新编英语教程6_Unit_Two

nullUnit Two Text I The Fine Art of Putting Things Off Unit Two Text I The Fine Art of Putting Things Off I. Library WorkI. Library Work1. Chesterfield, Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl (伯爵)of, (1694 - 1773), English statesman, orator and author. His literary reputation rest upon his letters to his illegitimate son, Philip Stanhope, who was born in Holland in 1732. The letters, filled with wit and worldly wisdom, were published under the title Letters to His Son (1774) I. Library WorkI. Library Work2. Johnson, Samuel (1709 – 1784), English poet, critic, and man of letters, the literary dictator of England in the latter half of the eighteenth century and one of the most famous personalities of his time. He is best known for his Dictionary of the English Language (1755), which is in some respects anI. Library WorkI. Library Workinnovation in lexicography(词典编撰）. He had the strongest influence of any of his contemporaries on the literary thought and style of the latter part of the eighteenth century.II. Organization of the TextII. Organization of the Text1. Procrastination deep-rooted in and influential over various aspects of life (Paragraphs 1 – 2) A. Early examples (1) B. Modern examples (2) 2. Contradictory qualities of procrastination (Paragraphs 3 – 8)II. Organization of the TextII. Organization of the TextA. Inspiring and reviving to writers (3) B. Prevalence of procrastination in the military, diplomacy and the law (4) C. Chronic procrastination and purposeful postponement (5 - 6) D. Procrastination in academe (7)II. Organization of the TextII. Organization of the TextE. Psychologists’ different explanations of the causes to procrastination (8) 3. Conclusion (Paragraph 9)III. Key Points of the TextIII. Key Points of the TextParagraph 1 exhort: (formal) urge or advise strongly 规劝; 告戒 E.g.: The teacher exhorted her students to do their own research work. We are exhorted not to waste our time on the chatroom online.Paragraph 1Paragraph 1elegant: having the qualities of grace, beauty, and fashion 文雅的，雅致的；讲究的，精美的 E.g.: elegant manners 优雅的风度 an elegant dress 漂亮雅致的女服 a set of books with elegant bindings 一套装帧精美的 书 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf 籍Paragraph 1Paragraph 1get / come around / round to: find time for, especially after delay 抽出时间来做（或考虑） E.g.: The committee will get round to your suggestion after they’ve dealt with urgent business. After a long delay he got round to writing the letter.Paragraph 1Paragraph 1worthy: (sometimes humorous) a person of importance 知名人士；杰出人物 E.g.: local worthies 地方名流 He had been a college worthy. 他曾是学院里大名鼎鼎的人。Paragraph 1Paragraph 1cool / kick one’s heels: (colloquial) be forced to wait; be kept waiting E.g.: I had to kick my heels for nearly two hours before I could see my boss. anteroom: (also antechamber) a room in which people wait, as before seeing a doctor (连接正厅的) 前厅，候见室Paragraph 1Paragraph 1attest to: testify to; serve as an evidence to affirm / to be proof of 证明，表明 E.g.: His success attests to his ability. 他的成功表明他有能力。 Paragraph 1Paragraph 1ever: (old use or in combination) always 总是，不断地；永远，始终 E.g.: War and suffering have ever gone hand in hand. 战争和苦难总是结伴而行的。 He is ever making the same mistake. 他老是犯同样的错误。 ever-rising costs and prices 不断上涨的费用和物价Paragraph 1Paragraph 1dub: give (someone) an unofficial name or nickname 给…起绰号；把…称为；授予…称号 E.g.: He was dubbed Shorty because of his size. 他因身材短小被人取了个矮子的绰号。 The region is dubbed the paradise on earth. 这地方被称为人间天堂。Paragraph 1Paragraph 1cunctation: delay rationalize: attempt to explain or justify one’s action with plausible reasons, even if they are not true or appropriate E.g.: Don’t rationalize your incompetence by finding fault with the method. Paragraph 1Paragraph 1plead: (formal) give as an excuse for an action 提出…为理由；提出…为借口 E.g.: The thief pleaded poverty. 那贼说是因为贫穷才偷窃的。 The Government pleaded ignorance. 政府借口不知情。 Paragraph 1Paragraph 1 I pleaded fatigue, and excused myself. 