成人本科学士学位英语词汇及常用语法集锦
词汇和语法结构题型中常考词汇:
1 虚拟语气
宾语从句:order,demand,require,request,direct,command,urge,rule,suggest,advise,vote,propose move,recommend,prefer,decide,insist,desire,decree
主语从句:vital,important,essential,imperative,obligatory,necessary,unnecessary,impossible,sad,strange,natural,advisable,fitting,proper,appropriate,desirable
2 不定式
1) 通常只接动词不定式作宾语的常考动词:
agree,attempt,claim,decide demand,ask,hesitate,beg ,fail,care,consent,promise,desire,hope,intend,learn,offer,plan,refuse,prepare,pretend,strive,require,appear,arrange,expect,manage,tend,afford,wish,want,seem ,struggle,swear,threaten,wait,undertake,venture,seek ,resolve,aim,determine,endeavor,apply,claim,pledge,pretend,profess,refuse,volunteer,vow,happen ,guarantee,neglect,proceed,prove,condescend,consent,trouble,bother(negative),care(negative),choose,fail etc
2) 用于动词+宾语+不定式结构的常考动词:
force,hire,tell,require,teach,warn ,allow,ask,inform,beg,convince,expect,invite,order,permit,promise,instruct,prepare,urge,remind,want,advise,persuade,dare,forbid,like,challenge,request,get,need ,oblige,encourage,enable,compel,recommend,declare,prove,command,encourage,enable,lead,press,etc
1) 用于be+形容词+不定式结构的常考形容词
anxious,boring,dangerous,pleased,hard,eager,easy,fortunate,strange,good,ready,usual,prepared,surprised,common,useless,asked,lucky,difficult,likely satisfied,careful,sure,glad,bored,certain,etc
2) 用于名词+不定式结构的常考名词:
failure,offer,plan,ability,decision,desire,chance,permission,occasion,fun,honor,capacity,wish,pleasure,opportunity,demand,way ,refusal,responsibility,freedom,promise,etc.
3) 后面跟省去“to”的不定式作宾补的常考动词:
see watch,notice,observe,hear,listen to,feel ,get,make,have,let ,help,bid,know,look at ,smell,etc
2009年成人英语三级名词常考考点归纳
一、区分可数名词和不可数名词
例1:___great progress he has made!
A.How B.How a C.What D.What a
此题应选C。容易误选D,误认为progress是可数名字。此题命题者主要考察了两个方面的问题:一是感叹句句型;二是名词progress的可数性。
感叹句的基本结构是:
1)how+形容词/副词+主语+谓语!
2)what+(a/an)+形容词+名词+主语+谓语!(主语为不可数名词或复数形式,其前不用a/an)
英语中除了像air,water,milk,iron等这些中国人一目了然的不可数名词外,还有一些不可数名词很容易弄错。其中典型的有:work(工作),news(消息),luck(运气),fun(有趣的事),home-work(家庭作业),advice(劝告、建议), harm(损害,伤害),progress(进步),information(信息、消息),weather(天气),wealth(财富),furniture(家具),luggage/baggage(行李)等。注意一下正误句型:
误:I wish you a good luck. www.yingyusanji.com
正:I wish you good luck。祝你好运。
误:It's a great fun for us to be with her。
正:It's great fun for us to be with her。
误:He gave us some advices。
正:He gave us some advice。
例2:-Where does Mr Smith work?
-He works in a glass_____ around here.
A.work B.works C.working D.workes
此题应选B.容易误选C,误认为:因为其前用了不定冠词a,所以不能选work(因为不可数)和works(因为是复数),D显然是错的。这里work有三个意思很容易弄混:
1.
表
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示"工作"是不可数名词:
He has too much work to do.他要做的工作太多。
2.表示"著作"或"作品"是可数名词,但多用复数:
The man gained his wealth by printing words off amous writers.他通过印刷著名作家的作品而赢得他的财富。
3.表示"工厂"只用复数形式,但可表示单数意义:
The glass works is[are]near the station.玻璃工厂在车站附近。
类似地注意以下各名词因变为复数形式,而导致含义有变化:
green 绿色 greens 青菜,蔬菜 wood 木头,木材
woods 小树林 manner 方式,方法 manners 礼貌
arm 臂 arms武器 water 水
waters河川,海,温泉spirit 精神 spirits 心境 quarter 四分之一
quarters 军营 custom 习惯 customs 关税 force 力气
forces 军队 成人英语三级考试网(www.yingyusanji.com)
例3:-Can I help you?-____,please.
