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ARTSARTSARTSARTS
The House of Native American Tribe
The earliest American folk art portraits
The Music of Films
Barbara Kasten
The Works of Joyce Carol Oates
The Printed Word
The Art Nouveau Style
Arts and Crafts Movement
TheTheTheThe HouseHouseHouseHouse ofofofof NativeNativeNativeNative AmericanAmericanAmericanAmerican TribeTribeTribeTribe
Keywords: United States, pueblos, buildings, chambers, niches
Another early Native American tribe in what is now the southwestern part of the United
States was the Anasazi. By A. D. 800 the Anasazi Indians were constructing multistory
pueblos-massive, stone apartment compounds. Each one was virtually a stone town,
which is why the Spanish would later call them pueblos, the Spanish word for towns.
These pueblos represent one of the Anasazis' supreme achievements. At least a dozen
large stone houses took shape below the bluffs of Chiaco Canyon in northwest New
Mexico. They were built with masonry walls more than a meter thick and adjoining
apartments to accommodate dozens, even hundreds, of families. The largest, later named
Pueblo Bonito (Pretty Town) by the Spanish, rose in five terraced stories, contained more
than 800 rooms, and could have housed a population of 1,000 or more.
Besides living quarters, each pueblo included one or more kivas-circular underground
chambers faced with stone. They functioned as sanctuaries where the elders met to plan
festivals, perform ritual dances, settle pueblo affairs, and impart tribal lore to the younger
generation. Some kivas were enormous. Of the 30 or so at Pueblo Bonito, two measured
20 meters across. They contained niches for ceremonial objects, a central fire pit, and
holes in the floor for communicating with the spirits of tribal ancestors.
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Each pueblo represented an astonishing amount of well-organized labor. Using only stone
and wood tools, and without benefit of wheels or draft animals, the builders quarried ton
upon ton of sandstone from the canyon walls, cut it into small blocks, hauled the blocks
to the construction site, and fitted them together with mud mortar.Roof beams of pine or
fir had to be carried from logging areas in the mountain forests many kilometers away.
Then, to connect the pueblos and to give access to the surrounding tableland, the
architects laid out a system of public roads with stone staircases for ascending cliff faces.
In time, the roads reached out to more than 80 satellite villages within a 60-kilometer
radius.
1. The paragraph preceding the passage most probably discussed
(A) how pueblos were built
(B) another Native American tribe
(C) Anasazi crafts and weapons
(D) pueblo villages in New Mexico
2. What is the main topic of the passage?
(A) The Anasazi pueblos
(B) Anasazi festivals of New Mexico
(C) The organization of the Anasazi tribe
(D) The use of Anasazi sanctuaries
3. The word "supreme" in line 5 is closest in meaning to
(A) most common
(B) most outstanding
(C) most expensive
(D) most convenient
4. The word "They" in line 7 refers to
(A) houses
(B) bluffs
(C) walls
(D) families
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5. The author mentions that Pueblo bonito had more than 800 rooms as an example of
which of the following?
(A) How overcrowded the pueblos could be
(B) How many ceremonial areas it contained
(C) Hoe much sandstone was needed to build it
(D) How big a pueblo could be
6. The word "settle" in line 14 is closest in meaning to
(A) sink
(B) decide
(C) clarify
(D) locate
7. It can be inferred from the passage that building a pueblo probably
(A) required many workers
(B) cost a lot of money
(C) involved the use of farm animals
(D) relied on sophisticated technology
8. The word "ascending" in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(A) arriving at
(B) carving
(C) connecting
(D) climbing
9. It can be inferred from the passage that in addition to pueblos the Anasazis were
skilled at building which of the following?