我推说疲乏就告退了。 edict: an order or command; decree procrastination: (formal) a repeated delay (without good reason) in doing some necessary act Paragraph 2Paragraph 2do-it-nowers: those who act promptly at an ungodly 6:30 p.m.: at an unusually early hour. The author thinks 6:30 p.m. is rather too early for a planned formal dinner. ungodly: (informal) very unreasonable 不适当的；不可思议的；令人不能容忍的Paragraph 2Paragraph 2E.g.: He called at an ungodly hour. 他来得很不是时候。 eat an ungodly amount 食量大得叫人难以相信 apocalyptic: (often derogatory) foreboding imminent disaster or final doom 预示世界末日恐怖景象的Paragraph 2Paragraph 2E.g.: an apocalyptic imagination 充满世界末日恐怖景象的想象力 take an apocalyptic view of the future 对未来抱极端悲观的看法 apocalypse: the showing of hidden things, especially the telling of what will happen when the world ends 天启，启示；《启示录》；大灾变 Paragraph 3Paragraph 3all the trouble procrastination may incur: all the trouble that a person’s delay in action may bring upon him incur: become subject to (something unpleasant) as a result of one’s own action 招致, 引起, 带来; 遭受, 受到 E.g.: The company incurred a heavy loss due to mismanagement.Paragraph 3Paragraph 3 incur somebody’s displeasure (envy) 招致某人的不悦 (妒忌) incur a protest 惹起抗议 incur great expense 招致巨额花费 geodetic survey: land area survey 大地测量Paragraph 3Paragraph 3geodetics (= geodesy): science of land area survey 大地测量学，大地测量术 ledge: a flat shelf of rock, especially one that stretches a long way below the sea (近海岸的) 暗礁 porcupine: a type of quite small short-legged animal that has very long stiff prickles (quills刺) all over its back and sides. It is larger than a hedgehog (美洲箭猪) 豪猪Paragraph 4Paragraph 4the art of postponement had been virtually a monopoly of the military …, diplomacy and the law: the practice of putting things off had almost been exclusively done by the military, etc. The implied meaning is that the military, diplomacy, and the law are almost the worst delayers.Paragraph 4Paragraph 4proconsul: (in ancient Rome) a governor of a part of the Roman Empire; (formal or pompous) an administrator in a colony usually with wide powers 总督 ruminate: (formal) go over in the mind repeatedly and often slowly 反刍；沉思；反复思考Paragraph 4Paragraph 4E.g.: He ruminated over / on the situation before he made the final decision. She ruminated for a long time before she expressed her opinion. sling: 斯林酒 (一种由烈酒、水、糖、柠檬汁等混合而成的饮料) blessedly: happilyParagraph 4Paragraph 4nattering (natter v.): (BrE informal) chattering; hence, noisy E.g.: They nattered away for an hour about nothing. 他们空谈了一个小时。 the world’s most addicted postponers: the world’s worst postponers who just could not free themselves from postponingParagraph 4Paragraph 4addicted: dependent on something (usually a drug) and unable to stop having it; enthusiastically devoted to a particular thing or activity E.g.: He is addicted to cocaine / heroin. be addicted to computer gamesParagraph 4Paragraph 4The number of attorneys who die without a will is amazing: It is a usual practice for people to make a will, an official statement of the way they wish their property to be shared out after their death before they die. And it is generally the attorneys (AmE) or lawyers who administer the wills. But attorneys themselves postpone making their own wills.Paragraph 5Paragraph 5echelon: (often plural with singular meaning) (in a group of people or organization) rank, level 阶层 E.g.: the top echelon of the Civil Service 文职官员中的最高层 the leading echelons of a government 政府的领导阶层Paragraph 5Paragraph 5 the higher (lower) echelons 较高（低）职位的全体人员 corporate dynamics: the pattern of growth, change or development of a corporation 企业的动态 the caution that breeds delay: the great care that causes delayParagraph 5Paragraph 5breed: cause (a usually unpleasant condition or feeling) to develop E.g.: Some people believe that violence breeds violence. Mosquitoes breed malaria. Familiarity breeds contempt. 近之则不逊。 Paragraph 5Paragraph 5fortify: encourage; support This country will fortify the coastal areas. 