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run-ons and fragsCorrecting run-on sentences Any group of words which has a subject and a verb is a clause. A clause may be independent (able to stand alone) or dependent (unable to stand alone). An independent clause is a complete statement. Sentences must be complete stateme...

run-ons and frags
Correcting run-on sentences Any group of words which has a subject and a verb is a clause. A clause may be independent (able to stand alone) or dependent (unable to stand alone). An independent clause is a complete statement. Sentences must be complete statements. If two independent clauses are written together without proper punctuation, they are called a run-on sentence. Here are some examples: The girls made the fire the boys cooked the steaks. The girls made the fire, the boys cooked the steaks. The book was interesting therefore I read it rapidly. The book was interesting, therefore I read it rapidly. Run-on sentences can be corrected in one of four ways: 1. Make the two independent clauses into two sentences. The girls made the fire. The boys cooked the steaks. The book was interesting. Therefore I read it rapidly. 2. Separate the two independent clauses with a semi-colon. The girls made the fire; the boys cooked the steaks. The book was interesting; therefore I read it rapidly. NOTE: When a connecting word comes between two independent clauses, that word must have a semi-colon before it. It may also have a comma after it, especially if there should be a pause between the word and the rest of the clause. The lecture was boring; nevertheless, I sat through it. I admire that candidate; furthermore, I intend to work for her. 3. Connect the two independent clauses with a comma and a conjunction, such as: and but or nor for so yet. The book was interesting, and I read it rapidly. The girls made the fire, but the boys cooked the steaks. The lecture was boring, yet I sat through it. Be sure that there are two independent clauses. In the following examples, the first sentence has two independent clauses; the second sentence is merely one independent clause with two verbs and therefore does not take a comma. Both are correct, complete sentences. She washed her car, and then she wrote her paper. She washed her car and then wrote her paper. 4. Run-on sentences may also be corrected by adding a word to make one of the independent clauses dependent. (Read more about dependent clauses below.) The following examples show how this run-on sentence might be made into one good sentence: Run-on: The forecast was for a blizzard we canceled our trip Because the forecast was for a blizzard, we canceled our trip. Since the forecast was for a blizzard, we canceled our trip. We canceled our trip when the forecast was for a blizzard. This kind of sentence may be the best way of correcting a run-on sentence, because it uses the more important of the two ideas as the main, independent clause, making it stand out more. Dependent clauses and correcting fragments A dependent clause has a subject and a verb just like an independent clause, but a dependent clause cannot stand alone because is begins with a dependent word (or words) such as: after although as as if because before even if even though ever since how if in order to since so that than that though unless until what whatever when whenever where whereas wherever whether which whichever while who whom whose why Whenever a clause begins with one of these dependent words (unless it’s a question), it is dependent. If we take a dependent clause such as “We finished the game.” and put one of the dependent words in front of it, it becomes dependent. These phrases express incomplete ideas and cannot stand alone: After we finished the game Although we finished the game As we finished the game Before we finished the game If we finished the game Since we finished the game When we finished the game While we finished the game These statements leave a reader expecting something more, therefore they can no longer stand alone. These are sentence fragments and they must not be treated like a sentence. To correct a fragment (and make a complete sentence), add an independent clause: After we finished the game, we went to the clubhouse. We went to the clubhouse after we finished the game. We were happy when we finished the game. While we finished the game, the others waited. In other words, every sentence must include at least one independent clause. Pay attention to the examples; when a dependent clause comes at the beginning of a sentence, it is followed by a comma. Those commas help the reader to avoid confusion. Note that sometimes the dependent word is the subject of the dependent clause: I took the highway that was finished just last month. Sometimes the dependent clause is the subject of the entire sentence: What I was doing was not important. Sometimes the ‘that’ of a dependent clause can be omitted: This is the house that he built. This is the house he built. I thought that you were coming with me. I thought you were coming with me. NOTE: The word ‘that’ does not always introduce a dependent clause. It is sometimes a pronoun (That is my book.) or an adjective (I like that book.)
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