研究生英语精读教程教师参考书（第三版上）一至八单元课件

nullPostgraduate English Intensive Reading (1) Postgraduate English Intensive Reading (1) 真诚 E-mail: lzhencheng@qq.com Teaching ProceduresTeaching ProceduresIntroductions & requirements New words learning Text Detailed study of text (Expressions & Sentence patterns) Text Structure Analysis Exercises ( select some) Supplementary reading ( self-reading) null Schedule (two weeks for one unit, so we can probably finish 8 units) Examination (mainly based on what is taught in class) RequirementsRequirementsPreview Active participation FeedbackUnit One You are what you thinkUnit One You are what you thinkNew words Text study Exercise null cliché: A cliché is an idea or phrase which has been used so much that it is no longer interesting or effective or no longer has much meaning. e.g. --- a cliché-ridden newspaper article scrutinize: If you scrutinize something, you examine it very carefully, often to find out some information from it or about it. e.g. --- He scrutinized the men’s faces carefully, trying to work out who was lying. scrutiny: critical gaze; close investigationOptimism/pessimismOptimism/pessimismOptimism n. optimistic a. optimist n. Pessimism n. pessimistic a. pessimist n.Inoculate against 预防注射；接种疫苗Inoculate against 预防注射；接种疫苗e.g.---During the war allied troops were inoculated against diseases, because of fears that biological weapons might be used. All children are inoculated against polio. (小儿麻痹症)metropolitanmetropolitanOf, relating to, or denoting a metropolis e.g. --- the Boston metropolitan area 波士顿大都会区loopholeloopholeLoophole: an ambiguity or inadequacy in the law or a set of rules He wants to avoid paying some of his taxes by taking advantage of the loophole of the law. Loop: 环，圈 fluke fluke If you say that something good is a fluke, you mean that it happened accidentally rather than by being planned or arranged. (INFORMAL) e.g. ---We won the football game by a fluke. ---His success in history examination was a mere fluke. donatedonatev.: To present as a gift to a fund or cause; contribute --- He donated all his savings to the Project Hope. donation n. --- He made a donation of $1,000 to Project Hope. donator recurrecur v: come or happen again e.g.--- This is a problem which recurs periodically. recur to: go back in words or thought e.g.--- My first meeting with her often recurs to my memory. e.g.---His words of encouragement recurred to my mind whenever I was in low spirits. recurrent a./ recurrence n. e.g.---The patient complained of a recurrent headache. immuneimmune a.: （against, from, to） ---He seems to be immune to (not affected by) flattery./（from, to） ---The criminal was told he would be immune from punishment if he helped the police. (被豁免的) immunity n.: The child has received immunity to a variety of infections. immunize v. immunization n. immunology n.(study of resistance to infection免疫学) dodgedodge If you dodge something, you avoid it by quickly moving aside or out of reach so that it cannot hit or reach you. e.g.--He dodged the book that I threw at him. If you dodge something, you deliberately avoid thinking about it or dealing with it, often by being deceitful. e.g.---The minister dodged almost all the questions that were put to her. flounderflounderflounder: To make clumsy attempts to move or regain one's balance. --- flounder in the deep snow --- The boy floundered in the water till someone jumped in to save him censorcensorv. examine books, periodicals, films, etc. to cut out anything regarded as immoral or in other ways undesirable e.g.--The government censored some parts of the novel. n. He came here as a censor. (officials with authority to examine letters, newspapers, periodicals,etc. 审查员)Detailed study of the textDetailed study of the textPara.1: People view the same things differently. It plays a role in introducing “positive and negative” thinking. The cliches make the beginning more amusing and thus appeals readers.Para. 2 Para. 2 body: A number of persons, concepts, or things regarded as a group视作一组的人、事、物 ---He has a large body of facts to prove his statements. nullill: when used as a noun, it means “anything causing harm, trouble, wrong, unhappiness, etc., specifically: a) an evil or misfortune; b) a disease. Synonyms : disease, ailment, illness, sickness…nullIn Para.2: Optimism can help you to be… Pessimism leads you to…Topic of the articleIn Para. 7 When they failed on the first call or two…In Para. 7 When they failed on the first call or two… Paraphrase: When the first few people they phoned refused to donate blood… nullIn Para. 8 Negative or positive, it was a self-fulfilling prophecy. ---Self-fulfilling prophecy: a prediction brought to fulfillment chiefly as an effect of having been expected or predicted ---Paraphrase: A prophecy may become true whether it is a negative or a positive one. / If you think positively, it may bring about a positive result; if you think