该国将加强沿海地区的防御。 He fortified himself with a sandwich. 他吃了一块三明治, 以增强体力。Paragraph 6Paragraph 6flourish: develop rapidly. When speaking of a person, an animal, etc., it means “grow or develop in a healthy or vigorous way”. E.g.: The trees planted on the school campus are flourishing.Paragraph 6Paragraph 6 We’re happy to see these disabled children flourish in their foster-homes (寄养家庭). reappraisal: re-assessment; re-evaluation 重新评估；重新评价 many languages are studded with phrases: many languages are provided with phrasesParagraph 6Paragraph 6stud: a small piece of metal which is attached to a surface as a decoration 饰钉 be studded with: be covered with something like studs E.g.: the sky studded with stars a sea studded with islandsParagraph 6Paragraph 6languages studded with phrases: you find phrases in languages just like studs apricot: 杏子；杏树Paragraph 7Paragraph 7academe: the academic community; academics 学术界；学术环境 take high honors: do very well, earn great distinction churn out three to five pages of writing a day: produce three to five pages a dayParagraph 7Paragraph 7churn out: produce something routinely or mechanically, especially in large quantities. The phrase is used ironically and jokingly here, for three to five pages of writing cannot be considered as a large quantity.Paragraph 7Paragraph 7check out the latest book: examine the latest book carefully; borrow the latest book from the libraryParagraph 8Paragraph 8maintain: state as true; argue for 断言；主张 assiduous (assiduity n.): showing great care and perseverance; hard-working 勤奋的，刻苦的；坚持不懈地，一丝不苟地进行的 E.g.: be assiduous in one’s duties 勤奋从事本职工作Paragraph 8Paragraph 8 assiduous editing 一丝不苟的编辑工作 shrink: (AmE humorous and slang) headshrinker; psychiatrist, psychoanalyst (原始部落中) 把砍下的敌人首级干缩保存作为战利品者；精神病医师；精神分析学家Paragraph 8Paragraph 8subliminal: existing or functioning outside the area of conscious awareness 潜意识的 E.g.: subliminal advertising (电视等的)速闪广告 (即将广告内容在观众面前一掠而过，使观众潜意识受到冲击)Paragraph 8Paragraph 8drag one’s feet / heels: (informal) act intentionally in a slow or ineffective way E.g.: Your firm is dragging its feet over signing this contract. Paragraph 9Paragraph 9truism: an undoubted or self-evident truth 自明之理；不言而喻的事；老生常谈 deliberation: long and careful consideration or discussion; slow and unhurried movement 细想，考虑；研究；审慎；从容Paragraph 9Paragraph 9E.g.: After much deliberation, I decided not to go. 我在再三考虑后决定不去了。 speak with deliberation 字斟句酌地讲话 entree: (歌剧或芭蕾舞剧中) 开头的一个曲目；(美) 主菜Paragraph 9Paragraph 9mellow and marinate / marinade: to mellow is to become ripe or fully developed, and to marinate / marinade is to steep (meat, fish) in a savory sauce to enrich its flavor; here, ripen and matureParagraph 9Paragraph 9pace: with respect to (a specified person who does not or may not agree 请（可能与自己意见不同的人）原谅 E.g.: I have not, pace my detractors, entered into any “deals”. 我并没有---请诋毁我的诸君容我辩白---参与任何“交易”。Paragraph 9Paragraph 9by all means: (formal) yes, of course; certainly 当然可以 E.g.: --- May I have one? --- Yes, by all means. IV. Language Work, Workbook 6IV. Language Work, Workbook 6avoid, escape, evade avoid: keep away from or keep at a distance, either by design or as the automatic or accidental consequence of an action. He drove home over the bridge to avoid the traffic congestion at the sports ground.IV. Language Work, Workbook 6IV. Language Work, Workbook 6 By driving home over the bridge he unknowingly avoided the sports-ground congestion. escape: In its basic sense refers similarly to a deliberate or accidental keeping clear of something. A criminal may adopt a ruse (诡计) to escape detection, or he IV. Language Work, Workbook 6IV. Language Work, Workbook 6may escape apprehension by the death of the only witness. Escape is also used with the sense of to manage to avoid, or to remain untouched or uninfluenced by something evil or harmful: to escape being injured by the falling debris.IV. Language Work, Workbook 6IV. Language