ON GREAT PLAC

OfGratPlac谈高位bySirFrancisBacon王佐良译MENingratplacarthricsrants:srantsofthsorignorstat;srantsoffam;andsrantsofbusinssSoasthyhanofrdom;nithrinthirprsons,norinthiractions,norinthirtimsItisastrangdsir,toskpowrandtoloslibrty:ortoskpowrorothrs,andtolospowroraman'sslfThrisinguntoplacislaborious;andbypains,mncomtogratrpains;anditissomtimsbas;andbyindignitis,mncomtodignitisThstandingisslippry,andthrgrssisithradownfall,oratlastanclips,whichisamlancholythingCumnonsisquifuris,nonsscurlisirNay,rtirmncannotwhnthywould,nithrwillthy,whnitwrrason;butarimpatintofpriatnss,ninagandsicknss,whichrquirthshadow;likoldtownsmn,thatwillbstillsittingatthirstrtdoor,thoughthrbythyoffragtoscomCrtainlygratprsonshadndtoborrowothrmn'sopinions,tothinkthmslshappy;forifthyjudgbythirownfling,thycannotfindit;butifthythinkwiththmsls,whatothrmnthinkofthm,andthatothrmnwouldfainb,asthyar,thnthyarhappy,asitwr,byrport;whnprhapsthyfindthcontrarywithinForthyarthfirst,thatfindthirowngrifs,thoughthybthlast,thatfindthirownfaultsCrtainlymningratfortunsarstrangrstothmsls,andwhilthyarinthpuzzlofbusinss,thyhanotimtotndthirhalth,ithrofbodyormindIllimorsgraisincubat,quinotusnimisomnibus,ignotusmoritursibi居高位者乃三重之仆役：帝王或国家之臣，荣名之奴，事业之婢也因此不论其人身、行动、时间，皆无自由可言追逐权力，而失自由，有治人之权，而无律己之力，此种欲望诚可怪也历尽艰难始登高位，含辛茹苦，唯得更大辛苦，有时事且卑劣，因此须做尽不光荣之事，方能达光荣之位既登高位，立足难稳，稍一倾侧，即有倒地之虞，至少亦晦暗无光，言之可悲古人云：“既已非当年之盛，又何必贪生”殊不知人居高位，欲退不能，能退之际亦不愿退，甚至年老多病，理应隐居，亦不甘寂寞，犹如老迈商人仍长倚店门独坐，徒令人笑其老不死而已显达之士率需借助他人观感，方信自己幸福，而无切身之感，从人之所见，世之所羡，乃人云亦云，认为幸福，其实心中往往不以为然；盖权贵虽最不勇于认过，却最多愁善感也凡人一经显贵，待己亦成陌路，因事务纠缠，对本人身心健康，亦无暇顾及矣，诚如古人所言：“悲哉斯人之死也，举世皆知其为人，而独无自知之明”Inplac,thrislicnstodogood,andil;whrofthlattrisacurs:forinil,thbstconditionisnottowin;thscond,nottocanButpowrtodogood,isthtruandlawfulndofaspiringForgoodthoughts(thoughGodaccptthm)yt,towardsmn,arlittlbttrthangooddrams,xcptthybputinact;andthatcannotb,withoutpowrandplac,asthantag,andcommandingground居高位，可以行善，亦便于作恶作恶可咒，救之之道首在去作恶之心，次在除作恶之力；而行善之权，则为求高位者所应得，盖仅有善心，虽为上帝嘉许，而凡人视之，不过一场好梦耳，唯见之于行始有助于世，而行则非有权力高位不可，犹如作战必据险要也Mritandgoodworks,isthndofman'smotion;andconscincofthsamisthaccomplishmntofman'srstForifamancanbpartakrofGod'sthatr,hshalllikwisbpartakrofGod'srstEtconrsusDus,utaspicrtopraquafcruntmanussua,iditquodomniassntbonanimis;andthnthsabbath行动之目的在建功立业，休息之慰藉在自知功业有成盖人既分享上帝所造之胜景，自亦应分享上帝所订之休息《圣经》不云乎：“上帝顾其手创万物，无不美好”，于是而有安息日Inthdischargofthyplac,stbforththbstxampls;forimitationisaglobofprcptsAndaftratim,stbforththinownxampl;andxaminthyslfstrictly,whthrthoudidstnotbstatfirstNglctnotalsothxampls,ofthosthathacarridthmslsill,inthsamplac;nottostoffthyslf,bytaxingthirmmory,buttodirctthyslf,whattoaoidRformthrfor,withoutbrary,orscandalofformrtimsandprsons;butytstitdowntothyslf,aswlltocratgoodprcdnts,astofollowthmRducthingstothfirstinstitution,andobsrwhrin,andhow,thyhadgnrat;butytaskcounslofbothtims;ofthancinttim,whatisbst;andofthlattrtim,whatisfittst执行职权之初，宜将最好先例置诸座右，有无数箴言，可资借镜稍后应以己为例，严加审查，是否已不如初前任失败之例，亦不可忽，非为揭人之短，显已之能，以其可作前车之鉴也因此凡有兴革，不宜大事夸耀，亦不可耻笑古人，但须反求诸己，不独循陈规，而且创先例也凡事须追本溯源，以见由盛及衰之道然施政定策，则古今皆须征询：古者何事最好，今者何事最宜Sktomakthycoursrgular,thatmnmayknowbforhand,whatthymayxpct;butbnottoopositiandprmptory;andxprssthyslfwll,whnthoudigrssstfromthyrulPrsrthrightofthyplac;butstirnotqustionsofjurisdiction;andrathrassumthyright,insilncanddfacto,thanoicitwithclaims,andchallngsPrsrlikwisthrightsofinfriorplacs;andthinkitmorhonor,todirctinchif,thantobbusyinallEmbracandinithlps,andadics,touchingthxcutionofthyplac;anddonotdriawaysuch,asbringthinformation,asmddlrs;butaccptofthmingoodpart施政须力求正规，俾众知所遵循，然不可过严过死；本人如有越轨，必须善为解释本位之职权不可让，管辖之界限则不必问，应在不动声色中操实权，忌在大庭广众间争名分下级之权，亦应维护，与其事事干预，不如遥控总领，更见尊荣凡有就分内之事进言献策者，应予欢迎，并加鼓励； 