锦湖轮胎结构原理_部分C

Ⅳ- 92Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved Vehicle Handling Simulation •Many Degrees of Freedom •Detailed Information •Needed on Vehicle Parts Mathematical Model Multibody S/W Package •A Few Degrees of Freedom •Measured Characteristics of Suspension Needed 2）. Vehicle Handling Simulation Ⅳ- 93Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved Handling Simulation F&M Calculation On ABAQUS • Version 6. 2. • Steady State Cornering Vehicle Dynamics On ADAMS • Version 12. 0. • 10 Vehicle Models 3）. Handling Simulation in KH Ⅳ- 94Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved Hardware ADAMS Full Simulation Package ADAMS/Car Suspension Design ADAMS/Tire Handling SGI Indigo2 Extreme IBM Intellisation Xeon Z-Pro Software ADAMS Vehicle Model 现 量产车辆 : 3 种 现 开发车辆 : 1 种 （1) Vehicle Handling on ADAMS Ⅳ- 95Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved Automobile Handling Study Course Keeping - Tracking a straight road under wind and/or road disturbances Vehicle Pull Course Keeping Intentional Maneuvering - Turning or Cornering Handling Stability Steady State Test Transient Response Test Intentional Maneuvering -. Vehicle Handling in KUMHO Tire Ⅳ- 96Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved -. Simulation Related to Vehicle Handling Vehicle Straight Ahead Motion Test Vehicle Pull Test Vehicle Stability Test Steady State Test Constant Steer Angle Test Constant Speed Test Constant Radius Test Understeer Gradient : Steer angle vs. Lateral Acc. Roll Angle Gradient : Roll angle vs. Lateral Acc. Steering Sensitivity Ⅳ- 97Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved Slalom Braking in a Turn Single Lane Change Double Lane Change Transient Response Test ISO7401 J-Turn Test Sine Input Test Random Input Test Pulse Input Test ISO3888 ISO 7975 ISO9816 Powering Off in a Turn Analysis Method Time Domain Analysis Frequency Domain Analysis Ⅳ- 98Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved ① J-Turn Test Simulation ② Lane Change Test Simulation Ⅳ- 99Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved ③ Simulation Input/Output Input Output Steering Input Sinusoidal Step Random Pulse Path Follow Vehicle Speed Constant Speed Acceleration Deceleration Lateral Acceleration Response Time Peak Value Steady State Gain Overshoot Yaw Rate Response Time Peak Value Steady State Gain Overshoot Roll angle System Ⅳ- 100Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved 2) F&M Calculation On ABAQUS Lateral Force Characteristics -6000 -4000 -2000 0 2000 4000 6000 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 Slip Angle (deg) La er al Fo rc e (N ) Aligning Torque Characterisitcs -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 Slip Angle (deg) Ali gn ing T oru qe (N m) Cornering Stiffness Cornering Coefficient Cornering Power Aligning Stiffness Aligning Coefficient Pneumatic Trail Ⅳ- 101Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved Lateral Force (N) -1000 -500 0 500 1000 -5 -3 -1 1 3 5 Slip Angle (deg) La te ra l F or ce (N ) Camber Stiffness Camber Coefficient Load Transfer Sensitivity Load Sensitivity Ⅳ- 102Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved 车辆 : KIA Sephia 轮胎 : P185/65R14 716 PTN, 760 PTN, 757 PTN ① 轮胎单品F&M 