Bioactive Materials in MedicineDesign and applications-0

收费资料有意者请发邮件：wzxidian@gmail.com Bioactive materials in medicine © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011 收费资料有意者请发邮件：wzxidian@gmail.com Related titles: Drug–device combination products (ISBN 978-1-84569-470-8) Drug delivery systems represent a vast area of research and development within biomaterials and medicine and the demand for sophisticated drug delivery devices continues to drive developments. Advanced drug delivery devices can offer significant advantages to conventional drugs, such as increased efficiency and convenience. Chapters in part one discuss specific applications such as drug eluting stents and antimicrobial cements. Part two covers the development of drug device combination products with such topics as preclinical testing and regulation of products. This book provides a thorough analysis of the fundamentals, applications and new technologies of drug–device combination products for use throughout the human body. Coatings for biomedical applications (ISBN 978-1-84569-568-2) Coatings for biomaterials provide a means to improve the wear of joints, change the biological interaction between implant and host and combine the properties of various materials to improve device performance. The considerable interest in coatings for biomedical applications has resulted in a great deal of research in industry and academia. Coatings for biomedical applications provides a comprehensive review of biomedical coatings including background, theory, materials and applications. Part I discusses different types of coatings such as hydrophilic and mineral coatings. Chapters in Part II cover the applications of coatings in a wide range of biomedical fields. Orthopaedic bone cements (ISBN 978-1-84569-376-3) Bone cements are widely used in orthopaedic applications to bond an implant to existing bone and for remodelling following bone loss. Orthopaedic bone cements is an authoritative review of research, which focuses on improving the mechanical and biological performance of bone cements. The first section of the book discusses the use of bone cements in medicine in addition to commercial aspects and delivery systems. Bone cement materials are reviewed in the second section of the book, followed by their mechanical properties in part three. Techniques to enhance bone cements are discussed in the final section, such as antibiotic loading and bioactive cements. Details of these and other Woodhead Publishing materials books can be obtained by: . visiting our web site at www.woodheadpublishing.com . contacting Customer Services (e-mail: sales@woodheadpublishing.com; fax: +44 (0) 1223 832819; tel.: +44 (0) 1223 499140 ext. 130; address: Woodhead Publishing Limited, 80 High Street, Sawston, Cambridge CB22 3HJ, UK) If you would like to receive information on forthcoming titles, please send your address details to: Francis Dodds (address, tel. and fax as above; e-mail: francis. dodds@woodheadpublishing.com). Please confirm which subject areas you are interested in. © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011 收费资料有意者请发邮件：wzxidian@gmail.com Bioactive materials in medicine Design and applications Edited by X. Zhao, J. M. Courtney and H. Qian Oxford Cambridge Philadelphia New Delhi © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011 收费资料有意者请发邮件：wzxidian@gmail.com Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited, 80 High Street, Sawston Cambridge CB22 3HJ, UK www.woodheadpublishing.com Woodhead Publishing, 1518 Walnut Street, Suite 1100, Philadelphia, PA 19102–3406, USA Woodhead Publishing India Private Limited, G-2, Vardaan House, 7/28 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi – 110002, India www.woodheadpublishingindia.com First published 2011, Woodhead Publishing Limited # Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011 The authors have asserted their moral rights. This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the authors and the publishers cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials. Neither the authors nor the publishers, nor anyone else associated with this publication, shall be liable for any loss, damage or liability directly or indirectly caused or alleged to be caused by this book. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from Woodhead Publishing Limited. The consent of Woodhead Publishing Limited does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from Woodhead Publishing Limited for such copying. