PAS 2050:2011
PUBLICLY AVAILABLE SPECIFICATION
Specifi cation for the assessment of the
life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of
goods and services
ICS code: 13.020.40
NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW
PAS 2050:2011
Publishing and copyright information
The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the
document was last issued.
© BSI 2011
ISBN 978 0 580 71382 8
ICS 13.310; 91.190
The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard:
Committee reference ZZ/1
Publication history
Amendments issued since publication
Date Text affected
i
PAS 2050:2011
© BSI September 2011
Contents
Page
Foreword .................................................................................................... iii
Introduction ................................................................................................ iv
1 Scope ........................................................................................................ 1
2 Normative references ............................................................................. 1
3 Terms and defi nitions .............................................................................. 2
4 Principles and implementation .............................................................. 7
4.1 General requirements .......................................................................... 7
4.2 Principles ............................................................................................... 7
4.3 Supplementary requirements .............................................................. 7
4.4 Record-keeping .................................................................................... 8
4.5 Implementation .................................................................................... 8
5 Emissions and removals ......................................................................... 9
5.1 Scope of GHG emissions and removals ............................................... 9
5.2 Time period for inclusion of GHG emissions and removals ............... 9
5.3 Global warming potential (GWP) ........................................................ 10
5.4 Aircraft emissions and removals .......................................................... 10
5.5 Carbon storage in products ................................................................. 10
5.6 Inclusion and treatment of land use change ...................................... 10
5.7 Treatment of soil carbon change in existing systems ........................ 11
5.8 Offsetting ............................................................................................. 12
5.9 Unit of analysis ..................................................................................... 12
6 System boundary .................................................................................... 13
6.1 Establishing the system boundary ....................................................... 13
6.2 Cradle-to-gate GHG emission and removals assessment ................... 13
6.3 Material contribution and threshold .................................................. 13
6.4 Elements of the product system .......................................................... 14
6.5 System boundary exclusions ................................................................ 17
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PAS 2050:2011
© BSI September 2011
7 Data .......................................................................................................... 18
7.1 General ................................................................................................. 18
7.2 Data quality rules ................................................................................. 18
7.3 Primary activity data ............................................................................ 18
7.4 Secondary data ..................................................................................... 19
7.5 Changes in the life cycle of a product ................................................ 19
7.6 Variability in emissions and removals associated with the
product life cycle .................................................................................. 20
7.7 Data sampling ...................................................................................... 20
7.8 Non-CO2 emissions data for livestock and soils .................................. 20
7.9 Emissions data for fuel, electricity and heat ...................................... 20
7.10 Validity of analysis .............................................................................. 21
8 Allocation of emissions .......................................................................... 22
8.1 General requirements .......................................................................... 22
8.2 Emissions from waste ........................................................................... 22
8.3 Use of recycled material and recycling ............................................... 22
8.4 Treatment of emissions associated with reuse ................................... 22
8.5 Emissions from energy production using CHP .................................... 23
8.6 Emissions from transport ..................................................................... 23
9 Calculation of the GHG emissions of products ..................................... 24
10 Claims of conformity ............................................................................ 24
10.1 General ............................................................................................... 24
10.2 Basis of claim ...................................................................................... 25
10.3 Permitted forms of disclosure ........................................................... 25
Annexes
Annex A (normative) Global warming potential ..................................... 26
Annex B (normative) Recording of supporting information ................... 28
Annex C (normative) Default land use change values for
selected countries ....................................................................................... 29
Annex D (normative) Assessment of emissions arising from recycled
or recyclable material inputs ..................................................................... 31
Annex E (normative) Calculation of the weighted average impact
of delayed emissions arising from the use and fi nal disposal phases
of products ................................................................................................. 33
Bibliography ............................................................................................... 34
List of tables
Table A.1 – Direct (except for CH4) global warming potentials
(GWP) relative to CO2 ................................................................................. 26
Table C.1 – Default land use change values for selected countries ........ 29
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PAS 2050:2011
© BSI September 2011
Foreword
The revision of this Publicly Available Specifi cation (PAS) has been undertaken by
BSI to update the specifi cation for quantifying the life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions of goods and services in line with the latest technical advances and
current experience.
The development of this PAS was co-sponsored by:
• Defra (Department for Environment, Food and Rural
Affairs, UK);
• DECC (Department of Energy and Climate Change, UK);
• BIS (Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, UK).
