述部分的主语是指示代词these 或those，应把它们视为第三人称复数，其反问部分的主语为they。例如： These / Those aren’t guitars, are they? （4）如果陈述句部分是以I am开头，由于am not没有缩写形式，所以其反问部分用aren’t 或ain’t或am I not。例如： I am a worker, aren’t I / ain’t I / am I not? (5)如果陈述句部分的主语是none of...，其反问部分的主语应分别用it、we、you或they来代替。例如： None of the food was wasted, was it?（注：food不可数，视为第三人称单数。） None of us are perfect, are we? None of you went to the cinema, did you? None of the students heard the news, did they? （6）如果陈述句部分的主语是some of...，其反问部分的主语分别用we或they代替。例如： Some of us wanted to stay longer, didn’t we? （注：本句中的some 包括说话人） On the way back, some of us lost the way, didn’t they? （注：本句中的some不包括说话人） （7）如果陈述句部分的主语是one，其反问部分的主语仍然用one。例如： One should be strict with oneself, shouldn’t one? (8) 如果陈述句部分是由并列连词连接的两个或两个以上的单数名词作主语，其反问部分的主语要用复数。例如： Neither you nor I am a doctor, are we? 3．与谓语有关的反意疑问句 (检测题: 11—22 ) （1）如果陈述部分含有表推测的情态动词must, can等，其反问部分不能用情态动词，而应根据具体情况而定。例如： a对现在情况的推测，问句部分用主动词（do, be)一般现在时的适当形式。若是现在进行时，问句部分用现在进行时的适当形式表示。若是there be结构，问句用isn't/aren't there。如： 1)He must be there, isn't he? 2)He must have a big family, doesn't he? 3)He must be waiting outside, isn't he? 4)There must be some students in the room, aren't there? He must be a teacher, isn’t he? (思路：He must be a teacher. à He is a teacher.) b对已发生的过去情况的推测，若陈述句谓语部分有“must have done”，而且有表示过去的时间状语，问句部分用didn't；若没有表示过去的时间状语，问句部分用haven't或hasn't。如： 1)They must have gone there last night, didn't they? 2)They must have arrived by now, haven't they?（根据by now来判断） 3)They must have been to the Great Wall, haven't they? 4）She must have arrived there yesterday, didn’t she? (思路：She must have arrived there yesterday. à She arrived there yesterday.) c若是被动，应按被动结构来处理。如： 1)The room must have been cleaned yesterday, wasn't it? 2)The room must have been cleaned, hasn't it? d若句中有表示过去完成时的时间状语，问句部分应用hadn't.如: They must have learnt 5000 English words by the end of last term, hadn't they? (本题中must表推测，如果将它去掉，还原为真实句就是They had learnt 5000 English words by the end of last term.因此，反意问句是hadn't） You must have made the mistake, haven’t you? (思路：You must have made the mistake. à You have made the mistake.) 但是如果陈述部分含有不表推测的情态动词must, can等，则不属此例，试比较： He must find the proof, mustn’t he? （2） 如果陈述句部分的谓语含有带否定前缀dis-, un-, im-或否定后缀-less的词(dislike, discourage, be unfair/ untrue/ unable, etc.)，仍按肯定句处理，其反问部分要用否定式。例如： You dislike it, don’t you? The patient is unable to move round, isn’t he? The news that they failed their driving test discouraged him, didn’t it? 但是如果陈述句中的谓语是disappear, be unnecessary等, 则不属此例，要按否定句处理，其反问部分要用肯定式。例如： It is unnecessary to buy a bigger computer, is it? （3）如果陈述句部分的谓语是“有”动词have、has或had，其反问部分既可用have的适当形式，也可用do的适当形式。例如： Tom has an interesting book, hasn’t / doesn’t he? （4）如果陈述句部分的谓语是不作“有”讲的行为动词have、has或had，其反问部分只能用do的适当形式。例如： You have headaches, don’t you? You had a good time yesterday, didn’t you? （5）如果陈述句部分的谓语是have to或has to，其反问部分只能用do的适当形式。例如： Alice has to finish her homework now, doesn’t she? （6）如果陈述句部分的谓语是had better，其反问部分只能用hadn’t。