《计算机专业英语》电子教程

nullComputer English Computer English Chapter 1 The History and Future of ComputersnullKey points: useful terms and definitions of computers Difficult points: describing the features of computers of each generationnullRequirements:1. The trends of computer hardware and software 2. Basic characteristics of modern computers 3. Major characteristics of the four generations of modern computers 4. 了解科技英语的特点，掌握科技英语翻译要点 nullNew Words & Expressions: computerlike a. 计算机似的 electromechanical a. 机电的, 电机的 vacuum tubes 真空管 Census Bureau 人口普查局 thousands of 成千上万的 known as 通常所说的，以……著称 1.1 The Invention of the Computer Abbreviations: ENIAC(Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) 电子数字积分计算机，ENIAC计算机 EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer) 延迟存储电子自动计算机 BINAC (Binary Automatic Computer) 二进制自动计算机 UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) 通用自动计算机 null It is hard to say exactly when the modern computer was invented. Starting in the 1930s and through the 1940s, a number of machines were developed that were like computers. But most of these machines did not have all the characteristics that we associate with computers today. These characteristics are that the machine is electronic, that it has a stored program, and that it is general purpose. 很难确切地说现代计算机是什么时候发明的。从20世纪30年代到40年代，制造了许多类似计算机的机器。但是这些机器大部分没有今天我们所说的计算机的所有特征。这些特性是：机器是电子的，具有储存的程序, 而且是通用的。1.1 The Invention of the Computer null1.2 Computer Generations 1.2.1 First-Generation Computers: 1951～1958 The UNIVAC I was not the most popular first-generation computer, however. This honor goes to the IBM 650. It was first delivered in 1955 before Remington Rand could come out with a successor to the UNIVAC I. With the IBM 650, IBM captured the majority of the computer market, a position it still holds today. 然而,UNIVAC I并不是最流行的第一代计算机。这一荣誉属于IBM 650。它在Remington Rand能够造出UNIVAC I的后续产品之前的1955年首次交付使用。凭借IBM 650,IBM占有了大半计算机市场，它在今天仍然保持这一位置。null1.2 Computer Generations 1.2.1 First-Generation Computers: 1951～1958 At the same time that hardware was evolving, software was developing. The first computers were programmed in machine language, but during the first computer generation, the idea of programming language translation and high-level languages occurred. Much of the credit for these ideas goes to Grace Hopper, who, as a Navy lieutenant in 1945, learned to program the Harvard Mark I. In 1952, she developed the first programming language translator, followed by others in later years. She also developed a language called Flow-matic in 1957, which formed the basis for COBOL, the most commonly used business programming language today. 同时，硬件在进化,软件也在发展。第一部计算机用机器语言编程，但是在第一代计算机期间，程序语言翻译的概念和高级语言出现了。这些主意大部分归功于Grace Hopper,她在1954年是一名海军上尉，学习为哈佛Mark I计算机编程。在1952年，她开发了第一种编程语言翻译器,在稍后的数年内为其他人所效仿。她还在1957年开发了一种称为Flow-matic的语言,为COBOL——今天最广泛应用的商业编程语言——奠定了基础。null1.2 Computer Generations 1.2.1 First-Generation Computers: 1951～1958 Other software developments during the first computer generation include the design of the FORTRAN programming language in 1957. This language became the first widely used high-level language. Also, the first simple operating systems became available with first-generation computers. 在第一代计算机期间, 软件方面的其他的进展包括1957年FORTRAN语言的 设计 领导形象设计圆作业设计ao工艺污水处理厂设计附属工程施工组织设计清扫机器人结构设计 。这种语言成为第一种广泛使用的高级语言。同时, 第一个简单的操作系统随着第一代计算机而出现。