试验结果 项 目 716 757 760 CC(1) CC(4) ATC(1) ATC(4) G-F(4) H-F(1) 0.288 0.736 8.490 11.317 0.229 0.188 0.256 0.694 9.449 13.949 0.298 0.126 0.245 0.697 9.649 15.871 0.291 0.136 1) Application ② Feeling Test Tire 716 716 716 Driving effort On center feel Steering response Linearity Roll control Yaw stability Lateral grip Lateral stiffness Throttle lift-off 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 6.5 6.5 6.5 7.0 6.3 6.8 7.0 6.8 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 6.7 Overall handling 7.3 6.5 7.0 Ⅳ- 103Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved ③ Steering Input Left Turn Right Turn Step Input Sinusoidal Input Ⅳ- 104Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved ④ Responses from Step Input Left Turn Right Turn Yaw Rate Lateral Acceleration Ⅳ- 105Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved ⑤ Responses from Sinusoidal Input Left Turn Right Turn Yaw Rate Lateral Acceleration Ⅳ- 106Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved 插入 轮胎称号变更 1. 36*4(BFG, 1986), 900*65(MC,1989).36*6(MC,1920) - ~ 到1920年 - 轮胎外径 * 轮胎宽 - 高压轮胎 (50~70psi) - 10,12,14Ply 2. 4.40-21 4PLY(宽*内径,inch,最初的量产车,ford) 12*45 (宽*内径.cm,MC,1927) - 1920年代: Balloon轮胎, 低压使用(30psi) - 扁平率 100% - 背景 : 汽车公司的 要求 对教师党员的评价套管和固井爆破片与爆破装置仓库管理基本要求三甲医院都需要复审吗 Hard Tire容易损伤。 타이어 Section Height增大, Thin Sidewall Deflection 增大, 障碍物自然 roll over Bursting 下坠, 但是 Load Capacity增大 High Speed 可能 3. 6.50-13 4PR(宽*内径,inch) - 1930年代 - Super Balloon轮胎, 低压使用(30psi) - 扁平率95% - 背景 : 单面形象 扁平, 胎面宽 加宽. 运行稳定性,高速耐久性,耐磨损性改善 4. 6.00-13 4PR - 1940-1960年代 - Medium Low Profile轮胎 - 扁平率 86% - Rayon,Nylon 使用 Ply Rating 概念使用 Ⅳ- 107Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved 5. 165-330, 165-13, 6.45-13 - 在法国 metric system创建 - 82 Series 6. F70-14 - 1967年出现在TRA。 - 负荷范围,扁平率,轮辋直径 - 背景 : 单面形象 扁平, 胎面宽 加宽. 运行稳定性,高速耐久性,耐磨损性改善 7. 185/70HR13 - 在欧洲使用 - 宽,扁平率,速度范围,Radial,轮辋直径 - 背景 : Low Profile(82 Series), Ultra Low Profile(77 Series) 70 Series (?) 8. P155/80R13 - 1977年在TRA显示。 - 把复杂的统一。 - P(轿车),宽,扁平率,Radial,轮辋直径 9. 205/70R14 93H - 1978年 ETRTO - 宽,扁平率,Radial,轮辋直径, 负荷范围,速度范围 Ⅳ- 108Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved 3. Handling Characteristics 1）. Handling Characteristics 概要 SAE Tire Axis System Force in x : Traction/Braking y : Handling z : Vehicle Load Moment in x :(Handling) y : Rolling Resistance z : Handling Ⅳ- 109Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved 2）. Basic Properties In Vehicle/Tire v + ar u r u u v - br v  f r a b Bicycle Model 1) No body rolling motion 2) No lateral load transfer 3) No pitch, bounce or hop motion 4) Constant Forward velocity 5) Small angle assumption 6) Position control Equations of Motion Steering Kinematics (1) M dv dt ru F Fyf yr( )+ = + I dr dt a F b F M Myf yr zf zr= - + + f v u ar u v u ar u   = + - = + --1tan ( ) r v u br u v u br u  = - = --1tan ( )   = - + +r f a b ru ( ) Ⅳ- 110Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved （1) Steady State Cornering u r u   f  r R Ⅳ- 111Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved Equations of Motion Steering Kinematics Tire F&M properties governs the Basic Dynamic Characteristics of a Vehicle （2) Equations of Motion        ( ) {( ) ( )( )} a b R W C Wr C W a b K K C C uf f r f r f r gR 2 Mru F Fyf