Acknowledgement is given to the following
organizations and individuals that assisted with the
development of this specifi cation:
ADAS UK Limited, Dr Jeremy Wiltshire;
Building Research Establishment (BRE) Group,
Dr Joanne Mundy;
Carbon Trust, Dr Graham Sinden;
Centre for Environmental Strategy, University of Surrey,
Professor Roland Clift;
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs,
Maureen Nowak;
Environmental Resources Management (ERM),
Karen Fisher;
GHG Protocol, Dr Laura Draucker;
Institute of Environmental Management and
Assessment, Nick Blyth;
ISO TC207/SC7/WG2 Umweltbundesamt Wein,
Dr Klaus Radunsky, co-convenor;
SCA Packaging, John Swift;
SJS Consulting, Sandy Smith;
Sustainability and Competitiveness Division, Food and
Drink Federation, Stephen Reeson;
Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre,
Henry King;
WRAP (Waste and Resources Action Programme),
Keith James;
Technical advisor to Defra: Dr. Dorothy Maxwell,
Global View Sustainability Services Ltd.
Comments from other parties were also sought by BSI.
The expert contributions from all the organizations and
individuals consulted in the development this PAS are
gratefully acknowledged.
Supersession
This Publicly Available Specifi cation supersedes PAS
2050:2008, which is withdrawn.
Use of this document
It has been assumed in the preparation of this PAS
that the execution of its provisions will be entrusted
to appropriately qualifi ed and experienced people, for
whose use it has been produced.
This PAS has been prepared and published by BSI,
which retains its ownership and copyright. BSI reserves
the right to withdraw or amend this PAS on receipt of
authoritative advice that it is appropriate to do so. This
PAS will be reviewed at intervals not exceeding two
years, and any amendments arising from the review
will be published as an amended Publicly Available
Specifi cation and publicized in Update Standards.
This PAS is not to be regarded as a British Standard,
European Standard or International Standard. In the
event that this PAS is put forward to form the basis
of a full British Standard, European Standard
or International Standard, it will be withdrawn.
Presentational conventions
The provisions of this PAS are presented in roman
(i.e. upright) type. Its requirements are expressed
in sentences in which the principal auxiliary verb is
“shall”. Its recommendations are expressed in sentences
in which the principal auxiliary verb is “should”.
Commentary, explanation and general informative
material (e.g. Notes) is presented in italic type, and
does not constitute a normative element.
Contractual and legal considerations
This publication does not purport to include all the
necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible
for its correct application.
Compliance with this PAS does not in itself confer
immunity from legal obligations.
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PAS 2050:2011
© BSI September 2011
b) rules or calculation requirements that are directly
relevant to the main sources of emissions for a
specifi c sector or product group;
c) clarity on how to apply specifi c elements of the PAS
2050 assessment within a specifi c sector or product
group.
To facilitate this, this new edition of PAS 2050 includes
a set of principles (see 4.3) governing the development
of supplementary requirements for the application of
PAS 2050 to particular product types. These principles
are intended to ensure that such supplementary
requirements are not in confl ict with the requirements
of this PAS.
Although there is no requirement for, or
standardization of, communication techniques in this
specifi cation, this PAS supports the assessment of life
cycle GHG emissions of goods and services in a manner
that can be later disclosed. For this reason, great
emphasis is given to proper recording of processes and
outcomes. Where an organization implementing this
PAS chooses to disclose all or part of the results of an
assessment of GHG emissions, all relevant supporting
information should also be made available.
Where communication is directed to the consumer, the
user should refer to additional specifi cations or further
guidance on environmental claims (e.g. ISO 14021 1 or
UK Department of Environment Food and Rural Affairs
Green Claims Guidance [7] 2).
Using PAS 2050 to quantify the life cycle GHG emissions
from goods and services aids informed decision-making
when considering reducing emissions for products and
services.
This PAS is focused on a single environmental issue
(i.e. GHG emissions and their contribution to climate
change), but this is only one of a range of possible
environmental impacts from specifi c goods or services.
The relative importance of those impacts can vary
signifi cantly from product to product, and it is
important to be aware that decisions taken on the basis
of a “single issue” assessment could be detrimental to
other environmental impacts potentially arising from
the provision and use of the same product.
1) http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail?csnumber=23146
2) http://www.defra.gov.uk/publications/2011/06/03/pb13453-
green-claims-guidance/
0 Introduction
0.1 General information
Climate change continues to be one of the greatest
challenges facing nations, governments, business and
citizens and will infl uence the way we live and work
in future decades (IPCC 2007 [1]). Past and current
actions, including the release of carbon dioxide (CO2)
and other greenhouse gases through human activities
such as the burning of fossil fuels, emissions from
chemical processes and other sources of anthropogenic
greenhouse gases, will have an effect on future global
climate.
While greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are often
viewed at global, national, corporate or organizational
levels, emissions within these groupings can arise from
supply chains within business, between businesses and
between nations. The GHG emissions associated with
goods and services refl ect the impact of processes,
materials and decisions occurring throughout the life
cycle of those goods and services.