null1.2 Computer Generations 1.2.2 Second-Generation Computers: 1959～1963 In the second generation of computers, transistors replaced vacuum tubes. Although invented in 1948, the first all-transistor computer did not become available until 1959. Transistors are smaller and less expensive than vacuum tubes, and they operate faster and produce less heat. Hence, with second-generation computers, the size and cost of computers decreased, their speed increased, and their air-conditioning needs were reduced. 在第二代计算机中，晶体管取代了真空管。虽然发明于1948年,但第一台全晶体管计算机直到1959年才成为现实。晶体管比真空管体积小、价格低，而且运行快而发热少。因此，随着第二代计算机的出现，计算机的体积和成本降低、速度提高，且它们对空调的需要减少。 Many companies that had not previously sold computer entered the industry with the second generation. One of these companies that still makes computers is Control Data Corporation (CDC). They were noted for making high-speed computers for scientific work. 许多先前不经销计算机的公司随着第二代计算机的出现进入计算机行业，其中今天仍然制造计算机的公司之一是控制数据公司(CDC),他们以制造用于科学工作的高速计算机而著名。null1.2 Computer Generations 1.2.2 Second-Generation Computers: 1959～1963 Remintong Rand, now called Sperr-Rand Corporation, made several second-generation UNIVAC computers. IBM, however, continued to dominate the industry. One of the most popular second-generation computers was the IBM 1401, which was a medium-sized computer used by many businesses. Remintong Rand,现在叫做Sperr-Rand公司,制造了一些第二代UNIVAC计算机。然而，IBM继续称霸计算机行业。最流行的第二代计算机之一是IBM 1401, 这是一部许多企业使用的中型计算机。 All computers at this time were mainframe computers costing over a million dollars. The first minicomputer became available in 1960 and cost about $120,000. This was the PDP-1, manufactured by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC). 当时所有的计算机都是价值百万元以上的大型计算机。第一台小型计算机产生于1960年，价值12万美元，它就是由数据设备公司(DEC)制造的PDP-1。 null1.2 Computer Generations 1.2.2 Second-Generation Computers: 1959～1963 Software also continued to develop during this time. Many new programming languages were designed, including COBOL in 1960. More and more businesses and organizations were beginning to use computers for their data processing needs. 在此期间软件也在继续发展。许多新的编程语言被发明,包括1960年发明的COBOL。越来越多的企业和组织开始使用计算机以满足他们的数据处理需要。 null1.2 Computer Generations 1.2.3 Third-Generation Computers: 1964～1970 The technical development that marks the third generation of computers is the use of integrated circuits or ICs in computers. An integrated circuit is a piece of silicon (a chip) containing numerous transistors. One IC replaces many transistors in a computer; result in a continuation of the trends begun in the second generation. These trends include reduced size, reduced cost, increased speed, and reduced need for air conditioning. 作为第三代计算机标志的技术发展是在计算机中使用集成电路或简称IC。一个集成电路就是包含许多晶体管的一个硅片(芯片)。一个集成电路代替了计算机中的许多晶体管，导致了始于第二代的一些趋势的继续。这些趋势包括计算机体积减小、成本降低、速度提高和对空调的需要减少。 null1.2 Computer Generations 1.2.3 Third-Generation Computers: 1964～1970 Although integrated circuits were invented in 1958, the first computers to make extensive use of them were not available until 1964. In that year, IBM introduced a line of mainframe computers called the System/360. The computers in this line became the most widely used third-generation machines. There were many models in the System/360 line, ranging from small, relatively slow, and inexpensive ones, to large, very fast, and costly models. All models, however, were compatible so that programs written for one model could be used on another. This feature of compatibility across many computers in a line was adopted by other manufacturers of third-generation computers. 虽然集成电路发明于1958年,但是直到1964年才出现了第一台广泛使用IC的计算机。那一年，IBM推出了称为System/360的大型计算机系列。这一系列的计算机成为使用最广泛的第三代计算机。在System/360系列中有许多机型, 从小型的、相对较慢的且价格低廉的机型，到大型的、非常快的且价格昂贵的机型。然而,所有的机型都是兼容的，以便在一个机型上编写的程序可以用于另一个机型。这个在许多计算机系列间兼容的特征被其他第三代计算机制造商所采用。 null1.2.3 Third-Generation Computers: 1964～1970 The third computer generation was also the time when minicomputers became widespread. The most popular model was the PDP-8, manufactured by DEC. Other companies, including Data General Corporation and Hewlett-Packard Company, introduced minicomputers during the third generation. 计算机的第三代也是小型计算机普及的时代。最流行的小型机是由DEC制造的PDP-8。其他公司,包括数据通用公司和惠普(Hewlett-Packard)公司,在第三代期间开发了小型计算机。 1.2 Computer Generations null1.2.3 Third-Generation Computers: 1964～1970 The principal software development during the third computer generation was the increased sophistication of operating systems. Although simple operating systems were developed for first-and second-generation computers, many of the features of modern operating systems first appeared during the third generation. These include multiprogramming, virtual memory, and time-sharing. The first operating systems were mainly batch systems, but during the third generation, interactive systems, especially on minicomputers, became common. The BASIC programming language was designed in 1964 and became popular during the third computer generation because of its interactive nature. 在第三代计算机期间，软件的主要发展是操作系统的复杂化程度提高。虽然为第一代和第二代计算机开发了简单的操作系统,许多现代操作系统的特征首先在第三代期间出现。这些特征包括多道程序设计、虚拟存储和分时技术。第一代操作系统主要是批处理系统,但是在第三代期间，交互式系统开始普及，尤其是在小型计算机上。BASIC语言发明于1964年，并由于其交互式特征而在第三代计算机期间大为流行。1.2 Computer Generations null1.2.4 Fourth-Generation Computers: 1971～? The fourth generation of computers is more difficult to define than the other three generations. This generation is characterized by more and more transistors being contained on a silicon chip. First there was Large Scale Integration (LSI), with hundreds and thousands of transistors per chip, then came Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI), with tens of thousands and hundreds of thousands of transistors. The trend continues today. 第四代计算机比其他三代更难以定义。这一代计算机的特征是一个芯片上包含越来越多的晶体管。首先，出现了一个芯片上具有数百和数千个晶体管的大规模集成电路(LSI)，接着出现了一个芯片上具有数万和数十万个晶体管的超大规模集成电路(VLSI)。这个趋势在今天仍在持续。1.2 Computer Generations null1.2.4 Fourth-Generation Computers: 1971～? Although not everyone agrees that there is a fourth computer generation, those that do feel that it began in 1971, when IBM introduced its successors to the System/360 line of computers. These mainframe computers were called the System/370, and current-model IBM computers, although not called System/370s, evolved directly from these computers. 虽然并不是每个人都同意存在一个第四代,那些认为存在的觉得它开始于1971年，其时IBM开发了System/360系列计算机的下一系列产品。这些大型计算机称为System/370,当前的IBM计算机虽然不叫做System/370，但都是从这些计算机直接发展而来的。 Minicomputers also proliferated during the fourth computer generation. The most popular lines were the DEC PDP-11 models and the DEC VAX, both of which are available in various models today. 小型计算机也在第四代期间迅速增长。最流行的系列是DEC公司的PDP-11机和DEC的VAX机,二者在今天的各种机型中仍然有效。 