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-1-84569-624-5 (print) ISBN 978-0-85709-293-9 (online) The publisher’s policy is to use permanent paper from mills that operate a sustainable forestry policy, and which has been manufactured from pulp which is processed using acid-free and elemental chlorine-free practices. Furthermore, the publisher ensures that the text paper and cover board used have met acceptable environmental accreditation standards. Typeset by Data Standards Ltd, Frome, Somerset, UK Printed by TJI Digital, Padstow, Cornwall, UK © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011 收费资料有意者请发邮件：wzxidian@gmail.com Contents Contributor contact details ix Foreword x 1 Introduction to bioactive materials in medicine 1 X. ZHAO, UK–China Research Academy of Bioactive Molecules and Materials (RABMM), UK 1.1 Definition of bioactive materials 1 1.2 History of bioactive materials 2 1.3 Medical applications of bioactive materials 4 1.4 Design and commercialisation of bioactive materials 6 1.5 Future trends 11 1.6 References 12 Part I Designing bioactivematerials for use inmedicine 15 2 Molecular design of bioactive materials with controlled bioactivity 17 M. TU, Jinan University, China and UK–China Research Academy of Bioactive Molecules and Materials (RABMM), China 2.1 Definition of bioactivity and bioactive materials 17 2.2 Influencing factors on bioactivity 19 2.3 Design of bioactive materials 21 2.4 Future trends 41 2.5 References 43 3 Bioactive materials and nanotechnology 50 X. ZHAO, UK–China Research Academy of Bioactive Molecules and Materials (RABMM), UK and H. QIAN, Oakland Innovation Ltd, UK © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011 收费资料有意者请发邮件：wzxidian@gmail.com 3.1 Introduction 50 3.2 Bioactive materials under nanoscale (nanomaterials) 52 3.3 Nanofibres 58 3.4 Nanocomposites 60 3.5 Applications of nanomaterials 61 3.6 Limitations of nanomaterials 62 3.7 Future trends 63 3.8 References 65 4 Bioactive materials and tissue engineering 70 M. TU, Jinan University, China and UK–China Research Academy of Bioactive Molecules and Materials (RABMM), China 4.1 Introduction 70 4.2 Interaction between bioactive materials, cells and surrounding tissue 71 4.3 Bioactive materials as a scaffolding frame used in tissue engineering 76 4.4 Applications of bioactive materials in tissue engineering 83 4.5 Limitations of bioactive materials in tissue engineering 86 4.6 Future trends 87 4.7 References 89 Part II Applications of bioactivematerials inmedicine 95 5 Antibacterial bioactive materials 97 X. ZHAO, UK–China Research Academy of Bioactive Molecules and Materials (RABMM), UK 5.1 Introduction 97 5.2 Antibacterial materials 98 5.3 Clinical applications of antibacterial materials 107 5.4 Limitations of antibacterial materials 113 5.5 Future trends 115 5.6 References 117 6 Bioactive materials in orthopaedics 124 X. ZHAO, UK–China Research Academy of Bioactive Molecules and Materials (RABMM), UK 6.1 Introduction 124 6.2 Biomaterials in orthopaedics 128 6.3 Clinical applications of bioactive materials in orthopaedics 138 6.4 Limitations of bioactive materials in orthopaedics 147 Contentsvi © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011 收费资料有意者请发邮件：wzxidian@gmail.com 6.5 Future trends 148 6.6 References 150 7 Bioactive materials in the circulatory system 155 X. ZHAO and J. M. COURTNEY, UK–China Research Academy of Bioactive Molecules and Materials (RABMM), UK 7.1 Introduction 155 7.2 Applications of bioactive materials in devices for the circulatory system 158 7.3 Limitations of bioactive materials in devices for the circulatory system 167 7.4 Future trends 169 7.5 References 170 8 Bioactive materials in gene therapy 179 X.-Z. ZHANG, X. ZENG, Y.-X. SUN and R.-X. ZHUO, Wuhan University, China 8.1 Introduction 179 8.2 Applications of bioactive materials in gene therapy 185 8.3 Limitations of bioactive materials in gene therapy 205 8.4 Future trends 208 8.5 References 213 9 Bioactive materials in plastic surgery and body reconstruction 220 X. ZHAO, UK–China Research Academy of Bioactive Molecules and Materials (RABMM), UK 9.1 Introduction 220 9.2 Applications of bioactive materials in plastic surgery and body reconstruction 221 9.3 Limitations of bioactive materials in plastic surgery and body reconstruction 237 9.4 Future trends 239 9.5 References 240 10 Bioactive materials in drug delivery systems 247 X. ZHAO, UK–China Research Academy of Bioactive Molecules and Materials (RABMM), UK 10.1 Introduction 247 10.2 Applications of bioactive materials in drug delivery systems 248 10.3 Limitations of bioactive materials in drug delivery systems 255 Contents vii © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011 收费资料有意者请发邮件：wzxidian@gmail.com 10.4 Future trends 257 10.5 References 258 Index 266 Contentsviii © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011 收费资料有意者请发邮件：wzxidian@gmail.com Contributor contact details (* = main contact) Editors and chapters 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9 and 10 Professor Xiaobin Zhao and Professor James M. Courtney UK–China Research Academy of Bioactive Molecules and Materials (RABMM) Bioengineering Unit University of Strathclyde Glasgow G4 0NW UK E-mail: xiaobin.zhao@strath.ac.uk; j.courtney@strath.ac.uk Dr Hong Qian Oakland Innovation Ltd 328/329 Cambridge Science Park Milton Road Cambridge CB4 0WG UK E-mail: HongQian@btinternet.com Chapters 2 and 4 M. Tu College of Science and Engineering Jinan University Huangpu Road 601, Guangzhou 510632, P.R. China and Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials Ministry of Education UK–China Research Academy of Bioactive Molecules and Materials (RABMM) E-mail: tumei@jnu.edu.cn Chapter 8 X.