2008年北京外国语大学高翻考研试题及答案解析

育明教育——北京外国语大学考研辅导第一品牌，北外老师创办，北外官方合作机构。 2008 年北外高翻硕士研究生入学考试英汉同声传译专业试 卷 育明教育——北京外国语大学考研辅导第一品牌，北外老师创办，北外官方合作机构。 一、将下列段落译为汉语(25 分) Outside Europe, the most important powers in 1939 were undoubtedly Japan and the United States. Japan was at the time already deeply involved in hostilities with China. After seizing the northern provinces of that country in 1931 and organizing them into the puppet state of Manchukuo, Japan had tried to protect its rich loot and to expand its influence in China by a series of interventions, particularly in the rest of northern China. These steps had not surprisingly produced a rising tide of anti-Japanese sentiments in China, which in turn led the Japanese to embroil themselves even more deeply into Chinese affairs. When this tendency to interfere in China was combined with a degree of internal confusion and incoherence within the Japanese government that made the Chinese warlords of the time look well organized, new trouble was almost certain to follow. (141 words) 二、将下列短文译为汉语(50 分) Inflation: China’s least wanted export When inflation starts to kill people then it is a serious problem. Three people died and 31 were injured on Saturday in a stampede to buy cut-price cooking oil in the western Chinese city of Chongqing. China can no longer explain away inflation as a short-term result of floods and epidemics of animal disease ? nor can it ignore the strains its macroeconomic policies are producing. Cooking oil is a special case ? its price influenced by demand from China’s glut of new biofuel refineries ? but the broader price of food has risen in recent months by more than 15 per cent compared with a year earlier. Floods and other acts of God have had their effect, as has the global rise in wheat prices, but there are structural forces at work as well. Nor is inflation confined to food any longer: producer prices are creeping up. The PPI for manufactured goods was up 3.2 per cent in October ? many steel products rose by more than 10 per cent ? and the PPI is likely to go even higher when the recent 10 per cent hike in the controlled pump price of diesel feeds through. Given the likelihood that more state-controlled prices will have to rise, and given that the official inflation data do not properly capture important prices, such as the cost of education, the real situation may be even worse. That is a worry for the rest of the world, used to enjoying the “China price”, a seemingly open-ended deflationary pressure on the world economy. The surge in Chinese inflation since June has barely fed through into export prices yet ? but it will. China’s currency has also been gently appreciating, but so far improvements 育明教育——北京外国语大学考研辅导第一品牌，北外老师创办，北外官方合作机构。 in productivity have meant that Chinese manufacturers have not needed to raise export prices. If currency appreciation speeds up, that will change. 本帖隐藏的内容 The renminbi may have to rise faster because the tools that China is using to tackle inflation have not worked. Bank reserve requirements were hiked again over the weekend, to 13.5 per cent, but the strain on the banking sector’s profitability will start to tell. Interest rates have risen repeatedly, but with CPI inflation above 6 per cent, and benchmark lending rates only slightly higher, real interest rates are low. There must now be a low, but non-zero, probability that China opts for a one-off revaluation of the renminbi in order to ease its domestic monetary problems. That would be the right move. The adjustment would be easier both for China and for the rest of the world if the renminbi had not been kept so low for so long. But the pain of unwinding global imbalances will only get worse the longer they are left. (451 words) 三、将下列段落译为英语(25 分) 科学发展观是协调的发展观。