A.Two teas B.Two cups of teas
C.Two cup teas D.Two cup of tea
此题应选A.其余几项都容易被误选。要做好此题,先要弄清tea的两种用法:
1.表示"茶",是物质名词,不可数:
I don't like to drink tea.我不喜欢喝茶。Would you like a cup of tea?要喝杯茶吗?
2.在口语中可以表示"一杯茶",是可数名词;
-What can I do for you?你要吃点什么?-Two teas,please.请来两杯茶。
但是值得注意的是,虽然以上两种用法都可以,但千万不要将这两种用法混杂在一起。如可以说two teas,也可以说two cupsof tea,但是不能说two cups of teas.
具有类似用法的词还有coffee(咖啡):
1.表示"咖啡",是物质名词,不可数:
I prefer tea to coffee.我喜欢喝茶不喜欢喝咖啡。
He served us with two cups of coffee.他用两杯咖啡招待我们。
2.在口语中可以表示"一杯咖啡",是可数名词:
-Can I help you?你要点什么?
-Two coffees,please.请来两杯咖啡。
同时也要注意不要将以上两种用法混在一起。如可以说two coffees,也可以说two cups of coffee,但是绝对不能说two cups of coffees.
二、数词dozen,score,hundred,thousand,mil lion的用法
例 I want three_____ these eggs. A.dozen B.dozens C.dozen of D.dozens of
此题涉及两个方面的问题:一是dozen是否加词尾-s,二是其后是否接介词of.由于在这个问题上dozen与score,hundred,thousand,million极为相似,所以这里将它们放在一起叙述:
1)当这些词与具体数字连用时,不用复数形式,也不后接介词of(尽管有人认为score/dozen之后有时可接of,但惯用法认为,省略of常见):three hundred students 300名学生/three score(of)eggs 60只鸡蛋
2)当这些词不与具体数字连用,而是表示不确定的泛指数,则不仅要用复数形式,而且要后接介词of,然后才能后接名词:thousands of students数千名学生/dozens of times几十次/mil-lions of years ago数百万年前
3)当这些词与a few,several,many等数目不很具体的词连用时,用不用复数形式均可,但是注意:不用复数形式,其后的介词of可以省略;用复数形式,其后介词of不能省略:several dozen(of) pencils/several dozens of pencils几打铅笔
4)当这些词后面的名词有了the,these,those等特指限定词修饰时,或其后接的是us,them这样的人称代词时,则此时必须用介词of:two hundred of the workers这些工人中的200人 /threedozen of these eggs这些鸡蛋中的3打/four dozen of them它们中的4打
通过以上分析:此题答案显然只能是C.
三.容易弄错的集合名词
It is reported that a great number of ______died in the drought.
A.cattles B.polices C.peoples D.poultry
此题应选D.其余几项均可能被误选。此题主要涉及集合名词的用法,下面将集合名词的有关用法作一归纳:
Ⅰ类:这一类包括cattle(牛),people(人),police(警察),poul-try(家禽)等,其用法特点为:只有单数形式,但却表示复数意义,用作主语时谓语通常也用复数;不与a(n)连用,但可与the连用(表示总括意义和特指):The police are looking for him.People will laugh at you.
Ⅱ类:这一类包括family(家庭),team(队),class(班),audience(听众)等,其用法特点为:若视为整体,表示单数意义;若考虑其个体成员,表示复数意义。比较:
This class consists of 45 pupils.这个班由45个学生组成。
This class are studying English now.这个班的学生在学习英语。
Ⅲ类:这一类包括baggage/luggage(行李),clothing(衣服),furniture(家俱),machinery(机器)等,其用法特点为:是不可数名词,要用单数形式,不用不定冠词(当然更不能用数词),没有复数形式:
Our clothing protects us from[against] the cold.我们的衣服可以御寒。
Have you checked all your baggage?你所有行李都托运了吗?