yr  MMFbFa zrzfyryf 0 yf f fF C   , yr r rF C   zf f fM K  , zr r rM K       r f a bR ( ) f f r f r b a b C K a b C C M u R    ( ( ) ( ) ) 2 f r f f r a a b C K a b C C M u R     ( ( ) ( ) ) 2 Ⅳ- 112Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved （3) Lateral Load Transfer       ( ) { ( ) ( )}a b R W c W c W c b F c W c b F c u g R f f r r f f z f f r r z r r 2 22 2 2  Ⅳ- 113Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved 3）. Free Rolling Characteristics Lateral Force Characteristics -6000 -4000 -2000 0 2000 4000 6000 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 Slip Angle (deg) La era l F orc e ( N) IA=-5 IA=0 IA=5 Aligning Torque Characterisitcs -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 Slip Angle (deg) Ali gn ing T oru qe (N m) IA=-5 IA=0 IA=5 Ⅳ- 114Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved （1) Load Transfer Effect Ⅳ- 115Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved （2) F&M Characteristics Lateral Force Characteristics -6000 -4000 -2000 0 2000 4000 6000 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 Slip Angle (deg) La er al Fo rc e (N ) Aligning Torque Characterisitcs -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 Slip Angle (deg) Ali gn ing T oru qe (N m) Cornering Stiffness Cornering Coefficient Cornering Power Aligning Stiffness Aligning Coefficient Pneumatic Trail Ⅳ- 116Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved Lateral Force (N) -1000 -500 0 500 1000 -5 -3 -1 1 3 5 Slip Angle (deg) La te ra l F or ce (N ) Camber Stiffness Camber Coefficient Load Transfer Sensitivity Load Sensitivity Ⅳ- 117Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved 4）. GM Tire Performance Criteria Vertical Load Lateral Force 1 Slip Angle P F y Cornering Coefficient = Fy/P Aligning Torque 1 Slip Angle P A T Vertical Load Aligning Coefficient = AT/P Vertical Load Lateral Force 1 Slip Angle P F y 0.8P Load Sensitivity (H) = D Fy/(P-0.8P) Lateral Force 4 Slip Angle P F y 0.6P Vertical Load Load Transfer Sensitivity (H) =D Fy P/(D P)2 Ⅳ- 118Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved 4. Vehicle Pull 1）. Vehicle Pull 概要 （1) Vehicle Pull Pull (Drift) 车辆集中 Steering Pull, Vehicle Pull, Vehicle Drift Pull : Steering effort to make a car go straight. Drift : Deviation from the straight ahead line. * Brake Pull Ⅳ- 119Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved （2) 对车辆集中有影响的因素 车辆集中 车辆特性 外部因素 路面倾斜 风 Tire Chassis 悬空装置 转向装置 Power Train Ⅳ- 120Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved 2）. Conicity和车辆集中 1) 作用在轮胎的横向力 (Slip Angle = 0) 作用在轮胎的横向力 (Lateral Froce) 成分中 Conicity Force 是发生车辆集中的 主要因素。 • Plysteer Force = (|L.F. c.w.| + |L.F. c.c.w.|) / 2 • Conicity Force = (|L.F. c.w.| - |L.F. c.c.w.|) / 2 c.w.c.c.w. L.F. 0 kgf Frequency Conicity Plysteer 横向力 Ⅳ- 121Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved 偏左集中 直线运行 偏右集中 （2) 前轮的Conicity和车辆集中 Ⅳ- 122Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved （3) 前轮的Conicity和车辆集中 Ⅳ- 123Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved 3）. 残留复原PRAT和车辆集中 1) PRAT 相关Vehicle Pull Fixed Control Free Control Fixed Control : 前轮没作用横向力。 Free Control : 转向系不作用Moment。 