唯物辩证法认为，世界是普遍联系的，任何事物的发展必 然与其他事物相互联系、相互制约，只有协调好各方面关系，才能实现健康发展;否则，只 能是畸形的发展。要实现全面发展，就必须立足新的历史起点，处理好由发展的阶段性特征 所伴生的新矛盾和新问题，因此，协调发展是实现全面发展的正确道路和政策途径。协调发 展，是指各个方面的发展要相互适应，就是要统筹城乡发展、统筹区域发展、统筹经济社会 发展、统筹人与自然和谐发展、统筹国内发展和对外开放，促进现代化建设各个环节、各个 方面相协调，促进生产关系与生产力、上层建筑与经济基础相协调。(268 字) 四、将下列短文译为英语(50 分) 北外考研辅导班咨询热线：400-6998-626 育明考研辅导班课程官网：www.yumingedu.com 育明教育——北京外国语大学考研辅导第一品牌 无论如何，创造财富的物质资源，不论其初始分配如何，最终是要通过各种各样的渠道， 流入到具有企业家精神的人手里，这是自由市场的一个基本趋势。这些人获得对他人的财富 的支配权、使用权，以之为自己创造财富，并积累财富。这正是自由市场具有效率的根源。 它可以动态地、自发地把资源从资源利用效率较低的人手里转移到资源利用效率较高的人手 里。 中国人讲“富不过三代”，其中有一些无奈，但也揭示了自由市场的精髓所在：财富本 身并不能充当财富的保障。因为，财富本来就不是财富创造出来的。所以，由于企业家精神 积累了财富的人的后代，未必总是能够最有效地利用他们手里所掌握的资源。如果是在身份 制社会，这就将损害全社会的资源利用效率。而自由市场向这些家庭提供了足够的 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 安排， 使之自然地将其掌握资源交给富有企业家精神的人控制。假如他们不愿意这样做，那市场就 会无情地淘汰他们，以破产倒闭的方式使其交出对资源的控制权。市场总是顽固地要把资源 转移到能力最高的企业家手里。权力控制经济的社会、身份制社会、国有企业制度，都无法 育明教育——北京外国语大学考研辅导第一品牌，北外老师创办，北外官方合作机构。 做到这一点，因而其经济整体效率必然要比市场配置资源的社会低很多。 所以，假如人们期望市场发挥其高效配置资源的功能，那就根本没有必要去操心成功的 企业家退休之时如何安排企业的未来。反正财富、资源是要向具有 企业家精神的人手里集 中的，只要市场是自由的，这种趋势无人能够改变。那么，对社会来说，最重要的事情是设 计种种健全的制度，让那些不具有企业家精神的人 可以方便地将其资源控制交给富有企业 家精神的人，而企业家只要可以充分发挥其企业家精神、其财产权得到切实保障，自然可以 发现、创造出这些制度来。(680 字) 北外考研辅导班咨询热线：400-6998-626 育明考研辅导班课程官网：www.yumingedu.com 育明教育——北京外国语大学考研辅导第一品牌 2007 年硕士研究生入学考试英汉同声传译 专业 试卷 云南省高中会考试卷哪里下载南京英语小升初试卷下载电路下试卷下载上海试卷下载口算试卷下载 育明教育——北外唯一最权威考研辅导机构 I. 将下列短文译成汉语(25 分) After 28 years of reform, China faces challenges of an unprecedented scale, complexity, and importance. China has already liberalized its markets, opened up to foreign trade and investment, and become a global economic powerhouse. Now its leaders and people must deal with popular dissatisfaction with local government, environmental degradation, scarce natural resources, an underdeveloped financial system, an inadequate health-care system, a restless rural population, urbanization on a massive scale, and increasing social inequality. Most of these problems, of course, have existed throughout the period of reform. What is different now is that the pace of change is accelerating while the ability of the state to manage that change is not keeping pace. Solving any one of these problems by itself would be a formidable task. And the Chinese government today finds it harder than ever to attract, develop, and retain talent. Graduates from the country's top universities, who once would have filled government posts, are instead choosing to take jobs in the private sector. Moreover, the structure of the country's bureaucracy stifles initiative and promotes mediocrity. Worse, many officials, from the village to the central government, are corrupt, eroding the government's effectiveness and feeding popular discontent. Of all of China's challenges, none is more critical -- or more daunting -- than that of nurturing a new generation of leaders who are skilled, honest, committed to public service, and accountable to the Chinese people as a whole. 育明教育——北京外国语大学考研辅导第一品牌，北外老师创办，北外官方合作机构。 本帖隐藏的内容 II. 