犹太人和巴勒斯坦人都是亚伯拉罕的后裔

新的研究显示，犹太人和巴勒斯坦人都是亚伯拉罕（易卜拉欣）的后裔 NewNewNewNew studiesstudiesstudiesstudies showshowshowshow thatthatthatthat JewsJewsJewsJews andandandand PalestiniansPalestiniansPalestiniansPalestinians areareareare bothbothbothboth descendantsdescendantsdescendantsdescendants ofofofof thethethethe ancientancientancientancient Abraham. By Damien Marsic, PhD It has long been known that Jewish and Middle-Eastern populations were genetically related, thanks to numerous studies of Y chromosomal and mitochondrial DNA. The recent development of DNA microarray technology allowed much finer genetic studies of human populations, by analyzing hundreds of thousands of nucleotides across the human genome. Last year, one such genome-wide study (1) revealed a distinct genetic signature for Ashkenazi Jews and suggested a Near-Eastern origin. Since then, two genome-wide studies, the first to include several Jewish populations, were published just a few days ago by two different teams (2, 3). Both confirmed a common Middle-Eastern ancestry for most worldwide Jewish populations, bringing an end to speculations that modern Jews could be mostly descended from converts with no link to the ancient Hebrews. However, there is another inescapable conclusion from those studies, that the authors did not address: Palestinians are genetically as close or closer to any modern Jewish population than are those Jewish populations to each other. In other words, genetic data is totally consistent with the idea that Palestinians are the direct descendants of ancient Jews who never left their ancestral land and who later converted to Christianity and to Islam (4, 5). 长久以来，就已经知道，犹太人和中东人的基因有关。由于许多相关Y染色体和线粒体 DNA的研究， 最近开发的 DNA芯片技术，透过分析数十万核苷酸人类基因组，人类群体遗传学得以做更精细的研究。 去年，这样一个全基因组的研究 报告 软件系统测试报告下载sgs报告如何下载关于路面塌陷情况报告535n,sgs报告怎么下载竣工报告下载 （1）揭示了一个独特的德系犹太人的基因特征，让人连想 起近东源头。从那时起，两个全基因组研究中，首先包括一些犹太居民，数天前发 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 了两组的研 究报告.（2，3）.. 双方确认全世界犹太人和中东人的祖先是一样的，因而猜测，可能大部分现代犹太人来自古老的 希伯来人。 然而，从这些研究中，还有另外一些不可避免的结论作者没有说明： 巴勒斯坦的基因接近或者更接近任何现代犹太人，甚至是犹太人的基因接近对方。 换句话说，基因数据是完全一致的想法，认为巴勒斯坦人是古犹太人的直接后裔，这些古犹太人 从来没有离开他们祖先的土地，后来皈依基督教和伊斯兰教（4，5）。 Behar's study, which is the most detailed, revealed that most Jewish populations (except Ethiopian and Indian Jews who are more closely related to their host populations) form a cluster with modern Middle-Eastern populations. There are actually three Jewish sub-clusters, one including Ashkenazi and Sephardi populations, another including Iraqi, Iranian and Caucasian Jews, and a third comprising Yemeni Jews. Remarkably, the Palestinian sub-cluster is located exactly in the middle of the three Jewish sub-clusters, suggesting that modern Palestinians are possibly even more closely related genetically to the ancient Hebrews than many modern Jews. In addition, any of the three Jewish sub-clusters is closer to the Palestinian sub-cluster than to the other two Jewish sub-clusters. This implies that if one considers Ashkenazi, Sephardi, Iraqi, Iranian, Caucasus and Yemeni Jews to all be part of the same Jewish people, then, from a genetic point of view, the Palestinians are an integral part of it. 贝哈尔的研究，是最详细的，他发现大部分犹太群体（除埃塞俄比亚和印度的犹太人和他们的原 来群体有更密切的关系）形成一个具有现代中东式的族群。 实际上有3个犹太分簇，包括德系和 Sephardi之一的人口，另一个包括伊拉克，伊朗和高加索犹太人， 和第三个也门犹太人。 值得注意的是，巴勒斯坦的位于正是在中间的三个犹太子群，这表明现代巴勒斯坦人可能比许多 现代犹太人，和古代希伯来人的基因关联更加密切的。 此外，三个犹太分簇的任何一个分簇比起其他两个犹太人分簇，更接近巴勒斯坦群子，这意味着，如果 认定德系，Sephardi，伊拉克，伊朗，高加索和也门犹太人都是犹太人的一分子，那么，从 遗传角度来看，巴勒斯坦人在犹太人中是不可或缺的一个部分。 