1.2 Computer Generations null1.2 Computer Generations 1.2.4 Fourth-Generation Computers: 1971～? Supercomputers first became prominent in the fourth generation. Although many companies, including IBM and CDC, developed high-speed computers for scientific work, it was not until Cray Research, Inc., introduced the Cray 1 in 1975 that supercomputers became significant. Today, supercomputers are an important computer classification. 超级计算机首先在第四代中突起。虽然包括IBM和CDC(控制数据公司)在内的许多公司都为科学工作开发了高速计算机,但是直到1975年Cray研究有限公司推出了Cray 1，超级计算机才变得有意义。今天，超级计算机是重要的计算机分类。 null1.2 Computer Generations 1.2.4 Fourth-Generation Computers: 1971～? Perhaps the most important trend that began in the fourth generation is the proliferation of microcomputers. As more and more transistors were put on silicon chips, it eventually became possible to put an entire computer processor, called a microprocessor, on a chip. The first computer to use microprocessors became available in the mid-1970s. The first microcomputer designed for personal use was the Altair, which was sold in 1975. The first Apple computer, marketed with the IBM PC in 1981. Today, microcomputers far outnumber all other types of computers combined. 也许在第四代计算机开始的最重要趋势是微型计算机的增长。随着越来越多的晶体管被集成到硅芯片上,将一整个计算机处理器（称为微处理器）放在一个芯片上终于成为可能。使用微处理器的第一部计算机出现于1970年代。第一部专为个人使用设计的微型计算机是Altair,它于1975进入市场。第一部苹果计算机在1981年与IBM个人计算机一起在市场上销售。今天，微型计算机数目远远超过其他所有类型计算机的总和。null1.2 Computer Generations 1.2.4 Fourth-Generation Computers: 1971～? Software development during the fourth computer generation started off with little change from the third generation. Operating systems were gradually improved, and new languages were designed. Database software became widely used during this time. The most important trend, however, resulted from the microcomputer revolution. Packaged software became widely available for microcomputers so that today most software is purchased, not developed from scratch. 在计算机的第四代期间，软件的发展开始与第三代有所不同。操作系统在逐渐地改进，而新的语言被发明。期间数据库软件被广泛使用。然而，最重要的趋势起因于微型计算机革命。用于微型计算机的软件包随处可得，因此今天大多数的软件可以购得,而不需从头开始开发。 null1.2.5 Generationless Computers We may have defined our last generation of computers and begun the era of generationless computers. Even though computer manufacturers talk of “fifth” and “sixth”-generation computers, this talk is more a marketing play than a reflection of reality. 我们可能已经定义了我们最新一代计算机而且开始了计算机的无代时代。即使计算机制造商谈到“第五”和“第六”代计算机,这些说法更多是市场行为，而不是真实的反映。 Advocates of the concept of generationless computers say that even though technological innovations are coming in rapid succession, no single innovation is, or will be, significant enough to characterize another generation of computers. 无代计算机的观念提倡者说，即使科技革新接二连三地迅速出现,没有一种革新是,或将是足够重要，作为另一代计算机的特征。1.2 Computer Generations nullNew Words & Expressions: glean vt., vi. 搜集(情报或事实) MD abbr. Maryland(马里兰) Tflops abbr. teraflops 每秒兆兆(1012)次 architecture n.体系机构 terabit n.兆兆位 factor n. 阶乘 bandwidth n.带宽 Terabyte n. 兆兆(1012)字节； Petabyte n. 千兆兆(1015)字节 microprocessor n.[计]微处理器 contemplate v.凝视, 沉思 order n. 阶,次 turbulence n. 扰动；湍流 GB=GigaBit,千兆位; = GigaByte,吉字节 flops n. 每秒浮点运算次数(floating-point operation per second) 1.3 Near-future Supercomputer Directions nullSome idea of what might be happening in the near future in supercomputer design can be gleaned from a press release issued by the US Department of Energy (DoE). It came out of the SUPERCOMPUTING 2002 Conference held last November in Baltimore, MD. The press release announced that the DoE had awarded IBM a $290 (USD) million contract to build the two fastest supercomputers in the world with a combined peak speed of 460 TFlops. To get an idea of the speed computing throughput 460 teraflops represents, the press release states that, “These two systems will have more than one-and-a-half times the combined processing power of all 500 machines on the recently announced TOP 500 List of Supercomputers.” 