中国海洋大学博士英语真题

PARTⅠ Cloze (15) Directions: There are 15 questions in this part of the test. Read the passage through. Then, go back and choose one suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C or D for each blank in the passage. Blacken the corresponding letter of the word or phrase you have chosen on your Answer Sheet. At least since the Industrial Revolution, gender roles have been in a state of transition. As a result, cultural scripts about marriage have Undergone change. One of the more obvious 1 has occurred in the roles that women 2 Women have moved into the world of work and have become adept at meeting expectations in that arena, 3 maintaining their family roles .of nurturing and creating a (n) 4 that is a haven for all family members. 5 many women experience strain from trying to "do it all," they often enjoy .the increased 6 that can result from playing multiple roles. As women's roles have changed, changing expectations about men's roles have become more 7 . Many men are relinquishing their major responsibility 8 the family provider. Probably the most significant change in men's roles, however, is in the emotional 9 of family life. Men are increasingly 10 to meet the emotional needs of their families, 11 their wives. In fact, expectations about the emotional domain of marriage have become more significant for marriage in general. Researeh on 12 marriage has changed over recent aecades points to the increasing, importance of the emotional side of-the relationship, and the importance of sharing in the e emotion work" 13 to nourish marriages and other family relationships. Men and women want to experience marriages that are interdependent, 14 both partners nurture each other, attend and respond to each other, and encourage and promote each other. We are thus seeing marriages in which men's and women's roles are becoming increasingly more 15 . 1. A. incidents B. changes C. results D. effects 2. A. take B. do C. play D. show 3. A. by B. while C. hence D. thus 4. A. home B. garden C. arena D. paradise 5. A. When B: Even though C. Since D. Nevertheless 6. A. rewards B. profits C. privileges D. incomes 7. A. general B. acceptable C. popular D. apparent 8. A. as B. of C. from D. for 9. A. section B constituent: C. domain D. point 10. A. encouraged B. expected C. advised D. predicted 11. A. not to mention B. as well as Cincluding D. especially . 12. A. how B. what C. why D. if 13 A. but B. only. C. enough D. necessary 14. A. unless B. although C. where D. because 15. A. pleasant B. important C. similar D. manageable PART Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (30) Directions: There are 5 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. Passage 1 The first navigational lights in the New World were probably lanterns hung at harbor entrances. The fast lighthouse was put tip by Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1716 on Little Brewster Island at the entrance to Boston Harbor. Paid forand maintained by "light dues" levied on ships, the original beacon was blown up in 1776. By then there were only a dozen or so true lighthouses in the colonic. Little over a century later, there were 700 lighthouses. The first eight erected on the West Coast in the 1850's featured the same basic New England design: a Cape Cod dwelling with the tower rising from the center or standing close by. In New England and elsewhere, though., lighthouses reflected a Variety of architectural styles. Since most stations in the Northeast were built.on rocky eminences, enormous towers were not the rule. Some were made of stone and brick, others "of wood or metal. Some stood on pilings or stilts: some were fastened to rock with iron rods. "Farther south, from Marylandthreugh the Florida Keys, thecoast was low and sandy. It was often necessary to build tall towers there -- massive structures like the majestic Cape Hatteras. North Carolina. lighthouse, which was lit in 1870. At 190 feet it is the tallest brick lighthouse in the country. NOt withstanding differences in appearance and construction, mostAmerican lighthouses shared several features: a light, living quarters, and sometimes a bell ( or, later; a foghorn). They also had something else in common: a keeper and, usually, the keeper's family. The keeper's essential task was trimming the lantern wick in order to maintain a steady, bright flame. The earliest keepers came from every walk of life --- they were seamen, farmers, mechanics, rough mill hands -- and appoint ments were often handed out by local customs commissioners as political plums. After the administration of lighthouses was taken over in 1852 by the United States Lighthouse Board, an agency of. the Treasury Department, the keeper corps gradually became highly professional. 16 What is the best tide for the passage? A. The Lighthouse on Little Brewster Island B: The Life of a Lighthouse Keeper C.Early Lighthouses .in the United States D. The Modem Profession of Lighthouse-Keeping 17. Why does the author mention the Massachusetts Bay Colony? A. It was. the headquarters of the Untied States Lighthouse Board. B. Many of the tauest.lighthouses were built there. C. The first lantern wicks were developed there. D. The first lighthouse in North America was built there. 18. It can be inferred from the passage that lighthouses in the Northeast did not need high towers because . A. ship there had high masts B. coastal waters were safe C. the coast was straight and unobstructed D. the lighthouse were built on high places 19. According to the passage, where can the tallest brick lighthouse in the United States be found? A, Little Brewster Island B. The Florida Keys C. Cape Hatteras D. Cape cod 20. In the second sentence of paragraph 3 , which of the following does the word "They" refer to? A. Lighthouses B.Differences C. Quarters D. Features Passage 2 Every living thing has an inner biological clock that controls behavior. The clock works all the time even when there are no outside signs to mark the passing of time. The biological dock tells plants when to form flowers and when the flowers should open. It tells insects when to leave the protective cocoon and fly away. And it tells animals when to eat, sleep and wake. It controls body temperature, the release of some hormones and even dreams.these natural daily events are circadian rhythms. Man has known about them for thousands of years. But the first scientific observation of Circadian rhythms was not made until 1729. In that year French astronomer. Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan, noted that one of his plants opened its leaves at the same time every morning, and closed them at the same time every night. The plant did this even when he kept it in a dark place all the time. Later scientists wondered about circadian rhythms .in humans. They learned that man's biological clock actually keeps time with-a day of-a litde less than 25 hours instead of the 24 hours On a man-made clock. About four years ago an American doctor, Eliot. Weitzman, established a laboratory to study how our biological clock works. The people in his experiments are shut off from the outside world. They are free to listen to and live by their circadian rhythms. Dr. Weitzman hopes his research will lead to effective treatments for common sleep problems and sleep disorders caused by aging and mental illness. The laboratory is in the Monteflore Hospital in New York City. It has two living areas with three small rooms in each. The windows are covered, so no sunlight or moonlight comes in. There are no radios or television receivers. There is a control room between the living areas. It contains computers, one-way cameras and other electronic devices for observing the person in the living area; The instruments measure heartbeat, body temperature, hormones in the blood, other substances in the urine and brain waves during sleep. A doctor or medical technician is on duty in the control room 24 hours a day during an experiment They do not work the same time each day and are not permitted to wear watches, so the person in the laboratory has no idea what time it is. In the first four years of research, Dr Weitzman and his assistant have observed 16 men between the ages of 21 and 80. The men remained in the laboratory for as long as six months. Last month, a science reporter for The New York Times newspaper, Dava Sobol, became the first woman to tare part in the experiment. She entered the laboratory on June 13th and stayed for 25 days. Miss Sobol wrote reports about the experiment during that time, which were published in the Newspaper. 21. The biological clock is believed to play an essential role in A. the regulation of body temperature B. the secretion of hormones C. animal reproduction D. many aspects of plant and animal physiology , 22 In his observation, the French scientist noticed that the leaves of a certain plant maintained its opening-and-closing cycles A. even when it was kept in a murky place all day B. even if it was placed in the moonlight C. even when he was observing it from a dark place D. even during the night time 23 The sentence "They are free to listen to and live by their circadian rhythms. " (In Paragraph 4) probably means A. They can lead their daily lives according to their biological clocks, without referring to a man-made clock. B. They can listen to the wonderful rhythms of the biological clock and live close to them, C. They can live by regulating their.own circadian rhythms~ D. They are free from the annoying rhythms of everyday life. 24. In the experiment conducted by Mr. Weitzman, the doctor who is.on duty does not work the same time each day A. in order to observe the abnormal behavior of the people at different times B. so as not to he recognized by the people C. so as to avoid indicating to the people what time it is when he starts work D. so as to leave the people's circadian rhythms in disorder 25. What is Mr. Weitzman's ultimate purpose of establishing a laboratory? A. He wanted, to have his experiment report published in the. newspapers B. People are free to listen to and live by their circadian rhythms C. He wanted to find a way to treat people's diseases-. D. He could gain some reputation for the first scientific observation of circadian 26. Miss Sobo1 left the laboratory A. on June 13th B. on June 25th C. at the end of June D. on July 7th passage 3 .. There is confused notion in the minds of many persons, that the gafhering of the property of the poor into the hands of the rich does no ultimate harm, since in who,sever hands it may be, it must be spent at last, and thus, they think, return to the poor again. This .fallacy has been again and again exposed; but granting the plea true, the same apology may, of course, be made for blackmail; or any other form of robbery. It might be (though practically it never is) as advantageous for the nation that the ~robber should have the spending of the money he extorts, as that the person robbed should have spent it. But thisis no excuse for the theft. If I were to put a turnpike on the road where it passes my own gate, and endeavor to exact a shilling from every passenger, the public would soon do away with my gate, without listening to arty pleas on my part that it was as advantageous to them, in the end, that I should spent their shillings, as that they themselves should. But if, instead of outfacing them with a turnpike, I can only persuade them to come in and buy stones, or old iron, or any "other useless thing, out of my ground, I may rob them to the same extent and, moreover, be, thanked as a public benefactor and promoter of commerCial prosperity. And. this main question for the poor of England-for the poor of all countriesis whelly omitted in every treastise on the subject of wealth. Even by the laborers themselves, the operation of capital is regarded 0nlY in its effect on their immediate interests, never in the far more terrific power of-its appointment .of the kind and the object-of labor, It matters little, "ultimately, how much a laborer is paid for making anything, but it matters fearfully what the thing is which..he is compelled to make, If his labor is so ordered as to produce food,, fresh air, and fresh water, no matter that his wages are low; the food and the flesh air and water will be at last there, and he will at last get them_ But if he is paid to destroy food and fresh air, or to produce iron bars instead of them, the food and.air will finally not be there, and he will not get them, to his great and final inconvenience. So that, conclusively, in political as in household economy, the great question is, not so much what money you have in your pocket, as what you will buy With it and do with it. 27. We may infer that the author probably lived in the . A. 1960's in the United States. B. early days of British industrialization. C. 18th-century France. D. Golden Age of Greece. 