英法海底隧道介绍

Over a century of history From Napoleon’s time to the mid 19th cen- tury, many ideas or proposals for a fixed link appeared. Geotechnical investigations evidenced the presence of Chalk strata adequate for tunnelling. French engineer Thomé de Gamond spent most of his life attempting to find practical solutions. In the 1880’s, undersea tunnelling actually started at Shakespeare Cliff and Sangatte, but was stopped for political reasons. The nearly 1.8 km dug on each side were found intact in UK (1987) and France (1958). In 1974, a tunnel scheme was stopped for political reasons on British side. In 1979 the European Channel Tunnel Group initiated studies for various private railway tunnel schemes. A competition was organized by the French and British go- vernments in 1985. Four main projects were submitted : Euroroute, a hybrid solu- tion of a bridge-tunnel-bridge, Europont, a suspended bridge, Transmanche Express, four bored tunnels allowing both railway and road traffics, and Eurotunnel, a rail shuttle service for road vehicles with provision for through trains, using 3 tunnels, two for rail and one for maintenance. The concession to build and operate the Fixed Link across the Channel was awar- ded on 20th January 1986 to France-Man- che and Channel Tunnel Group subse- quently to become Eurotunnel (ET) and Transmanche Link (TML) in March 1986. The Fixed Link Transportation system The Fixed Link connects road/rail networks of UK and France and allows mixed traffic at short headway (3 minutes between trains) and high speed (100 to 160 km/h) of national trains and special "Shuttles". "Shuttles" allow rail transportation of road vehicles (cars, lorries, coaches..), road to road, from one country to another. Two terminals connect road and rail networks. They are linked by three 50.5 km long tunnels - 9.3 underland in UK, 38 un- dersea and 3.2 underland in France - one service tunnel between both running tun- nels, fitted with safety and electronical equipments to the highest standards. Services to users Road users drive their vehicles from mo- torways to aboard shuttles through the terminals, stay abord their vehicle, and exit freely on the other side after a 35 minutes journey from platform to platform (27 in tunnels). Tolls, customs and allocation, directing of road vehicles is carried out prior to loading. No booking: shuttles are available at least every 30 minutes. Freight or passengers direct rail journey between Paris, London, and Brussels is also possible. Eurostar trains reach London from Paris in 3 hours. Project organisation Eurotunnel Eurotunnel (ET) is a bi-national company formed by Channel Tunnel Group (UK) and France Manche S.A. (FR). It is owner and operator of the project, and client of the contractor TML. During tender period (1985-86), ET was owned by banks (50%) and by the 10 companies wich will become TML (50%).Later, ET became independant, transfered to shareholders and banks. Contracts The Concession Agreement (March 1986) is awarded for 65 years by the governments of UK and France to Eurotunnel. It is based on the proposal submitted in 1985 and includes the key requirements of the Governments. The Construction Contrat between Euro- tunnel and Transmanche-Link sets out the CHANNEL TUNNEL PROJECT OVERVIEW Above, Left: French Engineer Thomé de Gamond (1807-1876) has been promoting many technical solutions for a Fixed Link between 1834 and 1868; He even collected samples by over 30 m deep without diving equipment. Above, Right: The Beaumont boring machine, built in the 1880's by the Société de Construction des Batignolles (now Spie Batignolles), dug 1.8 km on each side of the Channel. Below: Two of the proposals presented in 1985, Europont (Left, a suspended bridge), and Euroroute (Right, which included bridges and tunnels connected by artificial islands). EUROTUNNEL won the competition in 1985: 3 tunnels, two for rail and one for maintenance, allow mixed traffic of special "shuttles" carrying cars and national trains (a EUROSTAR train is shown on the picture).They are connected every 375m by cross passages or technical rooms housing electromechanical equipments,and every 250m by piston relief ducts. Service Tunnel Transport System, used for maintenance, comprises 24 twin-cab rubber-tyred vehicles, top speed 80 km/h (incl. 12 ambulances and fire vehicles), electronically guided by an embedded cable in concrete. Author Pierre-Jean Pompée terms for design, construction and commissioning of the Fixed Link. ET is also linked to the banks by a loan agreement, and to national railways by a usage agreement. Safety Authority and Maitre d'Oeuvre The project is supervised on behalf of both governments by the bi-national Intergovernmental Commission (IGC) including a Safety Authority. Design, pro- cedures, specifications, construction (particularly environmental, operational and safety issues), have been reviewed by experts appointed by the Safety Authority. The Maître d’Oeuvre is a technical auditor reporting to ET, the IGC, and the Banks. TML,Channel Tunnel Contractor Transmanche Link (TML) is the Contractor responsible for the design, construction, and commissioning of the project. TML is a bi-national Joint Venture of two operating companies, each of them being itself a joint venture: "GIE Transmanche Construction" links 5 French companies (Bouygues, Lyonnaise des Eaux-Dumez, Société Auxiliaire d’Entreprises, Société Générale d’Entreprises, Spie Batignolles), and "Translink JV" links 5 British companies (Balfour Beatty, Costain, Tarmac, Taylor Woodrow, Wimpey). These 10 contractors have together an international experience of tunnelling and mechanical/electrical engineering works representing thousands of kilometers. Unprecedent challenge 100 Billions Francs financial challenge The client, owner, and operator of the sys- tem, Eurotunnel, had to be created and financed through a pool of 203 different banks worldwide, using only private funds without any government money.Insurances for works and completion, and multiple methods of payments to man age techni- cal risks added to financial complexity. Bi-national and human challenge French and British Engineering methods and expertise had to be brough together, integrating executives from 10 companies, incorporating and training 13,000 people (5300 in France, 90% local, trained from basic to highly qualified level in 3 years), into a single project team. Fast-track programme Design, construction and commissioning was completed within 8 years. 150 km of tunnelling had to be completed in 4 years, fixed equipment installation within 2 years after breakthrough, and commissioning including rolling stock, within 1 year.This meant, in less than 3 years, to : - create and organize TML, a company employing 13,000 persons, with 10 billions francs yearly turnover. - launch 11 TBMs with their logistics. Each task (design, civil works, installation of fixed equipments, track, rolling stock tests, commissioning) has widely (over one year) overlapped on the next one. Meanwhile, tunnel environment was sustained by temporary ventilation, drai- nage, water, power, communication and monitoring systems, modified or removed, as permanent ones, of comparable capacity but totally different concept, were commissioned at the same time. Despite many unforeseen problems, tunnelling works achieved the original 1986 programme. High-tech research and developpement Transfer a motorway traffic through hybrid airport-sized terminals (partly motorways partly train stations, airport-type security principles) onto an entirely new rail system with minimum transit time, with shuttles travelling on high capacity, high speed, mixed traffic rail network, in a confined tun- nel environment, with strict operational and safety criteria , meant to develop, in half the usual time for such tasks : - a very high integration between works and specific transport equipment, - an unprecedent rolling stock: the hea- viest trains (2300 T), the more powerfull locomotives ever (5.5 MW), the Above:Shakespeare Cliff, main tunnelling site on UK side, from where started all British boring machines. Below:Shakespeare Cliff in 1988. Tunnelling spoil is being used to build a platform at the bottom of the cliff. more complex safety embarqued sys- tems (50 km cables per wagon), hea- viest traffic on rails (twice the most traf- ficked railway ever), the largest wagons on standard gauge 1.435 m track ( section 4x5.5 m), travelling at 140 km/h a few centimeters from the walkways. - the largest real-time data system ever (excepting in space exploration) able to manage shuttles travelling at trains speeds (140 km/h) with the kind of headway (3 minutes between trains) only found on much slower, lighter, and smaller urban subways trains. Design challenge The scale of the design is massive. The project is contractually defined by the following categories of performances : (a) system throughput (b) performance of shuttle trains (c) environment (d) safety and passengers evacuation (e) scenarios and operational procedures For fixed equipment and rolling stock, the emphasis on engineering activities shifted to design monitoring and interfaces management across all engineering disciplines. The challenge, in the early stages, was to provide sufficient information to allow civil works to proceed. External influences Organisations involved (Banks, Safety Authority, environmental issues, local authorities, public opinion..) interfered strongly and permanently on a project constantly under media spotlight. Both unprecedently huge and accurate The projects combines the largest size and complexity ever in