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实况之人，不得视为好事，加以驱逐，而应善为接待Thicsofauthorityarchiflyfour:dlays,corruption,roughnss,andfacility掌权之弊有四，曰：拖，贪，暴，圆Fordlays:giasyaccss;kptimsappointd;gothroughwiththatwhichisinhand,andintrlacnotbusinss,butofncssity拖者拖延也，为免此弊，应开门纳客，接见及时，办案快速，非不得已不可数事混杂Forcorruption:donotonlybindthinownhands,orthysrants'hands,fromtaking,butbindthhandsofsuitorsalso,fromoffringForintgrityusddoththon;butintgrityprofssd,andwithamanifstdtstationofbribry,doththothrAndaoidnotonlythfault,butthsuspicionWhosorisfoundariabl,andchangthmanifstlywithoutmanifstcaus,githsuspicionofcorruptionThrforalways,whnthouchangstthinopinionorcours,profssitplainly,anddclarit,togthrwiththrasonsthatmothtochang;anddonotthinktostalitAsrantorafaorit,ifhbinward,andnoothrapparntcausofstm,iscommonlythought,butabywaytocloscorruption贪者贪污也，为除此弊，既要束住本人及仆从之手不接，亦须束住来客之手不送，为此不仅应廉洁自持，且须以廉洁示人，尤须明白弃绝贿行罪行固须免，嫌疑更应防性情不定之人有明显之改变，而无明显之原因，最易涉贪污之嫌因此，意见与行动苟有更改，必须清楚说明，当众宣告，同时解释所以变化之理由，决不可暗中为之如有仆从捻友为主人亲信，其受器重也别无正当理由，则世人往往疑为秘密贪污之捷径Forroughnss:itisandlsscausofdiscontnt:sritybrdthfar,butroughnssbrdthhatEnrproofsfromauthority,oughttobgra,andnottaunting粗暴引起不满，其实完全可免严厉仅产生畏惧，粗暴则造成仇恨即使上官申斥，亦宜出之以严肃，而不应恶语伤人Asforfacility:itisworsthanbribryForbribscombutnowandthn;butifimportunity,oridlrspcts,ladaman,hshallnrbwithoutAsSolomonsaith,Torspctprsonsisnotgood;forsuchamanwilltransgrssforapicofbrad至于圆通，其害过于贿行，因贿行仅偶尔发生，如有求必应，看人行事，则积刁难返矣所罗门曾云：“对权贵另眼看待实非善事，盖此等人能为一两米而作恶也”Itismosttru,thatwasancintlyspokn,AplacshowththmanAnditshowthsomtothbttr,andsomtothworsOmniumconsnsucapaximprii,nisiimprasst,saithTacitusofGalba;butofVspasianhsaith,Solusimprantium,Vspasianusmutatusinmlius;thoughthonwasmantofsufficincy,thothrofmannrs,andaffctionItisanassurdsignofaworthyandgnrousspirit,whomhonoramndsForhonoris,orshouldb,thplacofirtu;andasinnatur,thingsmoiolntlytothirplac,andcalmlyinthirplac,soirtuinambitionisiolnt,inauthoritysttldandcalmAllrisingtogratplacisbyawindingstar;andifthrbfactions,itisgoodtosidaman'sslf,whilsthisinthrising,andtobalanchimslfwhnhisplacdUsthmmoryofthyprdcssor,fairlyandtndrly;forifthoudostnot,itisadbtwillsurbpaidwhnthouartgonIfthouhacollagus,rspctthm,andrathrcallthm,whnthylooknotforit,thanxcludthm,whnthyharasontolooktobcalldBnottoosnsibl,ortoormmbring,ofthyplacinconrsation,andpriatanswrstosuitors;butltitrathrbsaid,Whnhsitsinplac,hisanothrman旨哉古人之言：“一登高位，面目毕露”或更见有德，或更显无行罗马史家戴西特斯论罗马大帝盖巴曰：“如未登基，则人皆以为明主也”；其论维斯帕西安则曰：“成王霸之业而更有德，皇帝中无第二人矣”以上一则指治国之才，一则指道德情操尊荣而不易其操，反增其德，斯为忠诚仁厚之确征夫尊荣者，道德之高位也：自然界中，万物不得其所，皆狂奔突撞，既达其位，则沉静自安；道德亦然，有志未酬则狂，当权问政则静一切腾达，无不须循小梯盘旋而上如朝有朋党，则在上升之际，不妨与一派结交；既登之后，则须稳立其中，不偏不倚对于前任政绩，宜持论平允，多加体谅，否则，本人卸职后亦须清还欠债，无所逃也如有同僚，应恭敬相处，宁可移樽就教，出人意外，不可人有所待，反而拒之与人闲谈，或有客私访，不可过于矜持，或时刻不忘尊贵，宁可听人如是说：“当其坐堂议政时，判若两人矣