例如： You had better stay in bed till tomorrow, hadn’t you? (7) 如果陈述句部分的谓语含有used to，其反问部分既可用use(d)n’t，也可用didn’t。例如： There used to be some trees in this field, use(d)n’t / didn’t there? You used to smoke a pipe, use(d)n’t / didn’t you? (8) 如果陈述句部分的谓语含有ought to，其反问部分既可用oughtn’t，也可用shouldn’t。例如： Zhou Lan ought to pass the National College Entrance Examinations, oughtn’t / shouldn’t she? (9) 如果陈述句部分的谓语是表示愿望的wish，其反问部分只能用may（的肯定式）。例如： I wish t go to Beijing for a short visit, may I? 4. 与祈使句有关的反意疑问句 (检测题: 23—27 ) （1）以表示建议的肯定祈使句开头的反意疑问句，其疑问部分通常为will you，也可以是won’t you。（我们可以把该祈使句转换成一个表示委婉建议的疑问句来考虑。）例如： Please turn down the radio, will / won’t you? （思路：Please turn down the radio.à Will you please turn down the radio?） Wait for a moment, will / won’t you? （思路：Wait for a moment. à Will you wait for a moment?） (2) 以否定祈使句开头的反意疑问句，其疑问部分为will you。（思路同上。）例如： Please don’t draw on the wall, will you? (3) 以Let’s开头，表示建议的祈使句，由于句中的主语实际上包括听、说双方，所以其疑问部分为shall / shan’t we。例如： Let’s have a rest, shall / shan’t we? (4) 由Let’s not开头，表示建议的祈使句，其疑问部分用all right或O. K.。例如： Let’s not go shopping, all right / OK? (5) 以Let us / me开头，征询意见的祈使句，由于句中的主语实际上仅指对方，所以其疑问部分为will you。 例如： Let us go there, will you ? Let me have another try, will you? 5．与感叹句有关的反意疑问句 (检测题: 28—29 ) 如果陈述部分是感叹句，其反问部分要用否定式。如果陈述部分有省略，要将省略部分恢复后才能确定反问部分的写法。例如： What a beautiful day (it is ), isn’t it? How clever the girl is, isn’t she? 6．与there be…句型有关的反意疑问句 (检测题: 30—32 ) 如果陈述句部分是there be…句型，其反问部分要用…there。例如： There is a map on the wall, isn’t there? 比较：There goes the bus, doesn’t it? （注：本句并非there be…句型） 7．与复合句有关的反意疑问句 (检测题: 33—38 ) （1）一般来说，如果陈述部分是主从复合句，其反问部分的主语和助动词应与主句的主语和助动词保持一致。因为这种复合句的重点在主句。例如： If he hasn’t finished his work, he can’t go out to play, can he? （2）以第一人称(I / We)+ think / believe / know / imagine / suppose / guess / expect / etc.开头的主从复合句，其疑问部分的主谓语应与从句的主谓语保持一致。因为这种复合句的重点在从句。例如： I think he has arrived at the airport, hasn’t he? （3）以第一人称(I / We)+ don’t + think / believe / know / imagine / suppose / guess / expect / etc.开头的主从复合句，则应将主句中的“否定”还原到从句中处理，即将该主从复合句转换成一个具有否定含义的单句来考虑。例如： I don’t believe she knows it, does she? （思路：I don’t believe she knows it. à I believe she doesn’t know it. à She doesn’t know it.） （4）以第二、三人称 + think / believe / know / imagine / suppose / guess / expect / etc.开头的主从复合句，视为一般的主从复合句，其反问部分的写法与(1)同。例如： You believe they will come, don’t you? He believes they will come, doesn’t he? 倒装句 副（adv.）介（prep.）提前全倒装，其它句式部分倒；否定提前倒助动，让步状语倒表语；复合句式倒主句，不倒装的属特殊。 一、部分倒装 　　就是把谓语中的be动词、助动词或情态动词置于主语前面。常见于下列几种情况： 1. only所修饰的副词，介词短语或状语从句放在句首时。注意：only修饰主语时，不需要倒装。 Only in this way ________to make improvement in the operating system. A. you can hope B. you did hope 　　C. can you hope D. did you hope 2.含有否定意义的副词或连词放在句首时。如：never, little, seldom, not, not only, not until, no sooner (…than), hardly (…when), rarely, scarcely, in no way等。 I finally got the work I dreamed about. Never in all my life________ so happy! A. did I feel B. I felt C. I had felt D. had I felt Not until I began to work________how much time I had wasted. A. didn't I realize B. did I realize 　　 C. I didn't realize D. I realized 3.