(A) Roads
(B) Barns
(C) Monuments
(D) Water systems
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10. The pueblos are considered one of the Anasazis' supreme achievements for all of the
following reasons EXCEPT that they were
(A) very large
(B) located in forests
(C) built with simple tools
(D) connected in a systematic way
TheTheTheThe earliestearliestearliestearliest AmericanAmericanAmericanAmerican folkfolkfolkfolk artartartart portraitsportraitsportraitsportraits
Keywords: portraits, portraiture, artists, craft tradition, an original portrait
What we today call America folk art was, indeed, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday
"folks" who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kinds,
and especially for portraits. Citizens of prosperous, essentially middle-class republics-
whether ancient Romans, seventeenth-century Dutch burghers, or nineteenth-century
Americans-have always shown a marked taste for portraiture. Starting in the late
eighteenth century, the United States contained increasing numbers of such people, and
of the artists who could meet their demands.
The earliest American folk art portraits come, not surprisingly, from New England-
especially Connecticut and Massachusetts-for this was a wealthy and populous region
and the center of a strong craft tradition. Within a few decades after the signing of the
Declaration of Independence in 1776, the population was pushing westward, and portrait
painters could be found at work in western New York, Ohio, Kentucky, Illinois, and
Missouri. Midway through its first century as a nation, the United States' population had
increased roughly five time, and eleven new states had been added to the original thirteen.
During these years the demand for portraits grew and grew, eventually to be satisfied by
the camera. In 1839 the daguerreotype was introduced to America, ushering in the age of
photography, and within a generation the new invention put an end to the popularity of
painted portraits. Once again an original portrait became a luxury, commissioned by the
wealthy and executed by the professional.
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But in the heyday of portrait painting-from the late eighteenth century until the 1850's-
anyone with a modicum of artistic ability could become a limner, as such a portraitist was
called. Local crafts people-sign, coach, and house painters-began to paint portraits as a
profitable sideline; sometimes a talented man or woman who began by sketching family
members gained a local reputation and was besieged with requests for portraits; artists
found it worth their while to pack their paints, canvases, and brushes and to travel the
countryside, often combining house decorating with portrait painting.
39. In lines 4-5 the author mentions seventeenth-century Dutch burghers as an example of
a group that
(A) consisted mainly of self taught artists
(B) appreciated portraits
(C) influenced American folk art
(D) had little time for the arts
40. The word "marked" in line 5 is closest in meaning to
(A) pronounced
(B) fortunate
(C) understandable
(D) mysterious
41. According to the passage, where were many of the first American folk art portraits
painted?
(A) In western New York
(B) In Illinois and Missouri
(C) In Connecticut and Massachusetts
(D) In Ohio
42. The word "this" in line 9 refers to
(A) a strong craft tradition
(B) American folk art
(C) New England
(D) western New York
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43. How much did the population of the United States increase in the first fifty years
following independence?
(A) It became three times larger.
(B) It became five times larger.
(C) It became eleven times larger.
(D) It became thirteen times larger.
44. The phrase "ushering in" in line 17 is closest in meaning to
(A) beginning
(B) demanding
(C) publishing
(D) increasing
45. The relationship between the daguerreotype (line 16) and the painted portrait is
similar to the relationship between the automobile and the
(A) highway
(B) driver
(C) horse-drawn carriage
(D) engine
46. According to the passage, which of the following contributed to a decline in the
demand for painted portraits?
(A) The lack of a strong craft tradition
(B) The westward migration of many painters
(C) The growing preference for landscape paintings
(D) The invention of the camera
47. The word "executed" in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) sold
(B) requested
(C) admired
(D) created
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48. The author implies that most limners (line 22)
(A) received instruction from traveling teachers
(B) were women
(C) were from wealthy families
(D) had no formal art training
49. The word "sketching" in line 25 is closest in meaning to
(A) drawing
(B) hiring
(C) helping
(D) discussing
50. Where in the passage does the author provide a definition?
(A) Lines 3-6
(B) Lines 8-10
(C) Lines 13-15
(D) Lines 21-23
TheTheTheThe MusicMusicMusicMusic ofofofof FilmsFilmsFilmsFilms
Keywords: films, music, pianists, orchestras, conductor
Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as "silent," the
film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent. From the very beginning, music
was regarded as an indispensable accompaniment; when the Lumiere films were shown at
the first public film exhibition in the United States in February 1896, they were
accompanied by piano improvisations on popular tunes. At first, the music played bore
no special relationship to the films; an accompaniment of any kind was sufficient. Within
a very short time, however, the incongruity of playing lively music to a solemn film
became apparent, and film pianists began to take some care in matching their pieces to
the mood of the film.