四.means用法易错点
Every possible means_____ been tried,and wefind only______ this means can we do it well. A.have,in B.have,by C.has,in D.has,by
此题应选D.其余几项均容易被误选。这里主要涉及名词means(方式,方法,手段)的用法与搭配:
1.单复数同形(永远有词尾-s)。若用作主语,其谓语的数需根据句意来确定。比较:
1)All possible means have been tried.2)Every possible means has been tried.
若句意不能明确地表明主语的单复数,其谓语则用单数或复数均可:
Is [Are] there any other means of doing it?做这事还有其它的什么办法吗?
2.表示以某种方式、方法或手段,用介词by:
Only by this means can you do it well.只有通过这种办法你才能做好此事。
有时用by means of,意为:用,依靠:
Thoughts are expressed by means of words.思想靠语言来表达。
3.表示做某事的方法或手段,多接"of+(动)名词":
But they had no means of cooking them.但是他们没有办法来把它们煮熟。
Taking a plane is the quickest means of getting there.去那儿最快的办法是坐飞机。
成人本科学位英语考试,除了《成人英语三级词汇手册》列出的词之外,我们学习词汇时还应注意容易混淆的词。英语中有些词,词形和读音相近,但意义却不同;有些同义词,基本意义相同,但内涵的意义有很大差异。我们必须在广泛阅读的基础上,仔细观察每一个词在不同上下文中的含义和用法,从而学会正确使用它。
1.able, capable, competent
able为常用词,指具有做某事所需的力量,技巧,知识与时间等,一般下效率无关,用作定语表示能力超出平均水平。如:A cat is able to see in the dark. (猫在黑暗中能看见东西。)
capable 指满足一般
要求
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的能力,可以是表现出来的,也可是潜在的,搭配是be capable of +doing。用作定语,表示的能力没有able表示的能力强。如:He is capable of running a mile in a minute. (他能在一分钟内跑完一英里。)He is a very capable doctor. (他是一位很好的大夫。)
competent 指“胜任”,“合格”,或受过专业技术等训练的,但不是超群的能力。如:A doctor should be competent to treat many diseases. (医生应该能治多种病。)
2.aboard, abroad, board, broad
aboard 在船(或飞机,车)上。如:I never went aboard a ship.
abroad 副词,在国外或海外。如:He often goes abroad.
board 为动词,上(船,飞机,车)。如:The passengers are boarding the plane now.
broad 为形容词,宽广的。如:He has very broad shoulders.
3.accept, receive
accept 接受,receive“接到”,“收到”。如:I received an invitation yesterday, but I didn’t accept it. (昨天我收到了一个请柬,但并没有接受邀请。)
4.accident, incident, event
accident事故。如:a traffic accident (交通事故)
incident“附带事件”,在政治上特指引起国际争端或战争的事件,事变。
event “事件”,指特别重要的事件,通常是由以前的努力而产生的结果,也指国家和社会的事件。
5. accomplish, complete, finish, achieve, attain
accomplish表成功,强调完成的结果而不是过程。如:Because of his hard word, things are accomplished. (由于他的努力,事情都已完成了。)
complete 表示积极的完成,更具体地指建筑、
工程
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等的完成。如:Has he complete his novel yet? (他的小说写完了吗?)
finish 最常用,后接动词的-ing形式,表示在一个活动的连续过程中完成了最后的一步或阶段。如:I’ll finish the job alone. (我要独自完成这项工作。)
achieve 完成,实现,强调通过努力而达到目的。如:You will achieve success if you work hard.
Attain达到,实现,常用于一般人的能力不易达到的目的。如:Greater efforts are needed before we can attain our goals.
6.accurate, correct, exact, precise
accurate准确的,精确的。如:Clocks in railway stations should be accurate.(火车站的钟应该是准确的。)
correct“正确的”,指符合一定的标准或准则,含有“无错误的”意味。它的反义词是incorrect, wrong.
exact“精确的”,“恰好的”,比“大体上正确”更进一步,表“丝毫不差”。它的反义词是inexact。
precise强调“精确”,“精密”。
7.accuse, charge, sue
accuse 指责,指控,常与of 搭配。如:His boss accused him of carelessness.
charge 常与with搭配。如:The police charged the driver with reckless driving.
sue 常与for 搭配。如:Smith sued his neighbor for damaging his house.