negatively, it may lead to a negative result. In Para. 9In Para. 9A sense of control, according to Anderson, is the litmus test for success. --- Paraphrase: Whether one feels in control of the situation will determine one’s success in the end. null In Para. 10 Optimists may think they are better than the facts would justify. justify: To demonstrate or prove to be just, right, or valid ---The course of events fully justifies our views. ---How can you justify your rude and foolish behavior? Paraphrase: Optimists may overestimate themselves ;…regard themselves as better than they really are. In Para. 10In Para. 10...there was a longer disease-free interval, the best predictor of survival. Paraphrase: The period of time when they were free from disease was longer and it could best predict that they would survive longer. Translation: (对那些通常持乐观态度的妇女来说)两次发病间隔的时间比较长，而这是生存下去的最好征兆。pilotpilotpilot: a. experimental undertaking or test实验性的；试点的. a pilot project 试点项目In Para. 13In Para. 13inclined: adj. 倾向…的 ---I am inclined to be ill after eating fish. 2) incline v.: To influence to have a certain tendency ---Recent events incline us to distrust all politicians. ---I incline to [towards] tiredness in winter. 冬天我常会感到疲乏。 nullat your mother’s knee: when one is a small child In Para. 15In Para. 15work with sb.: spend time and effort trying to help sb. in some way ---Her husband has a passion to work with her in the kitchen after a hot quarrel. nullIn Para. 20 keep/lose track of: learn; keep in/lose touch with ---You’d better read the newspapers to keep track of current events In Para. 20In Para. 20hold back (1) hinder the progress of ---His poor education is holding him back. (2) hesitate; show unwillingness ---When danger came, no one held back. (3) keep secret —hold back information 隐藏着消息不宣布 Structure AnalysisStructure AnalysisPart I (1-7): Positive and negative thinking bring different results in our life. Part II (8-12): how differently (in what different ways) optimists and pessimists deal with the same situations . Part III (13-14): One’s pattern of thinking is a learned behavior. Part IV (15-20): Pessimism can change and the ways (how) Part V (21): ConclusionMain IdeaMain IdeaCiting the results of numerous researches and quoting a number of psychologists, the writer shows the importance of positive thinking. We are more likely to succeed in work and enjoy better health if we adopt an optimistic attitude towards life, including its challenges and blows. Whether inclined to be pessimistic or optimistic, we acquire the thinking pattern as we grow up. However, we can consciously train ourselves to turn our thinking into more positive channels. We will turn out to be what we expect to be.Writing PatternWriting Pattern Topic-raising Topic-developing Conclusion Writing StrategiesWriting StrategiesExemplification (for example, for instance, a case in point, etc) --- the findings of many experts Citation --- words of some researchers Restatement（重述） --- optimism & pessimismUnit Two Cancer & ChemicalsUnit Two Cancer & ChemicalsNew words learning Text study ExercisesNew WordsNew Wordsimplement v. (= carry out) If you implement something such as a plan, you ensure that what has been planned is done. The government promised to implement a new system to control financial institutions. implement a contract 履行 合同 劳动合同范本免费下载装修合同范本免费下载租赁合同免费下载房屋买卖合同下载劳务合同范本下载 implement one's ideas 实施某人的设想implementation n.null esoteric: If you describe something as esoteric, you mean it is known, understood, or appreciated by only a small number of people. (FORMAL) ---Some words are really too esoteric for this dictionary. 有些单词实在太生僻了,未收入本词典内。 ---Thailand is an esoteric country where many people want to visit.nullCabaret Show 人妖秀（歌舞 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 演） Pattaya 芭堤雅 Ladyman/ Ladyboy /Girlman, etc. 人妖 Denatural People 变性人jargonjargonJargon: (1) You use jargon to refer to words and expressions that are used in special or technical ways by particular groups of people, often making the language difficult to understand. ---the jargon of linguistics (2) language difficult to understand; meaningless talk ---Only a mother can understand her baby’s jargon. nullnullnullnullnullnullnullnullquintessentialquintessentialquintessential: representing the most typical example or most important part of something 最典型的，精萃的, 精髓的(FORMAL) ---Everybody thinks of him as the quintessential New Yorker. ---This is the quintessential English village. quintessence: n. perfect example ---the quintessence of virtue/politeness rim rimrim: n. ---the rim of a cup/bowl ---the red-rimmed eyes (眼圈红红的) rumplerumplerumple: v. If you rumple someone's hair, you move your hand backwards and forwards through it as your way of showing affection to them；disarrange --- I leaned forward to rumple his hair, but he jerked out of the way. ---Don’t play too violently, or you’ll rumple your new