-Z. Zhang, X. Zeng, Y.-X. Sun and R.-X. Zhuo Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers Ministry of Education and Department of Chemistry Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China E-mail: xz-zhang@whu.edu.cn © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011 收费资料有意者请发邮件：wzxidian@gmail.com Foreword The utilisation of biomaterials is an established feature in a wide range of medical applications and the consequent importance of biomaterials is readily acknowledged. However, it is a continuing goal to design, develop and utilise biomaterials capable of improving existing procedures and promoting the use of novel procedures. In this respect, it is relevant to consider bioactive materials. A significant property of bioactive materials is the exhibition of a biological activity, thereby enabling control of the biological system response. The possible influence of bioactive materials covers tissue– biomaterial bonding, cell proliferation and adhesion, and tissue regenera- tion. Options for the application of bioactive materials include the control of biomaterial surface properties, the preparation of biomaterials with a bulk nanostructure, the release of bioactive molecules and the utilisation of the bioactive material as a biomatrix for tissue regeneration. In this book, experts in their fields from both the UK and China have provided an overview on basic concepts for designing bioactive materials in medicine, including chapters in Part I to cover the process of designing bioactive materials, nanotechnology and tissue engineering. Chapters in Part II focus on the different applications of bioactive materials in medicine. The clinical applications discussed include applications in orthopaedics, in the circulatory system and as antibacterials for medical devices. The final chapters focus on the uses of these materials in gene therapy, plastic surgery and body reconstruction, and in drug delivery systems. From a demonstrated benefit in orthopaedics to a potential use in association with stem cells, bioactive materials represent an important and exciting field of study. Current and possible future applications ensure that bioactive materials have a high academic, clinical and industrial importance. Professor Xiaobin Zhao Professor Jim Courtney Dr Hong Qian © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011 收费资料有意者请发邮件：wzxidian@gmail.com 1 Introduction to bioactive materials in medicine X. ZHAO, UK–China Research Academy of Bioactive Molecules and Materials (RABMM), UK Abstract: In this chapter, the comparison between bio-inert materials and bio-active materials is introduced, in order to understand the definition of bioactive materials. The current definition extends well beyond the original, and bioactive materials are now considered to be those materials which exhibit biological activities to stimulate the response of the biological system, when the materials are required to have clinical effects. The bioactive materials in this book range from traditional bioactive glass, bioactive ceramics in different forms for hard tissue repair to bioactive molecules–materials combination. In order to develop the clinical applications, assessment of the specific bioactivities is required. The principle of designing bioactive materials is required to take into account basic industrial safety and clinical efficacy. In addition, a bioactive material as the key element of a biomatrix in tissue engineering, utilised in conjunction with stem cells, offers future promise in regenerative medicine. Key words: bioactive materials, tissue engineering, design of bioactive material. 1.1 Definition of bioactive materials Bioactive materials represent a new generation of biomaterials, which are different from the traditional bio-inert biomaterials. Traditionally, a biomaterial is considered to be a non-viable material used in a medical device intended to interact with biological systems. Biomaterials may be distinguished from other materials in that they possess a combination of properties, including chemical, mechanical, physical, and biological properties that render them suitable for safe, effective and reliable use within a physiological environment [1]. 