北京师范大学 博士入学考试试题 英语 2008

北京师范大学 2008年考博英语试题 English Entrance Examination Non-English Doctoral Candidates April 6, 2008 听力和阅读 答案 八年级地理上册填图题岩土工程勘察试题省略号的作用及举例应急救援安全知识车间5s试题及答案 填涂在机读卡上,翻译和写作答案写在答题纸上. Part 1 Listening Comprehension (15%) Section A Directions: Listen to the beginning of five news reports. Look at the five statements for this part on your test paper and decide if you think each statement is true or false while you are listening to the reports. If you think the answer is true. Mark A, if you thing the answer is false. mark B on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center. 1. The stock market in New York took a dive today due to the constant decline of its exports for three months. 2. 50 people were killed in a traffic accident on highway 27 today. 3. A diamond necklace was stolen from a department store last Saturday and police didn’t find out who id the theft yet. 4. The singer Elton john’s fans were disappointed because the outdoor concert was put off due to the heavy rain. 5. The President hotel was on fire yesterday. Luckily. All the guests safely escaped. Section B Directions: You will hear two talks. At the end of cach talk you will hear some questions. Both the talks and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Them mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the cense Talk One Questions 6 to 10 are based on the talk you’ve just heard. 6. A. How to Safely Shop Online B. Why Shopping Online Is Not Worth the Risk C. Shopping Online, Never Do lt D. The internet Shopping 7. A. you can buy beuer quality products online. B. Lt is easy to compute prices and products online. C. lt is always cheaper than buying products in a stare. D. lt is exciting to light against internet crime. 8. A . The reputation of online companies. B. The popularity, of the internet C. The ease of internet shopping D. The difficulty of internet shopping. 9. A. Use the most recent internet Browser. B. Use the most recent software. C. Use the most recent server. D. Use the most recent technology. 10. A. Shopping Online is harmful to society. B. It is easy to ensure safety when buying something on the Internet. C. It is impossible to safely shop online so we should not do it. D. Shopping online is very popular. Talk Two Questions 11 to 15 are based on the talk you’ve just heard. 11. A. A Little stressful. B. Friendly. C. More stressful. D. Horne sick. 12. A. The shock of the first day in a new culture. B. The tear a person has of moving to another culture. C. The stress that comes from traveling. D. The feeling of being confused and overwhelmed in another culture 13. A. Occasionally interacting with foreigners B. Eating food from another culture. C. Constantly dealing with a different language and different culture D. Realizing how expensive things are in a different culture 14. A. They feel exhausted impatient and irritable B. They feel tired depressed and shy C. They feel relaxed excited and pleasant D. They feel fatigued suspicious and uncertain 15. A. Differences in food. B. Differences in climate C. Differences in language D. Differences in lifestyles Part 11 Reading Comprehension (30%) Directions: Read the following passages carefully and then select the best answer from the four choices marked A,B,C, and D by marking the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center. 1 The fitness movement that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s centered around aerobic exercise . Millions of individuals became engaged in a variety of aerobic activities and literally thousands of health spas developed around the country to capitalize on this emerging interest in fitness, particularly aerobic dancing for females. A number of fitness spas existed prior to this aerobic fitness movement even a national chain with spas in Most major cities However, their focus was not on aerobic, but rather on weight- training programs designed to develop muscular mass, strength, and endurance in there primarily male enthusing. These fitness spas did not seem to benefit financially from the aerobic fitness movement to better health, since medical opinion suggested that weight-training programs offered few, if any, health benefits. In recent years, however, weight training has again become increasingly popular for males and for females, Many current program focus not only on developing muscular strength and endurance but on aerobic fitness as well. Historically, most physical-fitness tests have usually included measures of muscular strength and endurance, not for health-related reasons, but primarily because such fitness components have been related to performance in athletics, However, in recent years, evidence has shown that training programs designed primarily to improve muscular strength and endurance might also offer some health benefits as well, The American College of Sports Medicine now recommends that weight training be part of a total fitness Program for healthy Americans. increased participation in such training is one of the specific physical activities and fitness objectives of Healthy People 2000; National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives.. 16. The word “spas” (Sentence 2、Paragraph l) most probably refers to _____. A. sports activities B. places for physical exercise C. recreation centers D. athletic training programs 17. Early fitness spas were intended mainly for ________. A. the promotion of aerobic exercise B. endurance and muscular development C. the improvement of women D. better performance in aerobic dancing 18. What was the attitude of doctors towards weight training in health improvement? A. Positive. B. Indifferent C. Negative D. Cautious 19. People were given physical fitness tests in order to find our ________. A. how well they could do in athletics B. what their health condition was like C. what kind of fitness center was suitable for them D. whether they were fit for aerobic exercise 20. Recent studies have suggested that weight training ________. A. has become an essential part of people’s life B. may well affect the health of the trainees C. will attract more people in the days to come D. contributes to health improvement as well 2 Fungi, of which there are over 100,000 species, including yeasts and other single-celled organisms as well as the common molds and mushrooms, were