PAS 2050 was developed in response to broad
community and industry desire for a consistent method
for assessing the life cycle GHG emissions of goods and
services. Life cycle GHG emissions are the emissions
that are released as part of the processes of creating,
modifying, transporting, storing, using, providing,
recycling or disposing of such goods and services.
PAS 2050 offers organizations a method to deliver
improved understanding of the GHG emissions arising
from their supply chains, but the primary objective of
this PAS is to provide a common basis for GHG emission
quantifi cation that will inform and enable meaningful
GHG emission reduction programmes.
During the fi rst two years of its use, this PAS has been
shown to be generically applicable to a wide range
of goods and services and therefore does not itself
make provision for the special treatment of particular
product sectors. However, it is recognized that the
availability of supplementary requirements could aid
consistent application of the PAS to products within
specifi c product sectors by providing:
a) a sector or product group focus for aspects of the
PAS 2050 assessment where options are permitted;
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PAS 2050:2011
© BSI September 2011
0.2 Background, benefi ts and context
of PAS 2050
PAS 2050 builds on existing life cycle assessment
methods established through BS EN ISO 14040 and BS
EN ISO 14044 by giving requirements specifi cally for
the assessment of GHG emissions within the life cycle of
goods and services. These requirements further clarify
the implementation of these standards in relation to
the assessment of GHG emissions of goods and services,
and establish particular principles and techniques,
including:
a) cradle-to-gate and cradle-to-grave GHG emissions
assessment data as part of the life cycle GHG
emissions assessment of goods and services;
b) scope of greenhouse gases to be included (see 5.1);
c) criteria for global warming potential (GWP) data
(see 5.3);
d) treatment of emissions and removals from land use
change and biogenic and fossil carbon sources;
e) treatment of the impact of carbon storage in
products and offsetting;
f) requirements for the treatment of GHG emissions
arising from specifi c processes;
g) data requirements and accounting for emissions
from renewable energy generation.
This PAS benefi ts organizations, businesses and other
stakeholders by providing a clear and consistent
method for the assessment of the life cycle GHG
emissions associated with goods and services.
Specifi cally, this PAS provides the following benefi ts:
a) for organizations that supply goods and services,
this PAS:
• allows internal assessment of the existing life cycle
GHG emissions of goods and services;
• facilitates the evaluation of alternative product
confi gurations, sourcing and manufacturing
methods, raw material choices and supplier
selection on the basis of the life cycle GHG
emissions associated with goods and is to be used
as a basis for comparison of services;
• provides a benchmark for programmes aimed at
reducing GHG emissions;
• allows for the quantifi cation, management and
potential comparison of GHG emissions from
goods or services using a common, recognized and
standardized approach to life cycle GHG emissions
assessment; and
• supports reporting (e.g. on corporate
responsibility).
b) for consumers of goods and services, this PAS
provides a common basis for understanding the
assessment of life cycle GHG emissions when making
purchasing decisions and using goods and services.
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PAS 2050:2011
© BSI September 2011
1 Scope
This Publicly Available Specifi cation (PAS) specifi es
requirements for the assessment of the life cycle GHG
emissions of goods and services (collectively referred
to as “products”) based on key life cycle assessment
techniques and principles. This PAS is applicable to
organizations assessing the GHG emissions of products
across their life cycle, and to organizations assessing the
cradle-to-gate GHG emissions of products.
Requirements are specifi ed for identifying the system
boundary, the sources of GHG emissions associated with
products that fall inside the system boundary, the data
requirements for carrying out the analysis, and the
calculation of the results.
This PAS addresses the single impact category of global
warming. It does not assess other potential social,
economic and environmental impacts or issues arising
from the provision of products or issues associated with
the life cycle of products, such as non-GHG emissions,
acidifi cation, eutrophication, toxicity, biodiversity
or labour standards. The life cycle GHG emissions of
products, as calculated using this PAS, do not provide
an indicator of the overall environmental impact of
these products, such as may result from other types of
life cycle assessment.
PAS 2050 is generically applicable to a wide range of
goods and services. However, this revision includes
principles for the preparation and use of supplementary
requirements to provide a focused approach for specifi c
industry sectors or product categories in a manner that
will facilitate consistent application of PAS 2050 within
the particular sector or product category.
This PAS does not specify requirements for the
disclosure or communication of the results of a
quantifi cation of the life cycle GHG emissions of goods
and services.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable
for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
BS EN ISO 14021, Environmental labels and declarations
– Self-declared environmental claims (Type II
environmental labelling)
BS EN ISO 14044:2006, Environmental management –
Life cycle assessment – Requirements and guidelines
IPCC 2006, Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories. National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
Programme, Interg
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