8.achieve, acquire, require, inquire
achieve(成功地)完成,实现。如:He will never achieve anything unless he works harder. (如他不努力工作,将会一事无成。)
acquire取得,获得,学到。如:acquire knowledge (获得知识)
inquire打听,询问。如:inquire a person’s name(问一个人的姓名)
require需要。如:We require more help. (我们需要更多的帮助。)
9.act, action, deed
act 用作名词时,与action, deed均可表“行为”,“举动”。Act指时间较短的个人行动或行为,强调结果。如:The farmer caught the boys in the act of stealing his apples. (农夫在孩子们正偷他的苹果时把他们抓住了。)
action较正式,往往指不止包含一个步骤,且持续时间较长的行为或行动,强调行为的过程。如:Actions are more important than words. (行动比语言更重要。)
deed为正式用语,多指伟大的,显著的,感人的行为。如:They thanked him for his good deeds. (他们感谢他做的好事。)
10.actual, true, real, genuine
actual 意为“实际的”,“现实的”,指所形容的事物在事实上已经发生或存在,而不是仅在理论上可能发生或存在的。
true“真实的”,指与实际相符,而非虚假。
genuine “真的”,“非冒充的”,“货真价实的”,强调正宗而非冒牌。
11.adequate, enough, sufficient
adequate 足够的,指数量多,适合需要的数量。
enough足够的,指数量多,足够满足某种目的或愿望。
sufficient同enough,常可互换使用。但sufficient指数量多,足够满足某种需要,在口语中常用enough,在
书
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面语中常用sufficient,在不易肯定时多用enough。Enough可放在被修饰名词后,且可作副词,sufficient则不可这么用。
12.admit, confess
两者都表“承认”。
admit指大胆地承认以前试图不论或推诿的坏事。如:John has admitted to breaking the window. (约翰已承认打破了窗玻璃。)
Confess常指承认错误,罪行等。如:The thief confessed his crime to the police. (小偷向警察承认了罪行。)
13.advice,advise
advice劝告(名词)。如:I want to give you some advice.
advise劝告(动词)。如:What do you advise me to do?
14.adopt, adapt
adopt (1)收养。如:Since they have no children of their own, they decided to adopt a little girl. (他们自己没有孩子,所以决定收养一个小女孩。)(2)采纳,采用,通过。如:He adopted our suggestion.(他采纳了我们的建议。)
adopt与adapt词形相近,后者的意思是“使适合”,“改编”等。
15.advance, proceed, progress
均可表“前进”。
advance表向一个特定的目的地,在一定的时间或空间内稳定地向前运动。如:Napoleon’s army advanced on Moscow. (拿破仑的军队向莫斯科挺进。)
proceed强调从一处向另一处的运动,常表停顿后继续前进。如:They proceeded from London to Paris. (他们从伦敦往巴黎前进。)
peogress 多表自然过程,指生长,发展等稳定地或循环往复地前进。如:The year is progressing, it will soon be summer. (光阴似箭,很快又是夏天了。)
16.advantage, benefit, profit
advantage 常指一种使某人处于比其他人相对有利的地位,机会或时机。如:He had the advantage of good education. (受过良好的教育对他十分有利。)
profit 多指报偿或报偿性的收入。如Did you make any profit last year? (你去年赚钱了吗?)
benefit 指物质利益或精神方面的好处。如:I get no personal benefit from the business.(我个人从这家企业中并不获益。)
17.advise, convince, persuade
均可表“劝说”。
advise表建议,规劝某人应该做某事或如何做。如:He advised me to put my money in the bank. (他劝我把钱存入银行。)
convince指向某人陈述事实,运用推理或逻辑证明使某人信服。如:We convinced Smith to go by train rather than plane. (我们说服了史密斯乘火车而不乘飞机前往。)
persuade指用感情说服某人去做某事。如:I persuaded him to go back to work. (我说服他回去工作了。)
18.affect, effect
affect影响(动词)。如Smoking affects health.
effect效果,影响(名词)。如:Government policy will not have any effect on us.
19.afford, provide, supply
都有“提供,供给”的意思。
afford一般只用于抽象事物。
provide 和supply意思相同,两个词都和with连用,构成provide /supply somebody with something的结构。
20.agree, consent
agree 为常用词。如:Do you agree to the condition? (你同意这个条件吗?)
consent为正式用词,多用于上下级的关系,表示同意别人的要求或请求。如:Did the king consent to your plan?(国王同意你的
计划
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吗?)