在so…that, such…that句型中，若把so, such引导的结构放在句首时。 So difficult________it to live in an English-speaking country that I was determined to learn English well. A. I've felt B. have I felt 　 C. I did feel D. did I feel 4.省略了if的虚拟条件句中，把were, had或should放在句首时。 ________it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to Yangpu Bridge. A. Were 　 　B. Should 　 　C. Would    D. Will 5.用于形容词/副词/名词/动词+as (though)引导的让步状语从句中。注意：当表语为名词时，则名词前不加任何冠词；主谓并不倒装。 ________, I have never seen anyone who's as capable as John. A. As long as I have traveled 　 　B. Now that I have traveled so much C. Much as I have traveled 　　 D. As I have traveled so much 6.由however, no matter how引导的让步状语从句中，把however+形容词/副词，no matter how+形容词/副词放在句首时。 ________, mother will wait for him to have dinner together. A. However late is he 　　B. However he is late 　　C. However is he late 　　D. However late he is 7.几个否定词前置的特殊句型 1)not only…but also…句型中前一个分句部分倒装，后一个分句不倒装。如： Not only does he have to type out the answer on a computer,  but he also gets the computer to translate this into sounds. 注意：只有当Not only… but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only… but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构。Not only you but also I am fond of music. Not only you but also I am fond of music. 2）Not until…句型中前面的从句不倒装，后面的主句应采用部分倒装。如： Not until I came back did he leave for work. Not until quite recently did I have any idea what it was like. 3）No sooner…than…句型中后面的从句不倒装，前面主句应被用部分倒装。如： No sooner had Black got home than the phone rang. 4）Neither…nor…句型中的句子均需部分倒装。如： Neither did I know this nor did I want to. 二、全部倒装 就是把整个谓语部分放在主语之前。注意：谓语动词的数要与后面的主语保持一致。常见于下列几种情况： 1.把副词so放在句首，表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一个人或物。如：I like reading English, so does he. 注意： 当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为"的确如此"。 Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did. / ---It's raining hard.　　　---So it is. 2.把neither, nor放在句首，表示前面的否定内容也适用于另一个人或物。 -I don't think I can walk any further. 　　-________, let's stop here for a rest. A. Neither and I 　 B. Neither can I 　 C. I don't think so 　D. I think so 3.用于地点副词here, there,方位副词out, in, up, down及时间副词now, then等开头的句子里，以示强调。注意：主语为代词时，不能全部倒装。There goes the bell. 　Look! Here they come. 4.当表示地点的介词短语放句首时。注意：谓语多为be, lie, sit, stand, come, walk等不及物动词；倒装时不需要助动词。如：Under the table are three white cats. 5.表语置于句首时，倒装结构为"表语+系动词+主语"。 (1)形容词+系动词+主语　　Present at the meeting was Mr. Green, a headmaster. (2)过去分词+系动词+主语　　Hidden behind the door were some naughty children. (3)介词短语+系动词+主语　　In front of the playground is a newly-built house. 7.在一些表示祝愿的句子里。　　Long live the Communist Party of China! 省略 （一）并列句中的省略 在并列句中，第二分句（或第三、第四分句）往往可以省略与前句相同的成分。如： Some books are to be tasted, others (are) to be swallowed, and some few (are) to be chewed and digested. （二）简单句中的省略 1．省略主语 1)祈使句中的主语通常被省略。如：(You) Be seated, please. 2）其他省略主语多限于少数现成的说法。