civil works (longest undersea tunnels, strongest concrete, works to last 120 years...), with unprecedent reliability and accuracy (a few cms or mm tolerances to meet undersea at 18 km distance, to align track and walkways,..). A high speed train, carrying cars, at urban subway headway, with a nuclear concept for safety, using 150 km of tunnels driven within 150 mm tolerances! TML organisation Management principles The whole project was beakdown into groups: French Construction, UK Cons- truction, Transport System/Engineering. Each group was divided into human-scaled, manageable, sub-projects: tunnel construction, terminal construction, precast factory, M&E installation for Construction Groups.Transport System/Engineering Group was splited into primary systems (power supply, catenary, ventilation, etc...). Quality system The need for a global, planned, approach for the achievement of quality led to a classification allowing flexibility, with re- quirements depending on the criticality of tasks: quality requirements are identical for all tasks, but the methodology for management of this quality is graded from level 1 to level 3, according to complexity, “ maturity ” of the technology used, and impact of a disorder on the overall works. Design studies Design included four phases: Development Study, Outline Design (APS), Definitive Above: Sangatte Shaft (55 m diam, 65 m deep), concentrating all tunneling activities on French side. Below : View inside the shaft. 6 precast segments are being transfered into tunnels. Sangatte worksite: Precast plant, shaft with facilities, and Fond Pignon dam where tunnel spoil is stored. Overall project design, procurement, construction, and commissioning programme. Design (APD) and Detailed Design (PEO). Functional studies, civil/electro-mechanical design, and construction overlapped widely (over 1 year) one on each other. Engineering management concentrated on running a centralised TML organisation, to actually co-ordinate all aspects of design. Close cooperation between engineering and construction departments inTML, through site engineering teams, helped to meet the tunnelling target dates. The huge volume and diversity of the deve- lopment and design workload and the range of specialities involved, has led to subcontract part of specialized expertise to external design organisations. Extensive use of major independent consultants was done in UK. French member companies of TML created fully integrated design teams, such as BETU ("Tunnel design office"), and BETER ("Terminal design office"). Programme management A hierarchical planning/control system allowed overall strategic planning, detailed day-to-day planning of long linear works, and proper reporting to management. Programmes at manageable size were produced from level 1, overall project pro- gramme (covering tasks in both the UK and France), to level 4, detail programmes in various formats (4-week look-ahead programme, co-ordination programmes, ..) A real-time computerized reporting system allowed to monitor remotely, day by day, progress on all aspects of the project. (tunnelling, earthworks, installation..). Commissioning Unprecedent procedures have been esta- blished to guarantee passengers safety and start up the system. Tests included several phases : 900 subsystems individual tests, primary systems empty test, primary systems full load test, overall transport system test. 1000 Eurotunnel staff have been trained by TML. 660 operating manuals in both languages (24 copies each) have been delivered. 140 spare parts lists including 18,000 items have been established. Scope of civil engineering Main Railway Tunnels (RTs) The two parallel running tunnels are 50 km long, at 30 m distance, lined diameter is 7.6 m, excavated diameter is 8.8 m.There are lined with high strength precast concrete segments. Ground conditions, watery and faulted in France, led to rings formed by 6 waterproof segments bolted, instead of 9 segments in UK, unsealed and unbolted. Each running tunnels houses a single line rail track, overhead catenary, power supply, drainage, cooling pipes, two walkways, and auxiliary services. Service Tunnel (ST) The service tunnel is 50 km long, lined diameter is 4.8 m, excavated diameter is 5.8 m. Located between running tunnels, it provides access to these in both normal and emergency conditions. The Service Tunnel Transportation System includes 24 rubber-tyred vehicles rolling (top spped 80 kph) on cast-in-place concrete, electronically guided by an embedded cable. It allows maintenance of permanent equipments. Special underground works . 