1 © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011 �� �� �� �� �� 收费资料有意者请发邮件：wzxidian@gmail.com However, by 1999, a biomaterial was defined as ‘a material intended to interface with biological systems to evaluate, treat, augment, or replace any tissue, organ, or function of the body’ [2]. This shows there is an increasing trend for a biomaterial to shift from a traditional bioinert material to a bioactive material. Bioactive materials were originally discovered to react with the surrounding tissue to form a mechanically strong interfacial bond between a host tissue and an implant [3], with reference mainly to bone tissue repair and implant replacement. By definition, a bioactive material is ‘one that elicits a specific biological response at the interface of the material that results in the formation of a bond between the tissues and the material’ [4]. Nowadays, the term bioactive materials generally refers to biomaterials which have the capability to induce and conduct the response to the biological system upon interacting. They have the following bioactivities or functions to: . stimulate cell differentiation and proliferation; . stimulate gene and tissue regeneration; . release bioactive molecules to respond body actively and effectively for restoring and repairing the impaired functionality of the organs. For example, an ideal bone graft material needs to have all the characteristics of osteoconductivity, osteogenicity and osteoinductivity. Osteoconductivity refers to the situation in which the bone graft substitute supports the attachment of new osteoblasts and osteoprogenitor cells, providing an interconnected structure through which new cells can migrate and new vessels can form. Osteogenicity refers to the situation when the osteoblasts that are at the site of new bone formation are able to produce minerals to calcify the collagen matrix that forms the substrate for new bone. Osteoinductivity refers to the ability of a bone graft to induce non- differentiated stem cells or osteoprogenitor cells to differentiate into osteoblasts [5, 6]. To design a bioactive material to fulfil all these requirements is always a challenge when bone material is considered. Other than the application of bioactive materials in the traditional orthopaedics field, bioactive materials have become a most important part of biomedical engineering, and have been widely used in tissue engineering and artificial organs. 1.2 History of bioactive materials The concept of a bioactive material was first suggested by Larry Hench in the late 1960s, when he found that certain glasses had the capability of bonding to living bone [3]. Since that time, more than ten groups around the Bioactive materials in medicine2 © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011 �� �� �� �� �� 收费资料有意者请发邮件：wzxidian@gmail.com world have shown that glasses containing SiO2, CaO, P2O5, Na2O and other smaller amounts of oxides in various compositions bond to bone [6–12]. The history of bioactive materials can be reviewed via the discovery and use of various bioactive materials, such as 45S5 BioGlass, bioactive glass- ceramics, such as Ceravital®, A/W glass-ceramics®, or machineable glass- ceramics, further developed to dense hydroxyapatite (Hap), such as Durapatite® or Calcitite®; bioactive material composites, such as poly- ethylene (PE)–Hap composites, Palavital® and metal-fibre-reinforced bioglass, as shown in Table 1.1. It can be seen that by varying the composition of the bioactive glasses, combining bioactive glass with inorganic ceramics or synthetic polymers, or surface treatment of the metal implant with bioactive materials, many different bioactive materials can be produced for clinical applications. Nano-bioactive materials are now receiving considerable attention, owing to the nanoscale effect on the interaction with the biological system. In addition to the traditional bioactive materials listed above, bioactive materials can now be extended to most of the biologically active materials, such as controlled release systems containing bioactive molecules (Chapter Table 1.1 History of the development of bioactive materials for bone tissue repair [13–15] Composition Year of report Commercial products/authors 1 Hap (dense) 1971 Durapatite® 2 45S5 bioactive glass (SiO2, Na2O, P2O5, CaO-Quaternary component) 1972 BioGlass® 3 Hap (porous) 1973 Calcitite® 4 Bioglass + Hap 1973 Ceravital® 5 Metal coated with Al2O3 1976 6 Metal coated with Hap 1980 7 Bioglass + Hap + P 1982 A/W glass-ceramics 8 Bioglass + Hap + W 1982 A/W glass-ceramics 9 Metal fibre /Hap composite 1982 10 Hap + PE composite 1985 Bonfield / Hapex® 11 MgO–CaO–SiO2–P205–CaF2 glass 1987 Machinable A/W glass- ceramics 12 Ternary bioactive glass, three components (SiO2, CaO and P2O5) 1992 Li e