2) 轮胎坐标轴 Ⅳ- 124Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved （3) 轮胎F&M试验 Data • RAT (Residual Aligning Torque) = Aligning Torque at slip angle where L.F. = 0 • RCF (Residual Cornering Force) = Lateral Force at slip angle where A.T. = 0 21 RCFRAT • Aligning Torque Static Phase : a1 - a2 Slip Angle的范围(deg) : -1 ~ +1 Ⅳ- 125Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved 轮胎 C.C.W.回转时 轮胎 C.W. 回转时 PRAT =(RAT c.w + RAT c.c.w)/2 : 设计因素 CRAT= (RAT c.w - RAT c.c.w)/2 : 工程 路基工程安全技术交底工程项目施工成本控制工程量增项单年度零星工程技术标正投影法基本原理 偏差 Slip Angle Aligning Torque Lateral Force RAT c.w. RAT c. c.w. 4) 轮胎RAT Ⅳ- 126Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved y = 0. 7272x - 3. 1155 R2 = 0. 9626 -20 -10 0 10 20 -20 -10 0 10 20 C o n ic ity (kg f) RA T (N -m ) -. Conicity 和 RAT Ⅳ- 127Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved T ire - A y = 4.4399x + 12.14 R 2 = 0.6603 -100 -50 0 50 100 -10 -5 0 5 10 F ro n t A xle C o n ic ity. [kg f] La te ra l Dr if t [c m] D rift + : R ig h t, - : L e ft T ire - B y = 7.7358x - 12.2 R 2 = 0.6971-100 -50 0 50 100 -10 -5 0 5 10 F ro n t A xle C o n ic ity [kg f] La te ra l Dr if t [c m] D rift + : R ig h t, - : L e ft 5) PRAT和Vehicle Pull Tire P185/ A PTN Tire P185/ B PTN Tire PRAT [N-m] 3.02 N-m 1.21 N-m （1) 타이어 PRAT Ⅳ- 128Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved 试验车辆 : 相同model的车辆2台 D Car Pull Test y = 8.0475x - 23.333 R2 = 0.8031 y = 20.163x - 37.333 R2 = 0.9435 -250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 FRONT TOTAL CON. [kgf] 集 中 量 [c m ] （2) 车辆间偏差 Ⅳ- 129Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved 直线运行范围 车辆/Tire System 散步范围 直线 7点 7—点 6+点 左侧集中车辆 直线 7点 7—点 6+点 良好车辆 直线 7点 7—点 6+点 右侧集中车辆 （3) 轮胎别/车辆别 Ⅳ- 130Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved 5. Tire Ride 1） Run Out （1) Tire Run-Out -. Radial Run-Out : Harmonic Analysis -. Lateral Run-Out : Harmonic Analysis -. Tire/Wheel Matching Properties : Interaction Ⅳ- 131Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved 0 5 0 1 0 0 1 5 0 2 0 0 2 5 0 3 0 0 3 5 0 - 1 - 0 . 8 - 0 . 6 - 0 . 4 - 0 . 2 0 0 . 2 0 . 4 0 . 6 0 . 8 1 P 1 7 5 / 7 0 R 1 3 L A T E R A L R U N - O U T _ F R O N T R IG H T ¿ ø Á Ö ¹ æÇ â À § Ä ¡ ( d e g ) R un -O ut (m m ) Ⅳ- 132Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved In-Phase Run-Out -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 0 90 180 270 360 位置 (deg) Ru n- Ou t(m m ) LRO_in LRO_out LRO_tilt Ⅳ- 133Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved Out-Phase Run-Out -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 0 90 180 270 360 位置 (deg) Ru n- Ou t(m m ) LRO_in LRO_out LRO_tilt Ⅳ- 134Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved 2. Static & Dynamic Balance  车辆上的影响 -) Tramping现象发生 : 轮胎内部重的部位接触到地面 时发生振动。 -) 根据以Unbalance Mass的回转运动的圆心力妨碍回 转轴的直线运动。 -) 发生上下方向振动。 Static Balance 轮胎在静止状态时，在轮胎内部找出相对重的地 方。 (1) Static Balance Ⅳ- 135Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved （2) Dynamic Balance Dynamic Balance 因回转中轮胎的内部Unbalanced Mass 及Run- Out， 发生轮胎不均匀的回转运动的现象。 Ⅳ- 136Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved Static Balance 와 Dynamic Balance와의 Correlation （3) Static & Dynamic Balance Ⅳ- 137Copyright ⓒ 2002 by Kumho Tire All Rights reserved 3. Run Out & Dynamic Balance Radial Run-Out 问题时 根据回转半径r的差异圆心力差异发生 。 Lateral Run-Out 问题时 根据 Moment的原因距离 d 发生差异，通过 惯性力增大，发生回转轴的变化