21.aid, help, assist
用作动词均可表“帮助”。
aid为正式用词,help最常用。
assist最正式,表示协助某人做某事,尤指在体力上或具体事务上帮助和扶持。如:She employed a woman to assist her with the housework. (她雇了一名妇女帮她做家务。)
22.alive, living, live
alive 指虽有死的可能,但仍活着,一般只作表语。
living可用于人或物,作定语时可前可后。
live只做前置定语,用于动物和个别事物前。
23.almost, nearly
一般说来,almost比nearly 表示的意思更接近“开始”、“完成” (目标)等。
在all, every, always 前,两者都可用。如:He is almost (nearly) smoking. (他几乎每天抽烟。)
almost可同never, no, nobody, none, nothing 连用,而nearly却不能。如:Almost no one believed her. (几乎没人相信他。)
24.alone, lonely
alone只表“独自”的客观状态,没有感情色彩,只作表语;lonely表“孤独”,:“寂寞”,能作定语和表语。如:When she is left alone, she feels lonely. (剩下她一人时她就感到寂寞。)
alone, only均可表“只有”,但alone须置于被修饰词之后,only往往置于被修饰词前。如:He alone (Only he) can remember the story. (只有他才能记起这段经历。)
25.already, all ready
already已经(副词)。如:The plane had already landed before we got to the airport.
all ready准备好的(作表语)。如:We were all ready to leave when the telephone rang.
26.alter, change
作不及物动词时,两者可通用。
作及物动词时,alter是对局部,表面的改变,而change则是对本质的,全面的,彻底的改变。如:Can you alter the dress? (你会改做这件衣服吗?)Can you change the dress?(你能给我更换这件衣服吗?)
27.altogether, all together
altogether总计,总共。如:Altogether there are six of us. (我们总计六人。)
all together 全都在一起。如:We played the game all together. (我们大家都一起来玩游戏吧。)
28.amaze, astonish, surprise
都可作及物动词,意思相近,一般都是以事物作主语,人称作宾语。
amaze强调“使惊讶”,有时还有“惊叹”,“佩服”等意。
astonish表示“使大吃一惊”,“几乎使人无法相信”之意。
surprise只表“出乎意料之外”。
29.among, between
among 在……中间(三者或三者以上之间)。如:Our house is hidden among trees.
between在两者之间。如:It is easy to distinguish between a Japanese and a Chinese.
30.announce, declare (www.yingyusanji.com)
announce指宣布公众期望或与公众有关的事情,含有预告的意味。如:The government announced that they would pay their debts. (政府宣布将偿还债务。)
declare指正式负责地宣布,声明,通常用于庄重的场合。如:The judge declared him guilty.(法官宣布他有罪。)
31.annoy, bother, trouble, disturb
annoy指外界的干扰令人讨厌或无法忍受,或指某人故意去妨碍别人。
bother打扰,麻烦,指给人行动带来不便或身心上带来痛苦。如:May I trouble you with a few questions?
disturb打扰,扰乱,指使正常秩序或一时的安定受到破坏,精力一时不能集中。如:I am sorry to disturb you.
32.answer, reply, respond
用作动词,都可表“回答”,“答复”。
answer是常用词,后可接letter(回信),question(回答问题),doorbell(开门),telephone(接电话),advertisement(应征广告)等。
reply较正式,一般只作不及物动词,可与to连用。如:He has replied to my letter.(他回答了我信中提的问题。)
respond作“回答”解,用得较少,也同to 搭配。如:He quickly responded to the question. (他很快就回答了问题。)
另外,respond还可表“对……反应”,“响应”。
33. appreciate, enjoy
appreciate指对事物有深刻的理解能力并能鉴赏。
enjoy是一般用语,仅指感官或智力上的满足,“享受”的意味较强。
34. approve, prove
approve(1)赞成,同意。如:I don’t approve of wasting time.(我不赞成浪费时间。)
(2)批准,通过。如:The minister approved the building plan. 部长批准了建筑计划。
prove和approve词形相似,prove是“证明”,“表明是”等。
35. argue, debate, dispute
argue着重“说理”,“论证”,“企图说明”,且后可接that引导的从句。
debate着重双方各自陈述理由,尤其是“公开地”、“正式地”辩论。如:The subject was hotly debated.
dispute着重就分歧进行热烈的“争论”,含有“相持不下”或“未得到解决”的意味。如:He disputed with his wife on household expenses.
