欧洲文化入门》复习题

«欧洲文化入门》复习题I.Completeeachoffollowingsentenceswiththemostlikelyanswer.（考30题，每题1分）IntheRomanconqueredGreece.A.1200B.C.B.700B.C.C.146B.C.D.The5thcenturyWhichofthefollowingworksdescribedthewarledbyAgamemnonagainstthecityofTroyA.OedipustheKingB.IliadC.OdysseyD.AntigoneWhichofthefollowingisNOTtheplayswrittenbyAeschylusA.AntigoneB.AgamemnonC.PersiansD.PrometheusBoundWhichofthefollowingisNOTtheplayswrittenbySophoclesD.OedipustheKingD.Pythagoras“manisthemeasureofallthingsD.EpicurusD.MarcusTulliusCiceroA.ElectraB.AntigoneC.TrojanWoman5.WhowasthefounderofscientificmathematicsA.HeracleitusB.AristotleC.SocratesWhoischieflynotedforhisdoctrinethatA.ProtagorasB.PythagorasC.Pyrrhon11.Whowrote,“Icame,Isaw,Iconquered”A.HoraceB.JuliusCaesarC.VirgilTheauthorofthephilosophicalpoemOntheNatureofthingsisA.VirgilB.JuliusCaesarC.HoraceD.LucretiusWhichofthefollowingisnotRomanarchitectureA.TheColosseumB.ThePanthenonC.TheParthenonD.PontduGardWhowrote,“CaptiveGreecetookherrudeconquerorcaptive”A.SapphoB.PlatoC.VirgilD.HoraceWhichofthefollowingisbyfarthemostinfluentialintheWestA.BuddismB.IslamismC.ChristianityD.JudaismTheOldTestamentconsistsof39books,theoldestandmostimportantofwhicharethefirstfivebooks,called.A.ExodusB.CommandmentsC.AmosD.PentaeuchAfterthecenturyNestorianismreachedChina.A.sixthB.fifthC.secondD.thirdWhichofthefollowingemperorsmadeChristianitytheofficialreligionoftheempireandoutlawedallotherreligionsA.TheodosiusB.AugustusC.ConstantineID.NeroCaesarWhichofthefollowingemperorsissuedtheEdictofMilanandmadeChristianitylegalin313A.AugustusB.ThedosiusC.NeroD.ConstantineIAttheageof30,JesusChristreceivedthebaptismatthehandsof.A.St.PeterB.St.PaulC.JohnBaptistD.JohnWycliffBy1693,thewholeoftheBiblehadbeentranslatedinlanguages.A.228B.974C.1202D.154Whenprintingwasinventedinthe1500's,theBiblewasthefirstcompleteworkprinted.A.EnglishB.LatinC.AramaicD.HebrewWhendidthestandardAmericaneditionoftheRevisedVersionappearA.1885B.1611C.1901D.1979TheMiddleAgesisalsocalledthe.A.“AgeofChristianity”B.“AgeofLiterature”C.“AgeofHolySpirit”D.“AgeofFaith”Accordingtothecodeofchivalry,whichofthefollowingisnotpledgedtodoforaknightTobeloyaltohislordB.TofightforthechurchToobeywithoutquestiontheordersoftheabbotTorespectwomenofnoblebirthWhenwasanoblecrownedasaknightintheMiddleAgesinWesternEuropeAttheageof14.Whenhewastaughttosayhisprayers,learnedgoodmannersandranerrandsfortheladies.Ataspecialceremonyknownasdubbing.Whenhewaspledgedtofightforthechurch.Underfeudalism,whatwerethethreeclassesofpeopleofwesternEuropeA.clergy,knightsandserfsB.Pope,bishopandpeasantsC.clergy,lordsandpeasantsD.knights,noblesandserfsBywhichyeartheMoslemshadtakenoverthelastChristianstrongholdandwonthecrusadesandruledalltheterritoryinPalestinethatthecrusadershadfoughttocontrolA.1270B.1254C.1096D.1291Whichofthefollowingwascrowned“EmperoroftheRomans”bythePopein800A.St.ThomasAquinasB.CharlemagneC.ConstantineD.KingJamesWhoistheauthoroftheOpusMaiusA.RogerBaconB.DanteAlighieriC.ChaucerD.St.ThomasAquinasWhichofthefollowingworksiswrittenbyBoccaccioA.DecameronB.CanzoniersC.DavidD.MosesWhoistheauthorofthepainting,BetrayalofJudasA.GiottoB.BrunelleschiC.DonatelloD.GiorgioneWhichofthefollowingHighRenaissanceartistsisthefatherofthemodernmodeofpaintingA.RaphaelB.TitianC.daVinciD.MichelangeloWhichofthefollowingHighRenaissanceartistswasbestknownforhisMadona(VirginMary)A.TitianB.daVinciC.MichelangeloD.RaphaelWhichofthefollowingpaintingswasbasedonthestoryintheBiblewithMariaridingonadonkeyreadytofacethehardshipaheadA.TempestaB.SacredandProfaneLoveC.FlightintoEgyptD.TheReturnoftheHuntersWhichofthefollowingworkswaswrittenbyRabelais,inwhichhepraisesthegreatnessofman,expresseshisloveofloveandhisreverenceandsympathyforhumanistlearningA.GargantuaandPantagruelB.DonQuixoteC.ThePraiseofFollyD.UtopiaWhichofthefollowingworksisworthreadingforMontaigne’shumanistideasandastylewhichiseasyandfamiliarA.SonnetsB.DecameronC.RabelaisD.OfRepentanceWhichofthefollowingisNOTFrenchwriterpoetA.CervantesB.PierredeRonsardC.RabelaisD.MontaigneIn1516whopublishedthefirstGreekeditionoftheNewTestamentA.BruegelB.ErasmusC.ElGrecoD.RabelaisTheauthorofTheRevolutionoftheHeavenlyOrbsisA.KeplerB.CopernicusC.GalileoD.NewtonGalileoisthegreatestnameinthephysicsofthe1th7century.Histelescopemagnifiedobjects.A.athousandtimesB.ahundredtimesC.ten-thousandtimesD.five-hundredtimesEngelssaid:“Therevolutionaryactbywhichnaturalsciencedeclareditsindependence…wasthepublicationoftheimmortalwork…”,whatdoestheimmortalworkrefertoSidereusNunciusNewEassaysConcerningHumanUnderstandingNewsystemofNatureTheRevolutionoftheHeavenlyOrbsandNewtoninventedindependentlythedifferentialandintegralcalculus.A.DescartesB.CopernicusC.LeibnizD.KeplerWhichofthefollowingworkswasnotwrittenbyFrancisBaconEssayConcerningHumanUnderstandingTheNovumOrganum(NewMethod)TheNewAtlantisTheAdvancementofLearningWhichofthefollowingphilosophersbelievedthatmanisselfishbynatureA.JohnLockeB.DescartesC.PierreGassendiD.ThomasHobbesIn1644,JohnMiltonwroteaprotestagainstaparliamentarydecreere-imposingcompletecensorshipofthepress.Thiswashisbestknownprose.A.AndromaqueB.AreopagiticaC.ParadiseLostD.ParadiseRegainedWhichofthefollowingisNOTthecontentoftheBillofRightswhichlimitedtheSovereign'spowerincertainimportantdirectionsParliamentwasresponsibleforallthelawmaking.Thepowerofsuspendingthelawsbyroyalauthoritywasdeclaredtobe川egal.TheKingshouldlevynomoneyatanytime.TheKingshouldnotkeepastandingarmyintimeofpeacewithoutconsentofParliament.WhichofthefollowingartistshelpedtobringtheRomanBaroquestyletoitsclimaxA.RubensB.BorrominiC.CaravaggioD.BerniniWhichofthefollowingartistshelpedtospreadtheBaroquestyletoNorthEuropeA.RubensB.VelazquezC.BorrominiD.BerniniInpaintingofthe17thcentury,whowoninternationalfameandhisstyleisbasicallyclassical,hisfiguresarefrozenandtheiractionstiffA.ChristopherWrenB.RembrandtC.PoussinD.RubbensII.Fillinthefollowingblanks.(考10空.每空1分)Europeancultureismadeupofmanyelements,twooftheseelementsareconsideredtobemoreenduringandtheyaretheGreco-RomanelementandtheJudeo-Christianelement.ThethreegreattragicdramatistsofancientGreeceareAeschylus,Sophocles,andEuripides.Toillustratetheprincipleofthelevel,Archimedesissaidtohavetoldtheking:“Givemeaplacetostand,andIwillmovetheworld.”Inthe4thcentury,theemperorConstantinemovedthecapitalfromRometoByzantium,renameditConstantinople(modernIstanbul).She-wolfisthestatuewhichillustratesthelegendofcreationofRoman.Amongallthereligionsbywhichpeopleseektoworship,ChristianityisbyfarthemostinfluentialintheWest.TheBibleisacollectionofreligiouswritingscomprisingtwoparts:theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.InEuropeanhistory,thethousandyearperiodfollowingthefalloftheWestRomanEmpireinthefifthcenturyiscalledtheMiddleAges.Asaknight,hewaspledgedtoprotecttheweak,tofightforthechurch,tobeloyaltohislordandtorespectwomenofnoblebirth.Theseruleswereknownascodeofchivalry,fromwhichthewesternideaofgoodmannersdeveloped.Underfeudalism,peopleofWesternEuropeweremainlydividedintothreeclasses:clerg.y^Jordsandpeasants.Toexpresstheirreligiousfeelings,manypeopleintheMiddleAgeswentonjourneystosacredplaceswhereearlyChristianleadershadlived.ThemostimportantofallwasJerusalem.BeowulfisanAnglo-Sexonepic,inalliterativeverse,originatingfromthecollectiveeffortsoforalliterature.LoenardodaVincismajorwLrkst:Supperisthemostfamousofreligiouspictures;MonaLisaprobablyistheworld'smostfamousportrait.TheReformationledbyMartinLutherwhichsweptoverthewholeofEuropewasaimedatopposingtheabsoluteauthorityoftheRomanCatholicChurchandreplacingitwiththeabsoluteauthorityoftheBible.CervantescrownedliteratureofSpainandShakespeareofEnglandduringtheRenaissance.ThePuhtanMovementwasthereligiouscauseoftheEnglishRevolution.Corneille,Racine,andMolierearethethreemajordramatistsoftheFrenchneoclassicisminthe17thcentury.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.（考10题，每题1分）Diogenesischieflynotedforhisdoctrinethat“manisthemeasureofallthings.FSapphowasconsideredthemostimportantlyricpoetofancientGreece.TVenusdeMilowasdiscoveredintheislandofMiloin1920.FRomanlaweventuallybecamethecoreofmoderncivilandcommerciallawinmanyWesterncountries.TTheRomansgreatlyadmiredGreekworksandfreelyborrowedfromthem.Andbesidesbeingprofound,powerfulandbeautiful,theirownwritingsshowedlittleoriginality.FAfter392A.D.,Christianityhadchangedfromanobjectofoppressiontoaweaponinthehandsoftherulingclasstocrushtheiropponents.TTheBibleismuchmorethanareligiousbook;itisreallyanencyclopedia:history,literature,philosophyandrecordofgreatminds.TTheOldTestamentwasoriginallywritteninHebrew,theNewTestamentinapopularformofLatin.FDuringtheMedievaltimestherewasnocentralgovernmenttokeeptheorder.TheonlyorganizationthatseemedtouniteEuropewasfeudalism.FSomeofthehermitsweregreatscholarsknownas“FatheroftheChurch”,whworkisgenerallyconsideredorthodox.TCharlemagnewantedtoruleastheemperorsofRomehaddoneinancienttimesandeventuallywascrowned“EmperoroftheRomans"byhimselfin800.WheretheimpactwithItalywasmoststronglyfeltinfinearts,inFranceitwasliteratureandinEnglanditwasphilosophyanddrama.TAfterReformation,inreligion,ProtestantismbroughtintobeingdifferentformsofChristianitytochallengetheabsoluteruleoftheRomanCatholicChurch.TTheCartesiandoubtissummarizedinhismotto:"Idoubt,thereforeIthink:Ithink,thereforeIam.T"Baroqueart,flourishedfirstinSpainwascharacterizedbydramaticintensityandsentimentalappealwithalotofemphasisonlightandcolor.FThedesigningandbuildingofSt.Paul'sCathedralisthelandmarkinFrencharchitecture.FThethreecomposersoftheclassicalmusic,Bach,HaydnandMozartareknownastheVienneseSchool.FTherepresentativesoftheLaterRomanticsinmusicareBerlioz,Liszt,Wagner,Verdi,Brahms,andTchaikovsky.TAsIsaacNewtondominated17h-centurysciencewithhisdiscoveryofthelawsgoverningthebodiesoftheuniverse,soCharlesDarwindominated18th-centuryscience,forhediscoveredthelawsgoverningtheevolutionofmanhimself.FBlackhumorisakindofdesperatehumor.Itisthelaughteattragicthings.Man'sfateisdecidedbycomprehensiblepowers.Wecan'tdoanythingaboutit,thereforewemayaswelllaugh.FExplainthefollowingtermsinEnglish.