如： (I)Thank you for your help. （谢谢你的帮助。） (It)Doesn’t matter. （没关系。） 2．省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分。如： (There is) No smoking. （禁止吸烟。） (Is there) Anything else ?（还有其他事吗？） (You come) This way, please. （请这边走）。 (Will you)Have a smoke ?（吸支烟？） What (do you) think about a cup of tea ?（来一杯怎么样？） Why（do you）not say hello to him ?（为什么不和他说声再见呢？） 3．省略宾语。如： —Do you know Miss Gao?（你认识高小姐吗？） —I don’t know（her）. （我不认识。） —Which of them is the better choice ?（他们中谁是更合适的人选？） —Well, it’s hard to tell（it）. （哟，这很难说。） 4．省略表语。如：—Are you thirsty ?（你渴吗？） —Yes, I am（thirsty）. （是的，我渴。） 5．同时省略几个成分。如： —Are you feeling better now ?（你觉得好些吗？） —（I am feeling）Much better（now）. （好多了。） —Have you finished your work ?（你完成工作了吗？） —（I have）Not（finished my work）yet. （还没有。） （I wish）Good luck（to you）！（祝你顺利！） 6．其他一些省略结构 1）名词所有格所修饰的名词，若表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时，常常可以省略。如：We spent the weekend at the Blacks’. 2）what和how引导的感叹句中，常可省略主语it和be动词。如： What a wonderful victory（it is）for Wilma! How wonderful（it was）to be treated like a normal child, even when I was bad. 3）不定式省略，单独使用不定式符号to。 ①代替动词不定式后被省略的动词，常在be afraid，expect，forget，hope，intend，like，love，mean，prefer，refuse，seem，try，wand，wish等后边。如： I asked him to see the film, but he didn’t want to. ②在have，need，ought，be going，，used等后。如： I didn’t want to go there, but I had to. ③在某些形容词glad，happy，pleased，delighted等后，如： —Will you join in the game ? —I’d be glad to. ④否定形式的省略用not to。如： —Shall I go instead of him ? —I prefer not to. ⑤如果不定式中含有be，have，have been，通常保留be，have和have been。如： —Are you a sailor ? —No, but I used to be. —He hasn’t finished yet. —Well, he ought to have.  （三）复合句中的省略 1．定语从句中作宾语的关系代词that，which，whom常可以省略；当先行词是time，reason，place时作状语的关系副词when，why，where也可以省去。如： This is the first time（when）he had trouble with the boss. 2．当wh-疑问词引导宾语从句且后边的内容与前边重复时，可以把重复的内容省去，而保留wh-疑问词。如： Tom was sad, but I don’t know why（he was sad）. 3．状语从句中的省略现象 一般来说，省略现象多出现于下列五种状语从句中： 由when，while，as，before，after，till，until，once等引导的时间状语从句；由if，unless，whether等引导的条件状语从句；由though，although，even if，whatever等引导的让步状语从句，由as，than引导的让步状语从句；由as，as if，as though 方式状语从句。 上述状语从句在省略时，并不是任何成分都可以省略，而是遵循一定的原则： 1）当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时，可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be，这时从句中可出现如下结构： ①连词(as, as if, once) + 名词 Once（he was）a teacher, he now works in a government office. ②连词(though，whether，when) + 形容词 Work hard when（you are）young, or you’ll regret. ③连词(whether, as if, while) + 介词短语 He looked everywhere as if（he was）in search of something. ④连词(when，while，though) + 现在分词 While（I was）walking along the street, I heard my name called. ⑤连词（when，if，even if，unless，once，until，than，as） + 过去分词 The exhibition is more interesting than（it was）expected. ⑥连词（as if，as though） + 不定式 He opened his lips as if（he were）to speak. 注意：当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时，间或也有这样的省略： Her father told her to be careful when（she was）crossing the street. 