dress. synonyms: ruffle; tousle sallowsallowsallow: a. If a person has sallow skin, their skin, especially on their face, is a pale yellowish colour and looks unhealthy. ---a woman with sallow face ---She had sallow skin. v.: make or become sallow ---Her face was sallowed by years of illness. interjectinterject v. If you interject something, you say it and interrupt someone else who is speaking. (FORMAL) ---`Surely there's something we can do?' interjected Peter. ---He listened thoughtfully, interjecting only the odd word.prestigiousprestigious adj. A prestigious institution, job, or activity is respected and admired by people. ---It's one of the best equipped and most prestigious schools in the country.slaughterslaughterV. (1) If large numbers of people or animals are slaughtered, they are killed in a way that is cruel or unnecessary. ---Thirty four people were slaughtered while queuing up to cast their votes. (2) To slaughter animals such as cows and sheep means to kill them for their meat. ---Lack of chicken feed means that chicken farms are having to slaughter their stock. Slaughter is also a noun. ---a war where the slaughter of civilians was commonplace nullNanjing Massacremutatemutatev. If an animal or plant mutates, or something mutates it, it develops different characteristics as the result of a change in its genes. ---The virus mutates in the carrier's body. mutation: n.变化, 转变, (生物物种的)突变 ---Are mutations in plants caused by cosmic rays(宇宙射线)? mustardmustardmustard gas 芥子气 （第一次世界大战中用的一种糜烂皮肤的毒气）Celery & parsleyCelery & parsleybenignbenignbenign : (of a disease) of no danger to health; not recurrent or progressive; not malignant 良性的对健康无害的；非复发性或渐进性的；非恶性的 ---a benign (malignant) tumor 良（恶）性肿瘤 (of person) kind and gentle (of soil, climate) mild, favorable ---a benign climatetestimonytestimonytestimony: a declaration by a witness under oath, as that given before a court or deliberative body; evidence in support of a fact or an assertion; proof. ---The witness’s testimony is false. ---According to the testimony of the medical profession, the health of the nation is improving. stoogestoogen.: one who allows oneself to be used for another's profit or advantage; a puppet. 陪衬甘愿被他人用来 谋其利之人；傀儡null ---He has rejected claims that he is a government stooge. v. stooge for sb.: act as stooge 作替罪者，替身 ---He’d like to stooge for the beautiful girl for the sake of love. obligate obligate obligate: ---He felt obligated to donate blood. n.: promise, duty ---to fulfill an obligate 履行义务 the obligates of a good citizenship 好公民的义务 obligation n.triviatriviatrivia: (used with a sing. or pl. verb) trivial and unimportant things trivial a. --- I don’t know why he gets so upset about something that is utterly trivial. --- She just dismissed my problem as too trivial to be worth discussing retardretardv.: hinder --- retard process/development retardation n.; retardant n. So much for new words.So much for new words. Thank you!Text studyText study(1) Please look at the picture and read the following reports before we learn the text. (2) Please tell us what you think about chemicals. (3) What do you think at the first sight of the topic of the essay? (4) What do you think when you finish reading the whole essay?pesticide/insecticidepesticide/insecticidenull 1100 gallons of chemical pesticides are soaked into the soil per 1000 square feet of home area prior to pouring of concrete foundation.  Research now shows these chemicals enter into the home years later and are breathed continuously by home occupants. null We are living in a chemical soup! Every person alive today carries approximately 250 chemicals within her or his body, chemicals that did not exist prior to 1945.  This is referred to as the “body burden”, and is our common legacy from the process of development and industrialization.  About 100,000 chemicals have entered into the market since 1945, and it is estimated that 75,000 of them remain in commercial use today.  A startling fact about these chemicals is that most remain untested for their safety in humans and other species.  Only about 1.5% to 3% (about 1,200 to 500 chemicals) have been tested for carcinogenicity(致癌性).    Para.1 The implementation of Proposition 65Para.1 The implementation of Proposition 65 Report: The Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) of the California Environmental Protection Agency is adding “estrogens(雌激素), steroid（类固醇）” to the list of chemicals known to the state to cause cancer for purposes of the Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986 (Health and Safety Code section 25249.5, Proposition 65). The listing of “estrogens, steroid” is effective August 19, 2005mindmindmind n.:(person with) mental ability; intellect --- He was one of the great minds of the age.思想家 --- the medical mind; the public mind. 