Work, Workbook 6evade: often carries the connotation of avoidance of duty or obligation by underhanded (不光彩的，可耻的) methods: a taxpayer who evaded taxes by falsifying his accounts --- a punishable offence --- although he might legally have avoided a portion of the tax by taking advantage of allowable deductionsIV. Language Work, Workbook 6IV. Language Work, Workbook 6 a soldier who evades hazardous duty by malingering (装病)IV. Language Work, Workbook 6IV. Language Work, Workbook 6border, edge, fringe, margin, rim, verge border: like margin, most often refers to plane figures (平面图形). It can indicate the area of such a figure that is nearest to its outside edges: They walked about the border of the park.IV. Language Work, Workbook 6IV. Language Work, Workbook 6The word can also refer to a circumscribing boundary that contrasts distinctly with what it encloses and thus sets off or frames the contained area: a black border round the portrait of the dead sovereign (君主) a modest border of lawn round the houseIV. Language Work, Workbook 6IV. Language Work, Workbook 6In this sense, the word may imply an added, decorative edge: the lace border of her handkerchief Border can, however, refer like edge to a dividing line, as in its common use for the boundary between two countries.IV. Language Work, Workbook 6IV. Language Work, Workbook 6edge: refers to the thin line along one side of a thing: the edge of the table the south edge of the terrace Or it may refer to the line between two sides or planes: the edge of an axeIV. Language Work, Workbook 6IV. Language Work, Workbook 6In either case the word refers to a line that does not circumscribe a figure but may form part of its perimeter. As such, it can refer to any sort of boundary: the ragged edge of the forest Unqualified, however, the word often suggest a straight or sharp line:IV. Language Work, Workbook 6IV. Language Work, Workbook 6 He tested the edge of the knife with one finger. Metaphorically, the word may indicate the sharp line between two contrasting qualities or states or, particularly, the line delimiting an undesirable state: nations drifting closer to the edge of disasterIV. Language Work, Workbook 6IV. Language Work, Workbook 6fringe: the part farthest from the centre; edge: It was easier to move about on the fringe of the crowd. The woodcutter had a little house on the fringes of the forest. on the fringes of a city 城市的边缘IV. Language Work, Workbook 6IV. Language Work, Workbook 6 the fringe of a political party 政党的外围 the fringes of philosophy 哲学的初步知识 fringe benefit 附加福利；附带的好处IV. Language Work, Workbook 6IV. Language Work, Workbook 6margin: emphasizes exclusively one aspect of border, pointing to the outer area circumscribing something, an area that is often distinct in appearance from what it encloses. Unlike border, however, margin more frequently refers to the emptiness, blankness or lack of decoration that sets off and surroundsIV. Language Work, Workbook 6IV. Language Work, Workbook 6something. Typescript looks best when at least an inch of margin is left on all four sides of the page. To this implication of space left unused can be added the notion of its being saved for an emergency: margin for error.IV. Language Work, Workbook 6IV. Language Work, Workbook 6rim: the outside edge or border of especially a round or circular object. Rim refers most specifically to the open lip of a cylindrical or rounded shape: the rim of a cup / wheel 杯口 / 轮圈 on the rim of the volcano the rim of the world 世界的边缘IV. Language Work, Workbook 6IV. Language Work, Workbook 6verge: once could refer literally either to a dividing or circumscribing line in as general a way as edge, but now it is almost completely limited to metaphorical uses. Here, it suggests the imminence or nearness of an abrupt shift to some other condition, good or bad: on the verge of succeeding at lastIV. Language Work, Workbook 6IV. Language Work, Workbook 6 on the verge of a nervous