将下列文章译成汉语 (50 分) The New Middle East Just over two centuries since Napoleon's arrival in Egypt heralded the advent of the modern Middle East -- some 80 years after the demise of the Ottoman Empire, 50 years after the end of colonialism, and less than 20 years after the end of the Cold War -- the American era in the Middle East, the fourth in the region's modern history, has ended. Visions of a new, Europe-like region--peaceful, prosperous, democratic--will not be realized. Much more likely is the emergence of a new Middle East that will cause great harm to itself, the United States, and the world. The modern Middle East was born in the late eighteenth century. For some historians, the signal event was the 1774 signing of the treaty that ended the war between the Ottoman Empire and Russia; a stronger case can be made for the importance of Napoleon's relatively easy entry into Egypt in 1798, which showed Europeans that the region was ripe for conquest and prompted Arab and Muslim intellectuals to ask -- as many continue to do today -- why their civilization had fallen so far behind that of Christian Europe. Ottoman decline combined with European penetration into the region gave rise to the "Eastern Question," regarding how to deal with the effects of the decline of the Ottoman Empire, which various parties have tried to answer to their own advantage ever since. The first era ended with World War I, the demise of the Ottoman Empire, the rise of the Turkish republic, and the division of the spoils of war among the European victors. What ensued was an age of colonial rule, dominated by France and the United Kingdom. This second era ended some four decades later, after another world war had drained the Europeans of much of their strength, Arab nationalism had risen, and the two superpowers had begun to lock horns. "He who rules the Near East rules the world; and he who has interests in the world is bound to concern himself with the Near East," wrote a historian, who correctly saw the 1956 Suez crisis as marking the end of the colonial era and the beginning of the Cold War era in the region. III. 将下列短文译成英语(25 分) 北外考研辅导班咨询热线：400-6998-626 育明考研辅导班课程官网：www.yumingedu.com 育明教育——北京外国语大学考研辅导第一品牌，北外老师创办，北外官方合作机构。 育明教育——北京外国语大学考研辅导第一品牌，北外老师创办，北外官方合作机构。 中国特色社会主义社会是一个变革的社会，是一个开放的社会，是一个不断发展和完善 的社会。改革开放是决定中国命运的重大决策，要贯穿社会主义社会发展的全过程。只有坚 持改革开放，才能不断激发亿万人民的积极性和创造性，解放和发展生产力，永葆社会主义 的生机与活力。 我们要坚定不移地推进经济体制改革，建立和完善社会主义市场经济体制，贯彻落实科 学发展观，促进国民经济持续快速健康发展。同时，要积极推进政治体制改革、文化体制改 革和社会管理体制改革，促进社会主义物质文明、政治文明、精神文明与和谐社会建设全面 协调发展。 IV. 将下列文章译成英语(50 分) 在外国旅行，特别是美国，最不习惯的就是处处要付小费。说是小费，数目对于我这样 的中国土鳖来说可不算小，住旅馆，每天早上要在枕头放一两个美元，给打扫房间的大姐; 吃饭要把餐费的 10%-20%给服务员;甚至连坐出租车也要额外给小费，其实很多出租车司机 自己都是老板。我特别不能理解，干吗不直接把价格提高，算小费除了麻烦，而且让人有额 外付出的感觉，特别像我这样平时俭省惯了的人，在中国自己嗓子冒烟了都舍不得买瓶矿泉 水，到了美国一伸手就得给人付出几美元，还叫“小费”，简直让我心头淌血。 小费大概得算上美国社会最重要的“潜规则”，对于酒店的门童、餐馆的服务员，老板 有意会付比较低的工资，小费成了他们主要的收入。我曾经非常困惑，主要依靠被服务对象 事后的自觉，太脆弱了，假如有 1/3 的人不遵守，这个游戏就玩不下去了，拿吃饭来说，假 如你坚持不付小费，别人也拿你没 办法 鲁班奖评选办法下载鲁班奖评选办法下载鲁班奖评选办法下载企业年金办法下载企业年金办法下载 ，大不了下次换个馆子，以免服务员在你比萨饼里吐 口水。 请教了很多人这种规则何以能维系下去，几个美国人都说觉得付小费是很自然的事情， 压根没考虑过这个问题。不过我听说小费源于 18 世纪的英国伦敦。那时，当地酒店的餐桌 育明教育——北京外国语大学考研辅导第一品牌，北外老师创办，北外官方合作机构。 上一般都摆着写有“To Insure Promptness”(保证及时服务)的碗。顾客坐下后，只要将少 量的零钱放入碗中，就会得到优先服务，服务的殷勤程度也和小费多少成正比。这一典型的 贿赂行为被渐渐发扬光大，而且 规范 编程规范下载gsp规范下载钢格栅规范下载警徽规范下载建设厅规范下载 化、制度化，从事先付款，到诚信为本的事后付款，甚 至如果你不付得体的小费，会受到道义的谴责――有一次希拉里没给服务员付小费就被媒体 批评:那些服务员收入不高，你不付小费他们怎么养家糊口呀? 北外考研辅导班咨询热线：400-6998-626 育明考研辅导班课程官网：www.yumingedu.com 育明教育——北京外国语大学考研辅导第一品牌，北外老师创办，北外官方合作机构。