As movie theaters grew in number and importance, a violinist, and perhaps a cellist,
would be added to the pianist in certain cases, and in the larger movie theaters small
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orchestras were formed. For a number of years the selection of music for each film
program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and very
often the principal qualification for holding such a position was not skill or tasteso much
as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces. Since the conductor
seldom saw the films until the night before they were to be shown if, indeed, the
conductor was lucky enough to see them then, the musical arrangement was normally
improvised in the greatest hurry.
To help meet this difficulty, film distributing companies started the practice of publishing
suggestions for musical accompaniments. In 1909, for example, the Edison Company
began issuing with their films such indications of mood as "pleasant," "sad," "lively." The
suggestions became more explicit, and so emerged the musical cue sheet containing
indications of mood, the titles of suitable pieces of music, and precise directions to show
where one piece led into the next.
Certain films had music especially composed for them. The most famous of these early
special scores was that composed and arranged for D. W. Griffith's film Birth of a Nation,
which was released in 1915.
11. The passage mainly discusses music that was
(A) performed before the showing of a film
(B) played during silent films
(C) specifically composed for certain movie theaters
(D) recorded during film exhibitions
12. What can be inferred from the passage about the majority of films made after 1927?
(A) They were truly "silent."
(B) They were accompanied by symphonic orchestras.
(C) They incorporated the sound of the actors' voices.
(D) They corresponded to specific musical compositions.
13. The word "solemn" in line 7 is closest in meaning to
(A) simple
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(B) serious
(C) short
(D) silent
14. It can be inferred that orchestra conductors who worked in movie theaters needed to
(A) be able to play many instruments
(B) have pleasant voices
(C) be familiar with a wide variety of music
(D) be able to compose original music
15. The word "them" in line 17 refers to
(A) years
(B) hands
(C) pieces
(D) films
16. According to the passage, what kind of business was the Edison Company?
(A) It produced electricity.
(B) It distributed films.
(C) It published musical arrangements.
(D) It made musical instruments.
17. It may be inferred from the passage that the first musical cue sheets appeared around
(A) 1896
(B) 1909
(C) 1915
(D) 1927
18. Which of the following notations is most likely to have been included on a musical
cue sheet of the early 1900's?
(A) "Calm, peaceful"
(B) "Piano, violin"
(C) "Key of C major"
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(D) "Directed by D. W. Griffith"
19. The word "composed" in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(A) selected
(B) combined
(C) played
(D) created
20. The word "scores" in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(A) totals
(B) successes
(C) musical compositions
(D) groups of musicians
21. The passage probably continues with a discussion of
(A) famous composers of the early twentieth century
(B) other films directed by D. W. Griffith
(C) silent films by other directors
(D) the music in Birth of a Nation
BarbaraBarbaraBarbaraBarbara KastenKastenKastenKasten
Keywords: photographs, objects, camera, image, equipment
Barbara Kasten is an artist who makes photographs of constructions that she creates for
the purpose of photographing them. In her studio she arranges objects such as mirrors,
solid forms, and flat surfaces into what could be called large still life arrangements, big
enough to walk into. She lights the construction, then rearranges and rephotographs it
until she arrives at a final image. She also photographs away from her studio at various
architectural sites, bringing camera, lights, mirrors, and a crew of assistants to transform
the site into her own abstract image.