2）当从句中的主语是it，谓语动词中又含有系统动词be时，可以把it和系动词be一起省略。此时构成连词(if，unless，when，whenever) + 形容词的结构。如： Unless（it is）necessary, you’d better not refer to the dictionary. 另外，我们还可以用so或not代替上文内容，此时可有if + so/not省略句式。 Get up early tomorrow. If not（you don’t get up early），you will miss the first bus. He may not be at home then, if so（he is not at home），leave him a note.   替 代 （一）so和not作替代词，代替被省略的某个词、词组或句子，一般同表示个人看法或想法的动词连用，作be afraid，believe，become，all，do，expect，fear，hope，imagine，say，see，speak，suppose，think等的宾语。Not代替否定的句子，还可放在perhaps，probably，absolutely等副词后。如： She was not angry at first, but became so（=angry）after a while. —Is he the best student in the class? —I think so（=He is best student in the class. ） —I think not（=He is not the best student in the class）. （二）替代的应用 1．So可以放在句首或句尾，但若谓语动词是see, notice, hear等，则只能放在句首。如： I believe（say, think…）so. =So I believe（say, think…）. —He is absent today. —So I see（hear, notice）. 2．在表示肯定或怀疑意义的句中不可用so。如： 误：I doubt so. 正：I doubt it. 3．在ask和know之后也不用so。如： 误：Why do you ask so ? 正：Why do you ask that ? 4．do so一般只用替代动态动词，不替代静态动词。如： She said she would go with me, but she didn’t do so. —Alice feels better today. —I think she does. —So she does. 但不可说：I think she does so. 四 强调句 强调句型是大学英语重点难点知识，也是历年专业四级英语重要考查知识点。强调句型基本结构为“It be … that/who” 在英语中，该句型除了不能用来强调谓语外，其他成份均可被强调。 It was clearly the headmaster himself that opened the door. 开门的显然正是校长本人。 (强调主语) It was this classroom that Tom cleaned yesterday with Jean. Tom 与Jean 昨天打扫的是这教室。(强调宾语) It was because of bad weather that the football match had to be put off. 正是由于天气不好足球赛才不得不推迟举行。（强调状语） It was with Jean that Tom cleaned the classroom. Tom 是与Jean在一起打扫教室的。 (强调主语补足语) 考点一：be前可使用表示推测的情态动词构成复合结构。 It must have been this obvious aimlessness that led to my downfall. 正是这种明显的毫无目的的游逛使我倒了霉。 考点二：考查强调句型的疑问句式（重要考点） 注意在强调句的疑问句型中，强调标志that/who后只能使用陈述语序。 一般疑问句式:Is/Was it+被强调部分+that/who+句子的其余部分? 特殊疑问句式：特殊疑问词+is/was it +that/who+句子的其余部分?(特殊疑问词为被强调成份) Was it because of his illness that he didn’t go to see the film? 他是因为生病了才没去看电影吗？ Where was it that you found your lost pen? 你到底在哪里找到了你丢失的钢笔。 When was it that he got up yesterday？他昨天到底是什么时候起床的？ Do you know where it was that the old scientist was hit by a car? 你知道这位老科学家是在哪里被车碰倒的吗？（原句：a. The old scientist was hit by a car at the gate. 强调：b. It was at the gate that the old scientist was hit. 疑问：c. Where was it that the old scientist was hit by a car？插入：d. Do you happen to know where it was that the old scientist was hit by a car?） 考点三：强调人可以用who，但强调时间、地点、原因状语时，通常只使用that，而不能使用when, where, why。 It was only when I reread his poems recently that I began to appreciate their beauty. 直到我最近重新读到他写的诗我才开始领略到诗中之美。 考点四：强调否定结构 It is not until he came back that I left for Qingdao.我是直到他回来才去的青岛 试比较：1. I didn’t leave for Qingdao until he came back. 2. Not until he came back did I leave for Qingdao.（倒装结构） 考点五：强调主语人称代词时，应注意其形式仍用主格形式，且谓语动词应与之保持数的一致 【误】 It is me who/ that is going to be sent there to help them. 【正】 It is I who/ that am going to be sent there to help them. PAGE 1