从美国能源部发行的通告中，可以收集一些有关在不久的将来超级计算机设计中可能发生的事情的概念。它来自在马里兰州巴尔的摩市召开的2002年超级计算会议。该通告称能源部已给IBM拨款2.9亿美元建造世界上最快的两部超级计算机，其最高综合速度为每秒460兆兆次。为了理解每秒460兆兆次速度的含义，通告解释说,“这两个系统将会具有最近发布的500强超级计算机的总处理能力的1.5倍还多。”1.3 Near-future Supercomputer Directions nullThe first system, “ASCI Purple,” [apparently the DoE likes colorful names] will be the world’s first supercomputer capable of 100 Tflops. ASCI Purple will have a massive cluster of POWER-based IBM eServer systems and IBM storage systems. This supercomputer represents a fifth-generation system under the Advanced Simulation and Computing Initiative (ASCI) Program. It will serve as the primary supercomputer for DoE. 第一个系统“ASCI Purple”,[显然能源部；生动的名字]将会是世界的第一部能够运算每秒100兆兆次的超级计算机。ASCI Purple将具有基于POWER系列的IBM eServer 系统和 IBM 存储系统的宏大组群。这台超级计算机代 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 模拟和计算行动计划(ASCI)支持的第五代系统。它将作为能源部主要的超级计算机。1.3 Near-future Supercomputer Directions null1.3 Near-future Supercomputer Directions According to the press release, the second system will be a research machine called Blue Gene/L. It will employ advanced IBM semiconductor and system technologies based on new architectures being developed by DoE and IBM. Blue Gene/L is expected to achieve a peak performance of 360 TFlops with 130,000 processors running under the Linux operating system. It will have the capability to process data at a rate of one terabit per second, equivalent to the data transmitted by ten thousand weather satellites. Applications are expected to include the simulation of very complex physical phenomena in areas such as turbulence, biology and high explosives. 根据通告，第二个系统将会是一部被称为Blue Gene/L的研究机器，它将使用基于新结构的先进的IBM半导体和系统技术,该新结构是能源部和IBM共同开发的。Blue Gene/L具有13万台处理器，在Linux操作系统下运行，可望达到每秒360兆兆次的性能。它将具有以每秒1兆兆位的速度处理数据的能力,等同于一万个气象卫星传输的数据。其应用预期包括对非常复杂现象的模拟，如湍流、生物学和高空爆炸。 null1.3 Near-future Supercomputer Directions The ASCI Purple system will use IBM’s next generation microprocessor, the POWER5, employing a total of 12,544 of them. These 12,544 processors will be spread among 196 individual computers. The total memory bandwidth will be 156,000 GBs, the equivalent of simultaneously playing 31,200 DVD movies. A super-fast data highway with a total interconnect bandwidth of 12,500 GB will interconnect the 196 computers. The IBM AIXL operating system will be used to run this configuration. The operating system will contain 50 terabytes of memory, an amount that is 400,000 times the capacity of the average desktop PC. There will also be two petabytes of disk storage or holding the content of approximately one billion books. ASCI Purple系统将使用IBM的下一代微处理器POWER5,总数为12,544个。这12,544个处理器将分布在196部单独的计算机之中。总内存带宽将是15.6GB,等同于同时地播放 31,200部DVD电影。一条具有12,500 GB带宽的超快速数据通道将会把196台计算机互相连接。IBM AIXL 操作系统将用于运行一个配置。该操作系统将包50兆兆字节内存，容量是平均桌面个人计算机的40万倍。还将有2千兆兆字节的磁盘存储，或可容纳大约十亿本书的内容。