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Kasten starts a studio construction with a simple problem, such as using several circular
and rectangular mirrors. She puts the first objects in place, sets up a camera, then goes
back and forth arranging objects and seeing how they appear in the camera. Eventually
she makes instant color prints to see what the image looks like. At first she works only
with objects, concentrating on their composition; then she lights them and adds color
from lights covered with colored filters.
Away from the studio, at architectural sites, the cost of the crew and the equipment rental
means she has to know in advance what she wants to do.
She visits each location several times to make sketches and test shots. Until she brings in
the lights, however, she cannot predict exactly what they will do to the image, so there is
some improvising on the spot.
12. What does the passage many discuss?
(A) The techniques of a photographer
(B) The advantages of studio photography
(C) Industrial construction sites
(D) An architect who appreciates fine art
13. Which of the following would be an example of one of the "constructions" referred to
in line 1?
(A) A still life arrangement
(B) Natural landscapes
(C) An instant color print
(D) A colored filter
14. In line 2, why does the author mention mirrors?
(A) They are part of the camera.
(B) Kasten uses them as subjects.
(C) The crew needs them.
(D) Photography mirrors life.
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15. The word "transform" in line 6 is closest in meaning to
(A) move
(B) extend
(C) change
(D) interpret
16. It can be inferred from the passage that Kasten makes instant prints to
(A) give away
(B) sell as souvenirs
(C) include as part of the construction
(D) see what the construction looks like at that stage
17. The word "composition" in line 12 is closest in meaning to
(A) arrangement
(B) brightness
(C) quality
(D) size
18. The word "them" in line 12 refers to
(A) prints
(B) lights
(C) objects
(D) filters
19. The word "shots" in line 16 is closest in meaning to
(A) injections
(B) photographs
(C) loud noises
(D) effective remarks
20. The word "they" in line 17 refers to
(A) architectural styles
(B) sketches
(C) colored filters
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(D) lights
21. Why does Kasten visit the location of outdoor work before the day of the actual
shooting?
(A) To plan the photograph
(B) To purchase film and equipment
(C) To hire a crew
(D) To test the lights
22. How is Kasten's studio work different from her work at architectural sites?
(A) She does not use lights outdoors.
(B) Her work outdoors is more unpredictable.
(C) She works alone outdoors.
(D) She makes more money from her work outdoors.
23. Where in the passage does the author suggest that the constructions that Kasten
photographs are life-sized?
(A) Lines 2-4
(B) Lines 5-7
(C) Lines 12-14
(D) Lines 16-17
TheTheTheTheWorksWorksWorksWorks ofofofof JoyceJoyceJoyceJoyce CarolCarolCarolCarol OatesOatesOatesOates
Keywords: collection, novels, productivity, source,magazines
Joyce Carol Oates published her first collection of short stories, By The North Gate, in
1963, two years after she had received her master's degree from the University of
Wisconsin and become an instructor of English at the University of Detroit. Her
productivity since then has been prodigious, accumulating in less than two decades to
nearly thirty titles, including novels, collections of short stories and verse, plays, and
literary criticism. In the meantime, she has continued to teach, moving in 1967 from the
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University of Detroit to the University of Windsor, in Ontario, and, in 1978, to Princeton
University. Reviewers have admired her enormous energy, but find a productivity of such
magnitude difficult to assess.
In a period characterized by the abandonment of so much of the realistic tradition by
authors such as John Barth, Donald Barthelme, and Thomas Pynchon, Joyce Carol Oates
has seemed at times determinedly old-fashioned in her insistence on the essentially
mimetic quality of her fiction. Hers is a world of violence, insanity, fractured love, and
hopeless loneliness. Although some of it appears to come from her own direct
observations, her dreams, and her fears, much more is clearly from the experiences of
others. Her first novel, With Shuddering Fall (1964), dealt with stock car racing, though
she had never seen a race. In Them (1969) she focused on Detroit from the Depression
through the riots of 1967, drawing much of her material from the deep impression made
on her