formerly classified as members of the plant kingdom, However, in reality they are very different from paints and today they are placed in a separate group altogether, The principal reason for this is that none of there possesses chlorophyll, and since they cannot synthesize their own carbohydrates. They obtain their supplies either from the breakdown of dead organic matter or from other living organisms, Furthermore the walls of fungal cells are not made of cellulose, as those of plants are, but of another complex sugar-like polymer called chitin the material from which the hard outer skeletons of shrimps, spiders, and insects are made. The difference between the chemical composition of the cell walls of fungi and those of plants is of enormous importance because it enables the tips of the growing hyphac, the threadlike cells of the fungus, to secrete enzymes that break down the walls of plant cells without having any effect on those of the fungus itself It is these cellulose-destroying enzymes that enable fungi to attack anything made from wood, wood pulp, cotton, flax, or other plant material. The destructive power of fungi is impressive, They are major cause of structure damage to building timbers, a cause of disease in animals and humans, and one of the greatest causes of agricultural losses. Entire crops can be wiped out by fungal attacks both before and after harvesting, Some fungi can grow at+50 , while others can grow at-50 , Co Co so even food in cold storage may not be completely safe from them, On the other hand, fung bring about the decomposition of dead organic matter, this enriching the soil and returning carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, They also enter into a number of mutually beneficial relationships with plants and other organisms In addition, lung are the source of marry of the most potent antibiotics used in clinical medicine, including penicillin 21. What does paragraph ore mainly discuss? A. differences between simple and complex fungi B. functions of chlorophyll in plants C. functions of sugar in the walls of fungal cells D. differences between fungi and plants 22. Which of the following is mentioned as a major change in how scientists approach the study of fungi? A. Fungi are no longer classified as plants. B. Some single-celled organisms are no longer classified as fungi C. New methods of species identification have been introduced D. Theories about the chemical composition of fungi have been revised. 23. The skeletons of shrimps, spiders and insects are mentioned in paragraph one because they ______. A. can be destroyed by fungi B. have unusual chemical compositions C. contain a material found in the walls of fungal cells D. secrete the same enzymes as the walls of fungal cells do 24. Fungi have all the following characteristics EXCEPT _______. A. They grow hyphac B. They secrete enzymes C. They synthezise cellulose D. They destroy crops 25. The passage mentions “penicillin” (last line) as an example of _______. A. a medicine derived from plants B. a beneficial use of fungi C. a product of the D. a type of fungi that grows at extreme temperatures 3 By fur the most important United States export product in the 18th and 19th centuries was cotton favored by the European textile over flax or wool because it was easy to process and soft to touch. Mechanization of spinning and waving allowed significant centralization and expansion in the textile industry during this period and at the same time the demand for cotton increased dramatically. American producers were able to meet this demand largely because of the invention of the coition gin by Eli Whitey in 1793. Cotton could be grown throughout the South, but separating the fiber—or lint—from the seed was a laborious process Sea island cotton was relatively easy to process by hand, because its fibers were long and seeds were concentrated at the base of the flower, but is demanded long growing season, available only along the nation’s casterm seacoast .Short-staple cotton required a much shorter growing season, but the shortness of the fibers and their mixture with seeds meant that a worker could hand-process only about one pound per day Whitney’s gin was a hand-powered machine with revolving drums and metal teeth to pull Cotton fibers away from seeds Using the gin, a worker could produce up to SO percents of Lint a day The later development of larger gins powered by horses, water or stream Multiplied productivity further The interaction of improved processing and high demand led to a rapid spread of the cultivation of cotton and to a surge in production. It became the main American export dwarfing all others. In 1802 cotton composed 14 percent of total American exports by value Cotton had a 36 percent share by 1810 and over 50 percent share in 1830. In 1860 61 percent of the value of American exports was represented by cotton. In contrast, wheat and wheat flour composed only 6 percent of the value of American exports in that year Clearly, cotton was king in the trade of the young republic. The growing market for cotton and other American agricultural products led to an unprecedented expansion of agricultural settlement, mostly in the eastern half of the United States—west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Mississippi River. 26. The main point of the passage is that the 18th and 19th centuries were a time when _________. A. the European textile industry increased its demand for American export products B. Cotton became the most important American export product C. Cotton became a profitable crop but was still time-consuming to process D. Mechanization for spinning and weaving dramatically changed the textile industry 27. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as reasons for the increased demand for cotton EXCPPT______. A. cotton’s softness B. cotton’s case of processing C. a shortage of flax and wool D. the growth that occurred in the textile industry 28. According to the passage, one advantage of Sea island cotton was its _______. A. abundance of seeds B. adaptability to different climates C. long growing season D. long fibers 29. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about cotton-production in the United States after the introduction of Whitney’s cotton gin? A. More cotton come from Sea Inland cotton plants than before. B. More cotton came from short-staple cotton plants than before C. Most cotton produced was sold domestically. D. Most cotton produced was exported to England. 30. According to the passage, the Mississippi River was ______. A. one of the boundaries of a region where new agricultural settlement look place B. a major source of water for agricultural crops C. the primary route by which agricultural crops were transported D. a main source of power for most agricultural machinery 4 Why do some new products succeed, bringing millions of dollars to innovating Companies, while others fail, often with great losses? The answer is not simple, and certainly we cannot say that “good” products succeed while “bad” products fail Many products that function well and seen to meet consumer needs have fallen by the wayside Sometimes, virtually identical products exist in the market at the same time with one emerging as profitable while the other fails, MeNeal Laboratories Tylenol has become successful as an aspirin substitute, yet Bristol-Meyers entered the lest market at about the same time with Neotrent, also a substitute for aspirin, which quickly failed The nature of the product is a factor in its success of failure, but the important point is the consumer’s perception of the products need-satisfying capability, Any new product conception should be aimed at meeting a customer need, and the introductory promotion should seek to communicate that need-satisfying quality and motivate the customer to try may be sought Here the company walks a tightrope A new product is more likely to be successful if it represents a truly novel way of solving a customer problem but this very newness, if carried too far, may ask the customer to team new behavior patterns, The customer will make the change if the perceived benefit is sufficient but inertia is strong and customers will often not go to the effort that is required, During the late sixties and early seventies Bristol-Meyers met with new product failures that exemplify both of these problems, In 1967 and 1968 the company entered the market with a $5 million advertising campaign for Fact toothpaste, and an $11 million campaign to prorate Resolve, Both products failed quickly, not because they didn’t work or because there was no construer need but apparently because consumers just could see no reason to shift from an already satisfactory product to a different one that promised no new benefit. 31. The first sentence of the first paragraph is a question to which the answer is ________. A. that the good products succeed while the bad fail B. that the “good” are not really good but the “bad” are actually bad. C. that new products will succeed if they function well and fail if they don’t D. not given in the paragraph 32. What are Tylenol and Neotrend? A. They are names of twp drug manufacturers. B. They are probably two new brands of medicine which serve as a substitute for C. Tylenol is a drug manufacturer whereas Neotrend is a new substitute medicine for aspirin. D. They are probably the names of chemists who invented the new medicine 33. The success or failure of a product seems to be determined by a number of factors, one of which the author emphasizes is the customer’s perception of the product’s ______. A. quality and price B. usefulness and durability C. need-satisfying capability D. appearance and inner packing 34. What does the author mean when be says “the company walks a tightrope’(Sentence 1, paragraph 3)? A. The company has both the chance to succeed and to fail in dealing in a new product B. The company has to study customer’s behavior before a new product is introduced. C. The company has to find a new way to solve customers problems before a new product is put on the market. D. The company has to make a great effort to overcome the customer’s inertia 35. Bristol-Meyers failed in promoting Fact toothpaste and Resolve because ______. A. these products were too expensive as compared with their direct competitors B. both products failed to meet the customers’ needs C. the customers could see no sense of a radical change of their habits D. the company forgot an English saying: “You cannot teach an old dog new tricks’ 5 With the release of The piano a powerfully emotional story set in nineteenth-century Now Zealand about a woman’s sexual awakening, the New Zealand –born Jane Campion bas established herself as one of the most talented female filmmakers to come upon the scene in recent years The film not only received praiseful reviews from critics and moviegoers but won the Cannes Film Festival’s top prize the Palme D’Ot making Campion the first woman over to be so honored Campion’s success is notable also because she is a relative newcomer to the film world: the forty-year-old director has made just three features (including The Piano), a television movie, and a handful of shorts dating from her student days. Although Campion’s films appear at first glance to have little in common—her first feature, Sweetie, is a very honest (some would say cruelly unfeeling) portrait of a dysfunctional family and her second, An Angel at My Table, is a sympathetic biography of the New Zealand novelist Janet Frame—each reflects her feeling for strong-willed, often misunderstood women who refuse, or are unable to give themselves up to their respective societies’ definitions of womanhood According to David Sterritt writing in the Christian Science Monitor, The Piano “gain much of its effectiveness from Campion’s directing style, which combines the dreamlike atmosphere of her early film Sweetie with the sensitivity to feelings that made her last movie. An Angel at My Table, so extraordinary” Also contributing to the film’s success was Campion’s ability to induce fine performances from her character, ‘She directs actors differently from anyone I’ve ever known ,” Sam Neil told Paul Freeman in an interview for the Chicago Tribute “I always felt that there was a big safety net under the and that I was permitted to take as many risks as I wanted to “Genevieve Lemon, who had played the title role in Sweetie and took the supporting role of Nessie in The Piano, agreed Campion is already at work on her next project an adaptation of Henry Jaures’s novel The Portrait of a lady. 36. The passage is primarily concer