2 undersea huge crossover caverns (160 m long, 180 to 270 m2 cross section), located at the third points of Geological profile and description of the tunnels. All underground works are built within the Chalk Marl, except part of the underland sections. Above : Launching the "T2" Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) from Sangatte Shaft (running tunnel north unsersea).Below : Inside the control cab of a TBM. Tunnel views during works, showing temporary equipments (trains, track, water pipes, power and communication cables..): Service Tunnel (above) before breakthrough with ventilation duct. Running Tunnel (below), near a piston relief duct, with still temporary catenary, track, and pipes, but also some of the permanent equipment already installed. Structures of the French crossover cavern running tunnels,enabling a train to cross from a tunnel to another, to close tunnel sections to traffic during maintenance . . 270 cross passages of 3.3 m internal diameter, every 375 m, between service tunnel and running tunnels. . 194 piston relief ducts (2.0 m internal diameter), linking running tunnels every 250 m . . 156 electrical rooms, and 58 signalling rooms (internal diam 3.3 to 4.8 m), housing fixed equipment for power supply and control and communications, lined with cast iron or concrete, accessi- ble from service tunnel only. . 5 pumping stations excavated. Terminals The Terminals, connecting the Eurotunnel Transportation System to road and rail networks on both sides of the Channel, are designed to ensure all services to the users, and operation, management, maintenance and safety of the system. Coquelles Terminal The French terminal covers 700 hectares (size of Orly Airport) of land mostly unsui- table for building and agriculture, and included over 12,000,000 m3 of earthworks. Due to space availability, rolling stock maintenance is concentrated on the French side. Soils consolidation and extensive drainage works (250,000 m3 storage tanks) had to be carried out. Folkestone Terminal The site for the UK terminal, identified during previous, aborted, 1974 project, covers some 140 hectares including access roads. The main terminal area is 2.5 km long and 800 m wide at the west end tapering to 150 m at the east end. Sangatte shaft/Fond Pignon dam The huge shaft (diam.55 m, 65 m deep) is the French tunnelling site. Located at Sangatte near the coast about 3.2 km from the Beussingue Portal, it used to house all, highly sophisticated, tunnelling logistics. It now connects major permanent services (ventilation, cooling etc.. ) to tunnels. Fond Pignon, a large dam built over former 2nd World War works from the Atlantic Wall, 1.6 km away from Sangatte, stores 5,400, 000 m3 of tunnelling spoil. Shakespeare Cliff It is the UK tunnelling site. The adit A1 and the short stretch of tunnel built in 1974 has been incorporated to new works excavated using the NATM technique. The chalk spoil placed at the Shakespeare Cliff Lower Site, about 200 m from the cliff, in a 1700 m long seawall of mass concrete contained by a double row of sheet piles, is now a landscaped platform housing permanent services of the tunnel. Portals aerea Portals are tunnel entrance and exit. On French side, the 2,000,000 m3-trench at Beussingue allows access to the portal. On British side, three parallel tunnels have been built through Castle Hill, 493 m long, built using NATM primary lining and an in- situ secondary concrete lining. There are connected to the main, TBM-excavated, tunnels through Holywell works, which are reinforced concrete box structures, 512 m long, built within an open cut. Transportation system Primary systems: - power supply, - traction and catenary, - mechanical, - control and communication, - signalling , - track. Power supply Main functions: - receive power from both national grids, transform voltage for traction and auxi- liary uses, deliver power for auxiliary services, and provide system earthing. - automatic switch, in case of failure, from one grid to the other, or from north to south running tunnel, or from a technical room to the nearest one. - provide lighting in tunnels/terminals. Main quantities: - 2 main Terminal substations (1 in France and 1 in UK), 160 MW each (equivalent of a city of 250,000 inhabitants), tranforming power received from the French grid (225 kV) and the UK grid (132 kV) into 25 kV for catenary to power the trains and 21 kV to feed auxiliary services such as ventilation, drainage and cooling systems . - 28 secondary substations in tunnels transforming 21 kV into 3.3 kV. British Terminal at Folkestone (left), and French Terminal at Coquelles site (right). Former tunneling sites on both sides of the Channel are now landscaped and house permanent facilities (ventilation, cooling, fire fighting, and diesel power plants, electrical equipments....). Shakespeare Cliff lower site has been built with tunneling spoil (right, above), and is now a 25-Ha platform (right, below). Sangatte Shaft, once the complex construction facilities removed, c