36. arise, rise, raise
arise表无形的东西(如困难,问题等)“出现”,“发生”。
rise指具体事物的“上升”,“升起”,也是不及物动词。如:The sun rises in the east.(太阳从东边升起。)
raise为及物动词,“使……上升”,“举起”等。如:He raised his hand.(他举了手。)
37. assure, ensure, insure
assure以十分肯定的语气向别人保证某事一定会发生,后需连用人称代词或指人的名词作宾语。
ensure表普通的“保证”。
insure表“保险”,有时同ensure可以换用。
38. awake, wake, waken
都可作动词。
awake既可及物,也可不及物,多用于比喻。
wake常指“睡醒”,多为不及物动词。
waken多用作及物动词,常指“吵醒”,“惊醒”。
39. await, wait
await是及物动词。如:I await your further instructions.
wait“等”、“等候”,是不及物动词,后常接介词for。如:I will wait for you at the school gate.
40. award, prize, reward
award, reward作动词。award意为“授予(奖品,奖金等)”,后面可跟双宾语;reward意为“报酬”,“酬谢”,只能跟人或以人的行为作宾语。
award, prize, reward作名词时,award常指奖金,奖品;prize多指在竞赛、竞争中获胜所赢得的奖;reward则指为某项劳动或行为所付的酬金。
41. base, basis
base表事物的下部的底部,多用于具体事物。
basis多用于比喻,主要指命题的基础。如:His ideas have no basis in reality.(他的意见缺乏现实基础。)
42. beat, win
beat表在比赛和战斗中打败对手,后接对手作宾语。
Win作及物动词时,其宾语为游戏、比赛、战斗、奖金等名词。如:He has won the race.(他赢得了赛跑的胜利。)
43. beneath, below, under
beneath表示同表面接触,与on 相对。Below表示“在下面,低于”,与above相对。
under表示“在……正下方”与over相对。
44. beside, besides
beside在……旁边。如:Come and sit beside me.
besides除……之外。如:I have two other umbrellas besides this one.
45. big, great, large
big强调体积,质量,容量和重量大。如:a big box。Big也有抽象意义,指重大的事件或行为。如:a big mistake
great带感情色彩,多指程度和质量,指具体事物或人时,表“突出”,“引人注目”。如:a great man
large多指面积,数目或数量大。如:a large population, a large number等。
46. bloom, blossom
bloom多指供观赏植物的开花。如:The roses are blooming.
blossom多指果树等植物的开花。如:The apple trees are blossoming.
47. borrow, lend
borrow借入。如:Can I borrow your pen for a moment?
lend把……借给。如:Can you lend me your bike?
48. bring, take
bring带来。如:Bring me some water, please.
take拿走。如:Shall I take some flowers when I go and see her?
49. calculate, compute, estimate
calculate通常指用数学方法进行比较复杂,难度较大的精确计算。如:You can’t expect a schoolboy to calculate distances in astronomy.
compute常指比较简单的运算。如:It was computed that two thirds of the students in the class passed the examination.
estimate估计,常指对数量、成本等事先进行判断或估计。如:Some farmers asked the weatherman to estimate next year’s rainfall.
50. cheat, deceive, trick
cheat欺骗,常用词,主要指为了自己的利益欺骗人。
deceive表示隐瞒真相或以假相骗人。如:The boy deceived the teacher by lying.
trick哄骗,表示耍手段进行欺骗,强调在行骗时使用计策,有时也指并非出于恶意的欺骗。如:Tom cleverly tricked his mother into approval.
51. childish, childlike
childish幼稚的。如:It was very childish of him to lose his temper over something so unimportant.
childlike孩子般天真的。如:When she won the gold medal, there was childlike smile on her face.
52. choose, pick, select, elect
choose是一常用词,表一般的“选择”。
pick通常用于不需要认真权衡,对比就能做出决定。
select侧重“在同类的许多东西中,进行有斟酌的精选”。
elect指选举或用其他方法推选人。
53. cloth, clothing
cloth布。如:I need three yards of cloth to make a suit.
clothing衣服(总称)。如:You’d better give all the old clothing away.