28. It can be inferred that the author probably favors . A. capitalism. B. totalitarianism. C. socialism. D. anarchism. 29. According.to the passage, the individual should be particularly concerned with . A. how much wealth he can accumulate. B. the acquisition of land property rather than money. ' C. charging the customer a fair price. D. the quality of goods Which he put chases with his funds. E. working as hard as possible. 3 0 The passage implies that . A. "All's well that ends Well." B. "It is getter late than never. " C. "He who steals my purse steals trash." D. "None but the brave deserve the fair." 3 1. It can be inferred that in regard to the accumulation of wealth the author A. equates the rich with the thief. B. indicates that there are few honest businessmen. C. condones sortie dishonesty in business dealings. D. believes destruction of-property is good because it creates consumer demand. 32 What is the "main question for the poor" referred to~by the author in the passages? A . the use to which the laborer can put his money. B .the methods by which capital may be accumulated. C. the results" of their work and their lack of authority to determine to What ends their work .shall be put. D. whether full-measure of recompense shall be accorded to the laboring-person for the investment of his time in, worthy work. 33. According to the views expressed in the passage, people should be happiest doing which of following? A. mining ore for the manufacture of weapons. B. cleaning sewage ponds at a treatment plant. C. waiting tables for a rich man. D. helping a poor man do his job. 34. The author of the above passage would probably re_act to an energy shortage-by A. blaming the rich for the problem. B. urging that energy be used more efficiently and effectively. C. supporting the search for more oil, coal, and other energy-pro-ducing, mineral deposits. D. dehying that there is really any shortage at all. E. fomenting revolution by the poor. Passage 4 No very satisfactory account of the mechanism that caused the formation of the ocean basins has yet been given. The traditional view supposes that the upper mantle of the earth behaves as a liquid when it is subjected to small forces f0r long periods and that differences in temperature under oceans and continents are sufficient to produce convection inthe mantle of the earth with rising convection currents under the mid-ocean ridges and sinking currents under the continents. Theoretically this convection would carry the continental plates along as though they were on a .conveyor belt and would provide the forces needed to produce the split that occurs along the ridge. This view may be correct; it has the advantage that the currents are driven by temperature differences that themselvesdepend on the position of the moving'plate has an impact on the forces that move it, could produce complicated and varying motions. On the other hand, the theory is implausible because convection does not normally occur along lines, and it certainly does not occur along lines broken by frequent offsets or changes in direction, as the ridge is. Also it is difficult to see how the theory applies to the plate between the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the ridge in the Indian Ocean. This plate iS growing on both sides and since there is no intermediate trench, the two ridges must be moving apart; It would be odd if the rising convection currents kept exact pace with ~them: An alternative theory is that the sinking part of the plate, which is denser than the hotter surrounding mantle, pulls the rest of the plate after it. Again it is difficult to see how this applies to the ridge in the South Atlantic, where neither the African nor the American plate has a sinking part. Another possibility is that the sinking plate Cools the neighboring mantle and produces convection currents that move the plates. This last theory is attractive because it gives some hope of explaining the enclosed seas, such as the Sea of Japan. These seas have a typical oceanic floor except that the floor is overlaid by several kilometers of sediment. Their floors have probably been Sinking for.long periods. It seems possible that a sinking current of cooled mantle material onthe upper side of the plate might be the cause of such deep basins. The enclosed seas are an important feature of the earth's surface and seriously require 'explanation because, in addition to the enclosed seas flint are devdoping at present behind island ares, there are a number of older ones of possibly similar origin, such as the Gluf of Mexico, the Black Sea, and perhaps the North Sea. 35. According to the traditional view of the origin of the oceanbasins which of the following is sufficient to move the continental plates? A. Increases in sedimentation on ocean floors. B. Spreading of ocean trenches. C. Differences in temperature under oceans and continents. D. Sinking of ocean basins. 36. It can he inferred from the passage that, of the following, the deepest sediments would be found in the A. Indian Ocean. B. Black Sea. C. Mid-Atlantic. D. South Atlantic. 37. The author refers to a "conveyor belt" in order to A. illustrate the effects of convection in the mantle. B. show how temperature differences depend, on the positions of the continents C. demonstrate the linear nature of the