（考3个名词，每词10分）1.Humanism--Broadly,thistermsuggestsanyattitude,whichtendstoexaltthehumanelementorstresstheimportanceofhumaninterests,asopposedtothesupernatural,divineelement—orasopposedtothegrosser,animalelements.Inamorespecificsense,humanismsuggestsadevotiontothosestudiessupposedtopromotehumanculturemosteffectively—inparticular,thosedealingwiththelife,thought,languageandliteratureofancientGreeceandRome.InliteraryofclassicalculturethataccompaniedtheRenaissance.Enlightenment--TheEnlightenmentwasanintellectualmovementoriginatinginFrance,whichattractedwidespreadsupportamongtherulingandintellectualclassesofEuropeandNorthAmericainthesecondhalfofthe18hcentury.ItcharacterizestheeffortsbycertainEuropeanwriterstousecriticalreasontofreemindsfromprejudice,unexaminedauthorityandoppressionbychurchorState.Therefore,theEnlightenmentissometimescalledtheAgeofReason.Neo-classicism--ItwasinitiatedbyDryden,culminatedinPopeandcontinuedbyJohnson.Neo-classicistsmodeledthemselvesonclassical,ancientGreekandLatinauthors.Theywantedtoachieveperfectforminliterature.Theygeneraltendedtolookatsocialandpoliticallifecritically.Theyemphasizeonintellectratherthanimagination.Theyobservedfixedlawsandrulesinliterarycreation.Poetspreferredheroiccouplet.Indrama,theyadheredtothreeunities,time,placeandaction.Theyemphasizedonthedidacticfunctionofliterature.Calvinism--TheFrenchtheologianputhisthoughtsinhisInstitutesoftheChristianReligion,whichwasknownasCalvinism.CalvinismrejectedthepapalauthoritiesandstressedtheabsoluteauthorityofGod'swill,holdingthatonlythosespeciallyelectedbyGodaresaved.Italsoheldthatanyformofsinfulnesswasalikelysignofdamnationwhereasceaselessworkcouldbeasignofsalvation.ManyhistorianshavesuggestedthatCalvinismhelpedtopavethewayforCapitalism.Reformation——Itwasa16thcenturyreligiousmovementaswellasasocio-politicalmovement.ItwasledbyMartinLutherandsweptoverthewholeofEurope.ThismovementwasaimedatopposingtheabsoluteauthorityoftheRomanCatholicChurchandreplacingitwiththeabsoluteauthorityoftheBible.TheReformersbelievedindirectcommunicationbetweentheindividualandGod,engagedthemselvesintranslatingtheBibleintotheirmothertongues,urgedtheChurchtohaveinstitutionalreformsandwereinterestedinliberatingnationaleconomyandpoliticsfromtheinterferenceoftheRomanCatholicChurchandcarryingoutwarsintheinterestsofthepeasantsandrevolutionintheinterestsofthebourgeoisie.TheReformationdealtthefeudaltheocracyafatalblowandshatteredMedievalChurch'sstiflingcontroloverman,thuspavingthewayforcapitalism.V.Writeonthefollowingtopicinthecorrespondingspaceontheanswersheet.(20分)ItissaidthattheBiblehasshapedWesternculturemoredecisivelythananythingelseeverwritten.DoyouagreewiththisstatementPleasegiveyourownreasons.Yes,Iagreewiththestatement.(2)IntroductiontotheBible.(8)Bible'ssignificantplaceinWesternculture.(1。)