具有医学头脑的人；具有公众头脑的人. toxictoxictoxic a.: poisonous --- a toxic drug 毒药 toxicity n.:quality or degree of being toxic --- to study the toxicity of insecticides toxicology, toxicologist enforcement /actenforcement /actenforcement:enforcing or being enforced 实施 --- strict enforcement of a new law act n 立法机构立的法案 Difficult sentence: This new law bans industries …water supplies.Difficult sentence: This new law bans industries …water supplies.Ban… from Discharge…into Suspect ofbanban ban v.: forbid/prevent, esp. officially --- The film has been banned for thirteen years. ban sb. from doing sth: order with authority that sb. may not do sth. --- He was banned from attending the meeting. ban n.: order that bans sth. or sb.禁令 --- This book is under a ban. dischargedischarge discharge: send or give out 放出；流出；排出；冒出 ---The stove chimney discharged dark smoke.火炉的烟囱冒出黑烟。 与into连用（河流）流入，汇入（大海） ---The Yangtze discharges itself into the East China Sea.长江流入东海。defectdefectdefect: --- I bought these shoes cheaply because they have slight defects in them. ---She suffers from a sight/speech defect.Para.2-4 Details of the meeting, esp. Ames’s different opinionPara.2-4 Details of the meeting, esp. Ames’s different opinionPara. 2---Paraphrase: It was predicted that the day (when the meeting was held) would be filled with mysterious science and difficult terminologies. But Bruce Ames, had some plans to make the meeting alive. null(1) liven (up) liven: v. make or become lively 使有生气，使活跃 /使高兴 ---How can I liven my lecture up? (2) proceeding: course of action进程 (pl) 事件；事项 watched the proceedings from a ringside seat. 在赛场外围的座位观看活动 Para. 3 Description of AmesPara. 3 Description of Ames(1) bifocal: n(pl) /bai`foukl/ glasses with lenses that are divided into two parts. The upper half is for looking at things faraway and the lower half is for reading or for looking at things that are near 双光眼镜，远近两用眼镜 (2) Carcinogenesis: [医]癌发生,致癌作用 Question 1Question 1Ames’s appearance at last year’s meeting showed that____ A. he liked to enjoy the California sunshine B. he was too busy to care for himself C. he was particular about his clothes D. he paid no attention to himselfPara.4 Ames’s unique attitude towards chemicalsPara.4 Ames’s unique attitude towards chemicals(1) chock-full: filled to the limit 充满的, 塞满的 ---The room is chock-full of furniture. (2) hazardous: dangerous hazard n.: risk, danger ---a life full of hazards DS: A beer, with…in the waterDS: A beer, with…in the waterParts per billion: ppb十亿分之… A is N times more than B. --- Your house is three times larger than mine.Para. 5-12 Background of Ames and his viewsPara. 5-12 Background of Ames and his viewsPara. 5 presents Ames’s different message. (1) headline: a line of words printed in large letters as the title of a story in a newspaper, or the main points of the news that are broadcast on television or radionull(2) scare n.: feeling of alarm; state of widespread fear v.：frighten; become frightened （常与of, to连用） ---The news caused a war scare. scare sb. out of his wits: make him extremely frightened out of his wits (不知所措) a stock-market panic. Q 2: According to Ames, in our era man-made carcinogens are___ A. less dangerous than natural carcinogens B. as dangerous as natural carcinogens C. more dangerous than natural carcinogens D. the latest cancer scare Para. 6 gives brief introduction of Ames.Para. 6 gives brief introduction of Ames.TS: Ames is not a quack. A. He is a respected authority B. His resume is packed with honors. (1) prize (2) membership in NAS. C. He developed “Ames test”.Para. 7-12 presents the background information of his study Para. 7-12 presents the background information of his study Para. 7：What has Ames done? This para. is developed by giving example. report: --- listing the potential cancer risks --- proving naturally occurring chemicals are more dangerous that man-made ones ---Intention of Ames is to show the fact that most man-made cancer risks are trivial compared with daily natural risks and it’s not clear how many of these are real risks.sacred cow /take onsacred cow /take onsacred cow: one that is immune from criticism, often unreasonably so; 神圣的人或事物 take on: to begin to have, use or do something , undertake ---He had to take on extra responsibilities. RankRankRank: v. to put or arrange in a rank or ranks； put in a class ---Would you rank him among the world’s great statesmen?Trace/moldTrace/moldtrace (of): a very slight amount ---Traces of dangerous chemicals have been found in the river. ---She speaks English without the slightest trace of an accent. intakeintakeintake n.: quantity, number entering or taking in 引入之量 ---an annual intake of 10,000 men 每年征招10000人 intake of food 食物摄取 DS: Based on…wine or beer is.DS: Based on…wine or beer is.Structure of the DS: Based on…, the data show that A, which…, is n times more than B, and that A is n times less than B.Question 3Question 3“Ames slaughters sacred cow” means that__ A. Ames often kills cows B. Ames likes to eat beef C. Ames doesn’t believe in any relig