If the latest genetic evidence vindicates Zionist ideas of Jews returning to their ancestral homeland, it also implies that this right of return should apply to all Palestinians, which have to be considered part of the same Jewish/Palestinian people. Despite the seemingly hopeless current situation, a simple, sustainable, just and lasting solution to the conflict is therefore within reach. Israel must grant full citizenship to Palestinians, including all refugees. All must be given the right to return to their original homes, or receive proper financial compensation and be free to relocate anywhere in the country. All citizens should have the same rights regardless of their religion, including access to housing, education, health care, jobs and infrastructure. At the same time, Palestinians need to recognize Jews as equally legitimate inhabitants. It would be a win-win situation for all parties in the current conflict: the single state could be considered both a greater Israel and a greater Palestine with Jerusalem as its capital. It could still be a home for worldwide Jews who could still consider it as their spiritual center, as well as for all Palestinians. 如果最新的基因证据足以支持犹太复国主义的想法，要返回他们祖先的家园，同时也意味着返回 家园的权利，应适用于所有的已被认定为具有相同犹太源头的犹太/巴勒斯坦人民。 尽管目前看来无望的情况下，一个简单的，可持续的，公正和持久解决冲突之道，因此指日可待。 以色列必须给予巴勒斯坦人充分的公民权，利包括所有难民。 所有人都必须有权利返回自己原来的家园，或获得适当的经济补偿，并可以自由地在该国任何地 方重新安置。 全体公民都应当具有相同的权利，而不论他们的宗教，这些权利包括获得住房，教育，医疗保健， 就业和基础设施。 同时，巴勒斯坦人必须认同犹太人，同样是合法居民。在当前冲突[的各方，这将是一个双赢的局 面：单一国家都可以被视为一个大以色列和大巴勒斯坦，以耶路撒冷为首都。 它仍然可以为世界各地的犹太人的家园，可以做为犹太人的精神中心，同时也可以是所有巴勒斯 坦人的精神中心。 The key to achieve a harmonious coexistence is to implement a total separation of church and state, as is the case in all other advanced countries. Any endorsement of one particular religion by a state is a discrimination against its citizens who happen not to adhere to that particular religion. One common argument against the one-state solution is that Israeli Jews can not accept to become a minority. This becomes a non-issue when one realizes that Jews and Palestinians are actually the same people, as confirmed by genetic research. In order for everyone to feel accepted and protected, political power needs to be shielded from religious extremists. To achieve that, all political parties need to commit to human rights before representing any other values. This is probably the only chance for Israel to survive, and a fantastic opportunity to correct its mistakes and become a beacon of hope for the rest of mankind. 要实现和谐共处的关键是要落实分离教会和国家，就像所有其他先进国家的做法。任何一个特定 的宗教认可的国家，即是一个歧视其公民宗教信仰的国家。 一个国家的解决方案常见的说法是以色列的犹太人不能接受成为少数。而当双方都确实了解到， 正如基因研究证实， 犹太人和巴勒斯坦人实际上是同源同种时，这个问题变成不是问题了， 为了使所有的人都能受到保护和被接受，宗教极端分子必须离开政治权力的庇护。为了实现这一 目标，所有政党在代表任何其他价值时，首先必须承诺维护人权。 这可能是唯一 以色列得以生存下去 的机会，一个绝佳的机会来纠正自己的错误，并成为人类 一 个希望的灯塔，。 References: 1. Need, A.C., Kasperaviciute, D., Cirulli, E.T., and Goldstein, D.B. (2009). A genome-wide genetic signature of Jewish ancestry perfectly separates individuals with and without full Jewish ancestry in a large random sample of European Americans. Genome Biology 10, R7. 2. Atzmon, G., Hao, L.,Pe'er, I., Velez, C., Pearlman, A., Palamara, P.F., Morrow, B., Friedman, E., Oddoux, C., Burns, E. and Ostrer, H. (2010). Abraham's Children in the Genome Era: Major Jewish Diaspora Populations Comprise Distinct Genetic Clusters with Shared Middle Eastern Ancestry. The American Journal of Human Genetics 86 (6), pp.850-859. 3. Behar, D.M., Yunusbayev, B., Metspalu, M., Metspalu, E., Rosset, S., Parik, J., Rootsi, S., Chaubey, G., Kutuev, I., Yudkovsky, G., Khusnutdinova, E.K., Balanovsky, O., Semino, O., Pereira, L., Comas, D., Gurwitz, D., Bonne-Tamir, B., Parfitt, T., Hammer, M.F., Skorecki, K. and Villems, R. (2010). The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people. Nature (advanced online publication, Jun 9). 4. Tsvi Misinai (2008). 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