null1.3 Near-future Supercomputer Directions Finally, since the UNIVAC-1’s introduction, raw computer speed has increased by about 11 to 12 orders of magnitude in about 50 years, or a factor of 10 every five years. This is a truly remarkable achievement. It’s also interesting to contemplate that, if this growth continues over the next 50 years, then by the 100th anniversary of the UNIVAC-1, computers will be operating at speeds on the order of 1023 Flops! 最后, 自从UNIVAC-1的发明以来,计算机的原始速度在50年内增加了11至12个数量级，或每五年增加10倍。这是一个真正显著的成就。设想一下也很有趣,如果在未来50年间仍以这样的速度持续增长,到UNIVAC-1诞生的100周年，计算机将会以大约每秒1023次的浮点运算速度运行! null一、复杂长句多 科技文章要求叙述准确，推理谨严，因此一句话里包含三四个甚至五六个分句的，并非少见。译成汉语时，必须按照汉语习惯破成适当数目的分句，才能条理清楚，避免洋腔洋调。这种复杂长句居科技英语难点之首，要学会运用语法分析方法来加以解剖，以便以短代长，化难为易。例如： Factories will not buy machines unless they believe that the machine will produce goods that they are able to sell to consumers at a price that will cover all cost. 这是由一个主句和四个从句组成的复杂长句，只有进行必要的语法分析，才能正确理解和翻译。现试译如下： 除非相信那些机器造出的产品卖给消费者的价格足够支付所有成本，否则厂家是不会买那些机器的。 节译：要不相信那些机器造出的产品售价够本，厂家是不会买的。 后一句只用了24个字，比前句40个字节约用字40%，而对原句的基本内容无损。可见，只要吃透原文的结构和内涵，翻译时再在汉语上反复推敲提炼，复杂的英语长句，也是容易驾驭的。 科技英语的特点 null科技英语的特点 二、被动语态多 英语使用被动语态大大多于汉语，如莎士比亚传世名剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》中的一句就两次用了被动语态： Juliet was torn between desire to keep Romeo near her and fear for his life, should his presence be detected. 朱丽叶精神上受到折磨，既渴望和罗密欧形影不离，又担心罗密欧万一让人发现，难免有性命之忧。 科技英语更是如此，有三分之一以上用被动语态。例如： (a) No work can be done without energy. 译文 精卫填海译文妙法莲华经译文画山水序译文醉翁亭记一句一翻译译文三门记释文及译文带拼音 ：没有能量决不能做功。 (b) All business decisions must now be made in the light of the market. 译文：所有企业现在必须根据市场来作出决策。 null科技英语的特点 三、非谓语动词多 英语每个简单句中，只能用一个谓语动词，如果读到几个动作，就必须选出主要动作当谓语，而将其余动作用非谓语动词形式，才能符合英语语法要求。 非谓语动词有三种：动名词、分词（包括现在分词和过去分词）和不定式。例如： 要成为一个名符其实的内行，需要学到老。 这句中，有“成为”、“需要”和“学”三个表示动作的词，译成英语后为： To be a true professional requires lifelong learning. 可以看出，选好“需要”（require）作为谓语，其余两个动作：“成为”用不定式形式 to be，而“学”用动名词形式learning，这样才能符合英语语法要求。 null科技英语的特点 四、词性转换多 英语单词有不少是多性词，即既是名词，又可用作动词、形容词、介词或副词，字形无殊，功能各异，含义也各不相同，如不仔细观察，必致谬误。例如, light 名词： (启发)in (the)light of由于，根据； (光)high light(s) 强光，精华；(灯)safety light 安全指示灯 形容词：(轻)light industry 轻工业； (明亮)light room 明亮的房间； (淡)light blue 淡蓝色； (薄)light coating 薄涂层 动词： （点燃）light up the lamp 点灯 副词： （轻快）travel light 轻装旅行 （容易）light come, light go 来得容易去得快 诸如此类的词性转换，在科技英语中屡见不鲜，几乎每个技术名词都可转换为同义的形容词。词性转换增加了英语的灵活性和表现力，读者必须从上下文判明用词在句中是何种词性，而且含义如何，才能对全句得到正确无误的理解。Computer English Computer English Chapter 2 Organization of ComputersnullKey points: useful terms and organization of computers Difficult points: describing the organization of computersnullRequirements:1. Terms of computer hardware 2. Organization of computers and their functions3. 掌握专业词汇的构成规律，特别是常用词缀及复合词的构成 nullNew Words & Expressions: instruction cycle 指令周期 decode vt.解码, 译解 bus n. 总线 pins n.插脚, 管脚 uppermost adj.最高的；adv.在最上 address bus 地址总线 data bus 数据总线 via prep.经, 通过, 经由 multibit 多位 bidirectional 双向的 unidirectional 单向的 hierarchy n.层次，层级 microprocessor n.微处理器 register n.寄存器 timing n.定时；时序；时间选择 synchronize vt.使...同步 assert vt.主张，发出 deassert vt. 撤销 trigger vt.引发, 引起, 触发 map v.映射 port n.端口2.1 Basic Organization of Computers Abbreviations: CPU(Central Processing Unit) 中央处理器 I/O(Input/Output) 输入输出(设备)null2.1 Basic Organization of ComputersFig.2-1 Generic computer organizationnull2.1 Basic Organization of ComputersMost computer systems, from the embedded controllers found in automobiles and consumer appliances to personal computers and mainframes, have the same basic organization. Thi