54. complex, complicated
均可表“复杂”。
complex为常用词。
complicated为正式用词,表由于组成部分太多,相互关系太复杂而不能理解,语气很强。
55. compose, consist, constitute
compose为常用词,常用被动语态,如用主动语态,主语应用复数形式。如:Twelve men compose a jury.(十二人组成陪审团。)
consist表一个整体由几个部分组成(只能用主动语态)。如:The United Kingdom consists of Great Britain and Northern Island.(联合王国是由大不列颠及北爱尔兰组 成。)
constitute为正式用词,与consist相反,表由哪些部分构成整体。如:Twelve months constitute a year.(一年有十二个月。)
56. considerable, considerate
considerable相当多的,可观的。如:He met a considerable amount of trouble.(他遇到了许多麻烦。)
considerate 考虑周到的,体谅的。如:It was considerate of you not to trouble us.(你真体贴人,不打扰我们。)
57. consistent, constant, continual, continuous
consistent一致的,符合的。如:His action is always consistent with his words.
constant不断的,表示持续和惯常的重现,往往没有变化。如:He attributes his health to his constant exercise.
continual频频的,不停的,时断时续,中间可有间歇。如:Continual smoking is bad for health.
continuous不断延伸的,连续不断的,强调中间无间断。如:Everything in the universe undergoes continuous development and change.
58. crack, crash
crack(使)破裂,砸开。如:I can crack it, but I can’t break it. (我能把它弄裂,但不能把它弄破。)
crash摔坏,坠毁。如:The plane crashed shortly after the take-off.(飞机起飞不久就坠毁了。)
59. crawl, creep
crawl多指蛇,虫类等身体沿地面或其他表面的动作。如:There is an insect crawling up your back. (有一虫子正在你的背上往上爬。)
creep多指哺乳动物或人等用四肢爬行的动物偷偷摸摸无声缓慢的前行动作。如:They arrived late and crept into the classroom.(我们迟到了,便悄悄地溜进教室。)
60. cure, treat
cure治愈,医治。如:The medicine will cure of your disease.(这药能治好你的病。)
cure表示治好,treat只表示“给……治病”。
61. current, present
均可表“现在”,“目前”。
current强调在现阶段正在流行,通用,但不一定是最新的。如:current English (当代英语)
present为常用词,指现在正在通用的,在时间上比current的范围更窄。如:What’s your present address?(你现住址是哪里?)
62. custom, habit
均可表习惯。
custom为正式用词,多指社团或人们的习惯行为方式。
habit为常用词,多指个人因多次重复而形成做某事的趋势或意愿。如:He has the bad habit of biting his nails.(他有咬手指的坏习惯。)
63. damage, destroy, harm, ruin
均可表“破坏”,“损坏”。
damage一般指部分性的破坏,含可修复使用。
destroy指十分彻底的毁坏,破坏。如:The whole city was destroyed in the earthquake.(地震中整个城市被毁了。)
harm多指带来悲痛,产生恶果的伤害,可以是肉体的也可是精神的。如:Doctors say smoking harms our health.(医生说吸烟对身体有害。)
ruin为正式用词,强调由于自然力或时间的作用而逐渐损坏,用于比喻时也指彻底毁坏名声,期望等。如:She poured water all over my painting and ruined it. (她把水倒在画上,把它毁了。)另外,ruin的复数形式ruins表“废墟”。
64. decrease, reduce
decrease多表示逐渐缩小。如:The swelling decreased daily.(肿胀日渐消退。)
reduce为常用词,使用范围较大,可指尺寸,数量,规模和程度等,也可指地位,经济状况。如:He won’t reduce the rent of the house.(他不愿降低房租。)
65. dependent, independent
dependent依赖的,依靠的(on, upon)。如:Success is dependent on your hard work.
Independent 不依靠的,独立的(of)。如:John was independent of his parents when he was still a child.
66. desert, dessert
desert沙漠。如:Have you ever been to a desert?
Dessert甜食。如:What would you like for dessert, an apple pie or ice-cream?
67. discover, invent
discover发现。如:A coal mine has been discovered in that area.
invent发明,创造。如:A kind of toot