breakdownIV. Language Work, Workbook 6IV. Language Work, Workbook 6assassinate, butcher, execute, kill, massacre, murder, slaughter assassinate: murder (a ruler, politician, etc) for political reasons or reward 行刺；暗杀: a dictator who had survived three attempts to assassinate himIV. Language Work, Workbook 6IV. Language Work, Workbook 6butcher: butcher and slaughter can both refer to the killing of animals for food. Slaughter is the preferred term in the meat industry, possibly because butcher has implications of brutality or because butcher can also apply to the cutting or carving of meat at any point after the actual killing. Also, butcher usuallyIV. Language Work, Workbook 6IV. Language Work, Workbook 6indicates a small-scale operation, whereas slaughter can better suggest mass killing as well: a shed in which the farmer butchered livestock to feed his own family legislation to control the slaughtering of cattle in abattoirs (屠场)IV. Language Work, Workbook 6IV. Language Work, Workbook 6Both words take on extremely disapproving overtones when applied to the killing of people. Butcher here suggests bungling (笨手笨脚的) inexpertness or sadistic (施虐狂的) brutality: a rapist who had butchered his victim with a razorIV. Language Work, Workbook 6IV. Language Work, Workbook 6Slaughter specifically suggests the killing of great numbers of people: Many people are needlessly slaughtered each year in road accidents. 每年都有许多人在交通事故中无辜丧生。IV. Language Work, Workbook 6IV. Language Work, Workbook 6execute: can refer to capital punishment that a state exacts in reprisal for certain crimes: executed for treason The man who murdered his wife was executed on the gallows, according to law.IV. Language Work, Workbook 6IV. Language Work, Workbook 6Sometimes the word can refer to an on-the-spot killing of enemies or prisoners by an opponent, as in a war, occupation or insurrection (起义); here, the notion of legal sanction (批准) may be absent: the six million executed by the NazisIV. Language Work, Workbook 6IV. Language Work, Workbook 6massacre: usually applies solely to the brutal killing of large numbers of people. In this, it is close to one aspect of slaughter, but it is more specific in suggesting the wholesale and often total destruction of a group of relatively defenseless people by another, as in war, persecution or revenge:IV. Language Work, Workbook 6IV. Language Work, Workbook 6 They massacred all the prisoners after the battle. murder: kill unlawfully, especially on purpose: He admitted that he had accidentally killed his wife, but denied that he had murdered her in cold blood.IV. Language Work, Workbook 6IV. Language Work, Workbook 6Hyperbolically (夸张地), the word can point to the mishandling of anything: expressionless actors who murder their linesText II GossipText II GossipI. Organization of the Text 1. Identification of gossip with its community (gossip’s contribution to linking the community) (Paragraphs 1 – 2)I. Organization of the TextI. Organization of the Text2. An account of gossip (Paragraphs 3 – 9) A. Antiquity of gossip and denial of its due (3) B. A false distinction between gossiping and exchanging information (4 – 5)I. Organization of the TextI. Organization of the TextC. Gossip as a synonym for community (6 - 7) D. Gossip as an analytical component (8) E. Gossip’s seemingly negative aspect: nosiness (9)I. Organization of the TextI. Organization of the Text3. Conclusion (the strength of gossip as the heritage, the legacy of a community) (Paragraph 10) II. Key Points of the TextII. Key Points of the TextParagraph 1 Siamese: of Siam (now called Thailand) 暹罗的，暹罗人的，暹罗语的 scratch the surface: look closely into (the issue)Paragraph 1Paragraph 1Why does the author begin her essay with the small town’s reaction to the domestic arrangements of a pair of Siamese twins?Paragraph 2Paragraph 2glee: feeling of great delight which makes one want to laugh, caused by something good experienced by oneself, or something bad that